Francisco M Salzano
Biographic Data
| ID | 77971 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Francisco M Salzano |
| GIVEN NAMES | Francisco M |
| FAMILY NAME | Salzano |
| SIGNATURE | SALZANO F M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4753-3184 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 173 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 557 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 173 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1957 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2019 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
AVPR1b variation and the emergence of adaptive phenotypes in Platyrrhini primates
Platyrrhini (New World monkeys, NWm) are a group of primates characterized by behavioral and reproductive traits that are otherwise uncommon among primates, including social monogamy, direct paternal care, and twin births. As a consequence, the study of Platyrrhine primates is an invaluable tool for the discovery of the genetic repertoire underlying these taxon‐specific traits. Recently, high conservation of vasopressin (AVP) sequence, in contras…
A tale of agriculturalists and hunter‐gatherers
OBJECTIVES: To determine genetic differences between agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer southern Native American populations for selected metabolism-related markers and to test whether Neel's thrifty genotype hypothesis (TGH) could explain the genetic patterns observed in these populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 375 Native South American individuals from 17 populations were genotyped using six markers (APOE rs429358 and rs7412; APOA2 rs5082; CD…
Variability of innate immune system genes in Native A merican populations—relationship with history and epidemiology
OBJECTIVES: The immune system of a host, defending him/her against invading pathogens, has two main subsystems: innate immunity and acquired immunity. There are several evidences showing that Native American populations are immunologically different from non-Native populations. Our aim was to describe the variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated heterozygozities and patterns …
A Antropologia No Brasil
A história da Antropologia no Brasil foi dividida em três fases: 1. Os pioneiros; 2. Período formativo; e 3. Fase contemporânea. Os principais eventos e exemplos de figuras paradigmáticas foram apresentados com relação aos dois primeiros períodos, enquanto para o terceiro foi fornecida uma lista de todos os presidentes da Associação Brasileira de Antropologia. A seguir desenvolveu-se abordagem similar para as quatro subáreas em que a Antropologia…
Microevolution
Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas
Bioethics, population studies, and geneticophobia
FGFR1 signaling is associated with the magnitude of morphological integration in human head shape
OBJECTIVES: The head can be used as a model to study complex phenotypes controlled simultaneously by morphological integration (MI) due to common factors, and modular patterns caused by local factors affecting the development and functional demands of specific structures. The fibroblast growth factor and receptor system (FGF/FGFR) participates in cell communication and pattern formation in osseous tissues, among others, and there is compelling ev…
The cognitive ability of extinct hominins
The general picture obtained is of similarity in cognitive genes between extinct and extant humans
Polimorfismos Genéticos Em Populações Brasileiras
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Brief communication
The relationship between the “individualism‐collectivism” and the serotonin transporter functional polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR), suggested in the previous reports, was tested in Native South Amerindian populations. A total of 170 individuals from 21 populations were genotyped for the 5‐HTTLPR alleles. For comparative purposes, these populations were classified as individualistic (recent history of hunter–gathering) or collectivistic (agriculturalists)…
Demographic expansions in South America
Native Americans are characterized by specific and unique patterns of genetic and cultural/linguistic diversities, and this information has been used to understand patterns of geographic dispersion, and the relationship between these peoples. Particularly interesting are the Tupi and Je speaker dispersions. At present, a large number of individuals speak languages of these two stocks; for instance, Tupi‐Guarani is one of the official languages in…
Reconstructing Native American population history
Predicting homo pigmentation phenotype through genomic data
BACKGROUND: Human pigmentation is regulated by several genes acting at different stages of melanin formation. Functional and association studies have elucidated the role of several of these genes in pigmentation phenotypes. Forensic and evolutionary studies can benefit from this knowledge. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reliability of the prediction of pigmentation phenotypes using a large database of genetic markers in individuals with known phenot…
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 ( FGFR1 ) variants and craniofacial variation in Amerindians and related populations
FGFR1 polymorphisms, especially rs4647905, can have an important role in the normal human skull variation, primarily due to their influence in head length, which would affect other cephalometric absolute/linear measures as well as indices like CI as a result of the pervasive nature of the morphological integration that characterizes the human skull
Stability or variation? Patterns of lactase gene and its enhancer region distributions in Brazilian Amerindians
Lactase persistence (LP) is the phenotypic trait in which lactase secretion is maintained during adulthood. LP is due to mutations in the LCT enhancer region, located 14‐kb upstream of the gene. In Europeans, the −13910*T allele is associated with LP. In Africans this allele is rare while other mutations in this same region were related to LP. The LCT is highly polymorphic in human populations, but so far Brazilian Amerindians had not been invest…
Genética e História do Povo Tupí
Foram comparados os processos de evolução biológica e cultural, especialmente no que se refere à genética e à linguagem em Ameríndios. Após, foi feita uma revisão sobre a variabilidade genética do povo Tupí como investigada pela nossa equipe de pesquisadores, relacionando-a com a história de populações da Guiana Francesa, do Paraguai, do sul do Brasil, bem como de outras regiões do continente. É muito importante que haja uma integração entre dado…
X‐chromosomal genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium patterns in Amerindians and non‐Amerindian populations
Objectives: We report X‐chromosomal linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in Amerindian (Kogi, Wayuu, and Zenu) and admixed Latin American (Central Valley of Costa Rica and Southern Brazilian Gaucho) populations. Methods: Short tandem repeats (STRs) widespread along the X‐chromosome were investigated in 132 and 124 chromosomes sampled from the Amerindian tribes and the admixed Latin American populations, respectively. Diversity indexes (gene diver…
Distribution of Y‐chromosome q lineages in native americans
Objectives: This investigation was performed to identify and evaluate the distribution of all 15 Y‐chromosome lineages belonging to the Q clade in a sample of natives from South America. Methods: One hundred and forty‐eight individuals from 20 Native American populations, as well as 24 Asian samples including Eskimos, were tested with 18 biallelic loci that can identify all currently known lineages of the Y‐Chromosome Q clade. Sequencing was perf…
A new subhaplogroup of native American Y-Chromosomes from the Andes
The human Y chromosome contains highly informative markers for making historical inferences about the pre-Columbian peopling of Americas. However, the scarcity of these markers has limited its use in the inference of shared ancestry and past migrations relevant to the origin of the culturally and biologically diverse Native Americans. To identify new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and increase the phylogenetic resolution of the major hapl…
Autosome STRs in native South America-Testing models of association with geography and language
Information on one Ecuadorian and three Peruvian Amerindian populations for 11 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci is presented and incorporated in analyses that includes 26 other Native groups spread all over South America. Although in comparison with other studies we used a reduced number of markers, the number of populations included in our analyses is currently unmatched by any genome-wide dataset. The genetic polymorphisms indicate a cl…
French Guiana Amerindian demographic history as revealed by autosomal and Y-chromosome STRs
Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo
Dopamine receptor D4 allele distribution in Amerindians
The DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) allele distribution of 172 Guarani (Kaiowá and Ñandeva subgroups) and Kaingang Brazilian Amerindians is reported. These results are integrated with those previously obtained for this ethnic group. Allele frequencies for the three populations are within the interval observed for 15 other Native American populations and show intermediate values between those observed in Amazonia and Patagonia. Signi…
Brief communication
The 546‐base pair enhancer of limb expression HACNS1 , which is highly constrained in all terrestrial vertebrates, has accumulated 16 human‐specific changes after the human‐chimpanzee split. There has been discussion whether this process was driven by positive selection or biased gene conversion, without considering population data. We studied 83 South Amerindian, 11 Eskimo, 35 Europeans, 37 Bantu, and non‐Bantu Sub‐Saharan speakers, and 28 Brazi…
Autosomal STR Analyses in Native Amazonian Tribes Suggest a Population Structure Driven by Isolation by Distance
Eleven short tandem repeat loci (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, TH01, and TPOX) were investigated in 232 individuals from 6 Amazonian native tribes (Tiriyó, Waiãpi, Zoé, Urubu-Kaapor, Awa-Guajá, and Parakanã). We added the new data to a database that included five previously typed native populations from the same area (Wai Wai, Gavião, Zoró, Suruí, and Xavante). The results presented here concern this …
Demographic and evolutionary trajectories of the Guarani and Kaingang natives of Brazil
A total of 278 individuals from two Brazilian Indian tribes (Guarani and Kaingang) living in five different localities had their mitochondrial DNA sequenced for the first hypervariable segment (HVS-I), and a fraction of them was also studied for seven biallelic Y-chromosome polymorphisms. Nineteen HVS-I lineages were detected, which showed distinct distributions in the two tribes. The G ST value obtained with the mtDNA data is about 5 times highe…
Are the Biological Differences Between North American Indians and Eskimos Truly Profound? [and Comments and Reply]
A prevailing view in North American anthropology is that Eskimos are descendants of the most recent migrants from Siberia and are more closely related to Asiatic Mongoloids than to Indians. The assumption of Eskimo-Indian biological distinctiveness is challenged by genetic-marker and cranial data, analyzed separately and then compared, for populations from the Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, and Great Plains. Genetic distances and cluster ana…
The blood groups of South American Indians
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
Research in Population and Culture
Child growth and adult physique in Brazilian Xingu Indians
Data on stature, sitting height, biacromial width, and some other body measurements on 267 children and 363 adults of the Xingu Indians of Brazil have been analyzed. Adult height shows no significant decrease with age over an age range of 20–50 years, thus indicating the absence of secular changes. The average Xingu child seems to be around the twenty‐fifth to fiftieth centile for height of British children (if our age estimates are correct) unti…
Demographic and genetic interrelationships among the cayapo Indians of Brazil
The Ongoing Evolution of Latin-American Populations
Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group
A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies obse…
Studies on the Caingang Indians. III. Blood groups
Autosome STRs in native South America-Testing models of association with geography and language
Information on one Ecuadorian and three Peruvian Amerindian populations for 11 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci is presented and incorporated in analyses that includes 26 other Native groups spread all over South America. Although in comparison with other studies we used a reduced number of markers, the number of populations included in our analyses is currently unmatched by any genome-wide dataset. The genetic polymorphisms indicate a cl…
Genetic relationships between Amerindian populations of Argentina
A total of 495 individuals from five different Argentinian tribes was examined for variation in 23 blood group and protein genetic systems, and the results were integrated with previous data on some of these systems. These tribes generally present RH ∗︁ R1, PGM1 ∗︁ 1, and ACP ∗︁ A frequencies lower and RH ∗︁ R2, ESD ∗︁ 1, and GLO ∗︁ 1 prevalences higher than those observed in other South American Indian groups. Earlier studies with mitochondrial …
Niger‐Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool
We analyzed sequence variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment I (HVS‐I) from 201 Black individuals from two Brazilian cities (Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre), and compared these data with published information from 21 African populations. A subset of 187 males of the sample was also characterized for 30 Y‐chromosome biallelic polymorphisms, and the data were compared with those from 48 African populations. The mtDNA data …
Genetic, geographic, and linguistic variation among South American Indians
To better understand the relationship between genetic variability, geographical distance, and linguistic affiliation in South Amerinds, and to elucidate whether the migration rate is the same for both sexes, spatial autocorrelation, Mantel's test, and F ST analyses were performed in four sets of populations and alleles (group 1: 48 populations, 12 alleles; group 2: 16 (all belonging to the Tupi linguistic group) and 12; group 3: 21 and 17; and gr…
Unequal contributions of male and female gene pools from parental populations in the African descendants of the city of Melo, Uruguay
In admixed populations, genetic contributions from males and females of specific parental populations can be of different proportions due to past directional mating during the process of genetic admixture. In this research paper, we provide evidence of such male‐ and female‐specific differential admixture components of African, European, and American Indian origin in an admixed population from the city of Melo, in the northeastern region of Urugu…
Low Levels of STRP Variability Are Not Universal in American Indians
Data related to 15 short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) are reported for five Brazilian Indian populations, and a set of them compared with results previously reported for Asian, neo-Brazilian, North American, Iberian, and African populations. The low variability observed for these markers among the Suruí Indians is confirmed, but the other populations show variability levels that are similar to those found elsewhere. Previous suggestions of…
The Wai Wai Indians of South America
Demographic medical and genetic information was obtained in a population of Carib-speaking Wai Wai Indians living in northern Brazil. At present mortality is low and fertility moderate, with a low variance in offspring number in completed families. Mobility is high, but about two-thirds of the unions are endogamic. Malaria is the main health problem. Phenotype and allele frequencies were obtained for 27 protein genetic systems. Comparison with si…
The caingang revisited
A total of 248 individuals belonging to four populations of Caingang Indians from southern Brazil were stuided in relation to 23 genetic systems that are expressed in blood and one manifested on saliva. These results were compared with those obtained in 400 members of these same communities that were subjected to 11 body measurements. Nine polymorphic loci (MNSs, P, Rh, Duffy, Diego, Hp, PGM 1 , ESD, and Gc) were chosen for the calculation of the…
Beta‐globin gene cluster haplotype distribution in five Brazilian Indian tribes
Haplotypes derived from five polymorphic restriction sites in the beta‐globin gene cluster were investigated in 139 individuals from five different Brazilian Indian tribes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eight haplotypes were identified. Haplotypes 2 (+−−−−) and 6 (−++−+) were the most frequent and were common to all tribes. Their prevalences ranged from 60% to 93% and from 3% to 18%, respectively. Average heterozy‐gosity measured by the …
Failure of linguistic relationships to predict genetic distances between the Waiãpi and other tribes of lower Amazonia
Data on blood group, serum protein, erythrocyte enzyme, and histocompatibility antigen (HLA) traits are presented for the Waiãpi, a Tupispeaking tribe of the Brazilian and French Guianas. Intra‐ and intertribal comparisons have been made between these data, and previously published data from French Guiana, from another Tupi tribe and from other tribes of neighboring areas, and from the continent as a whole. For this purpose, we have modified the …
Anthropometric studies in Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Results of 16 measurements and 7 indices obtained from 130 men and 156 women belonging to three populations of Brazilian Indians are reported. For both males and females the averages for stature and head breadth are in the middle of the distribution range of values observed in other South American tribes; those for head length and nasal height are relatively low but the averages for sitting height, calf circumference and minimum frontal breadth a…
Gm haplotype distribution in Amerindians
A review is made of the Gm haplotype distribution in 60 groups of Eskimos, North, Central and South American Indians, totaling 22,808 individuals. Differences were observed in the shapes of the distribution of Gm*ag and the other markers. Nearly identical values for F ST and average heterozygosities were obtained in the North+Central/South comparisons. North‐South and Southwest/Northeast clinal differences were observed in the Americas using corr…
Genetic implications of the demography of Brazilian Juruna Indians
Is haplogroup X present in extant South American Indians
A total of 1,159 mitochondrial DNA samples from two Mongolian, two Siberian, and 25 South Native American populations was surveyed for the presence of the C16278T mutation, frequently found in haplogroup X. Material from 25 carriers of that mutation was then sequenced for the hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) control region, and those that still were not classifiable in classical Amerindian haplogroups were further studied. The tests involved all t…
Genetic variation within a linguistic group
A total of 136 individuals were studied in relation to 31 genetic systems, and the results were compared with South American Indian averages and previous surveys on the Wayana of French Guiana and Surinam. The information was afterwards integrated with data from other Carib groups, and two types of genetic distances (Nei's and Edwards') were calculated a) between five groups, considering ten systems; and b) between nine groups, using five systems…
Natural Selection and Morphological Variability
Two hypotheses concerning the influence of natural selection intensity on intra- and interpopulational variability of metric characteristics of the human skull ar tested. Using data on 58 series from Europe and its environs dating from Neolithic to modern times, it has been found that with the decline of the decline of the intensity of operation of natural selection (1) intragroup variability increases, (2) intergroup variability decreases, and (…
The blood groups of South American Indians
Aging Medicine is an open access journal for international collaboration in multiple research disciplines across the aging sciences. The American Journal of Biological Anthropology is a physical anthropology publication, accepting evolutionary articles in bioarcheology, human & primate biology, & more
Studies on the Caingang Indians. III. Blood groups
Human Genetics in Brazil
A Origem do Homem Americano
O problema da origem está sempre presente nas indagações do ho -1nem.Por sua próp ria natureza, entretant o , desafi a êle, quase sempr e, a nossa argúcia.A questão de como se or iginou o homem na América é ma.is fácil de ser 1•esolvida do que a refer•ente à origem da vida ou do ho-1nem.Mas nem por• isso deixa de apresentar aspect os que tornam o problern.adifícil de ser estudado de maneira objetiva e científica .Caberá ao
Blood groups of Indians from Santa Catarina, Brazil
On the Estimation of Aboriginal Population
Intra‐ and inter‐tribal genetic variability in South American Indians
A review was made of all studies to date concerning the genetic polymorphisms of South American Indians. The observed inter‐tribal variability was then compared with the intra‐tribal variation encountered in seven Caingang and three Xavante Indian communities. The differing pattern of genetic variability observed within these two tribes was afterwards correlated with the information available about their breeding structure
Hemoglobin types of Brazilian Indians
Starch gel and paper electrophoresis determinations were performed in the bloods of 532 Indians and 123 Mestizos. The individuals tested belong to the Aweikoma, Caingang, Guarani, Xavante and Cayapo tribes and live in several places in Southern, Central and Northern Brazil. No abnormal types were observed in the putatively “pure blood” individuals; among the Mestizos only one AS person was found. Data concerning the hemoglobin types of Indians li…
Fingerprints of Whites and Negroes from Southern Brazil
Studies on 1,115 individuals (451 Whites, 240 Light Mulattoes, 236 Dark Mulattoes and 188 Negroes) from Pôrto Alegre, Brazil are reported. The differences among those subgroups are not large and there is not a clear gradient when we consider samples with increasing Negro ancestry. The most marked difference between Whites and the total Negroid group occurred in the prevalence of radial loops. Comparison with Portuguese and African series indicate…
Genetic implications of the demography of Brazilian Juruna Indians
Demography and H‐Le a salivary secretion of the Macá Indians of Paraguay
The Macá Indians living at Fray Bartolomé de las Casas show a high rate of endogamy, high mortality (36% of them die before the age of reproduction), low fertility (average of 3.6 livebirths per female who completed her reproductive performance) and low variance in family size. The index of opportunity for selection (0.88) is lower than the one obtained in other populations of agriculturalists and in industrialized communities. The frequency of H…
Genetic aspects of the demography of Brazilian Terena Indians
Demographic and genetic interrelationships among the cayapo Indians of Brazil
Dermatoglyphics of Caingang and Guarani Indians
Blood groups and H‐Le a salivary secretion of Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Five hundred and twenty‐six individuals from four populations were studied in relation to the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Diego and I systems, as well as for the Wright antigen of blood groups. The H‐Le a salivary secretion of 406 of them was also investigated. Considering the gene markers which show variation in South American Indians, the Cayapo frequencies are in the middle of the distribution range for genes L Ms , R…
Third molar agenesis in a trihybrid Brazilian population
The frequency of missing third molars is about eight per cent per quadrant in a sample of 490 males of the mixed White/Negro/Indian population of Natal, Brazil. Absence of the four third molars appears in two per cent of the individuals of the sample. The degree of asymmetry for the trait was not marked. No differences were observed when the persons were separated on morphological grounds as Whites or Negroids suggesting that these segregants may…
Anthropometric studies in Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Results of 16 measurements and 7 indices obtained from 130 men and 156 women belonging to three populations of Brazilian Indians are reported. For both males and females the averages for stature and head breadth are in the middle of the distribution range of values observed in other South American tribes; those for head length and nasal height are relatively low but the averages for sitting height, calf circumference and minimum frontal breadth a…
The Ongoing Evolution of Latin-American Populations
Marital distances and inbreeding in porto alegre, Brazil
Fingerprint quantitative variation and asymmetry in Brazilian Whites and Blacks
A total of 432 Whites and 654 Blacks were studied in relation to the index of pattern intensity and a smaller number (296 Whites; 496 Blacks) for total ridge count. There does not exist a clear gradient in either sex when the Blacks are subdivided into three phenotypic categories according to the amount of African ancestry they seem to possess. The standard deviations and coefficients of variation are strikingly similar in all groups studied. Rac…
Child growth and adult physique in Brazilian Xingu Indians
Data on stature, sitting height, biacromial width, and some other body measurements on 267 children and 363 adults of the Xingu Indians of Brazil have been analyzed. Adult height shows no significant decrease with age over an age range of 20–50 years, thus indicating the absence of secular changes. The average Xingu child seems to be around the twenty‐fifth to fiftieth centile for height of British children (if our age estimates are correct) unti…
Eruption of permanent teeth in Brazilian Whites and Blacks
A total of 302 White and 904 Black children six, nine and 12 years of age were studied for the eruption of their permanent teeth. Differences between the two ethnic groups were not large, but the Black subjects were generally more precocious at the beginning of the process (especially the girls, both in the upper and lower incisors). At nine and 12 years of age, however, these dissimilarities disappear. The latter do not seem to be related to dis…
New Evidence for a Late Introduction of Malaria into the New World [and Comments and Reply]
New evidence is offered to strengthen the case for a post-Conquest introduction of malaria into the New World. An investigation of human physiological factors influencing host selection by malaria vectors revealed a strong preference by Anopheles gambiae for human hosts with blood-group O. The unique, overwhelming group-O frequency present among indigenous American populations is seen as a result of mother-child ABO incompatibility effects operat…
Association and linkage between genetic markers and morphological and behavioral attributes in dizygotic twins
In a sample of 51 like‐sex DZ twin pairs (22 male, 29 female) 49 quantitative traits were analyzed for association with, and linkage to, each of 7 informative blood systems. Nine associations were found to be significant at the 0.01 level, and a further 27 significant at the 0.05 level, whereas the numbers expected to be significant by chance alone are about 3 and 17 respectively. The most consistent associations are those of Rh with the scores o…
Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group
A total of 562 individuals living in four villages of two Brazilian Indian tribes (Cayapo and Krahó) was studied in relation to blood groups ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego; haptoglobin, Gc, acid phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase types. These results were compared with those obtained previously among the Xavante, and the inhabitants of three other Cayapo villages, all of whom speak Ge languages; the ranges in gene frequencies obse…
Biology (132 works) · Demography (110 works) · Geography (95 works) · Population (85 works) · Sociology (84 works) · Evolutionary biology (82 works) · Gene (80 works) · Genetics (79 works) · Forensic and Genetic Research (70 works) · Genetics (66 works)