Caroline Heycock
Biographic Data
| ID | 792001 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Caroline Heycock |
| GIVEN NAMES | Caroline |
| FAMILY NAME | Heycock |
| SIGNATURE | HEYCOCK C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Edinburgh |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1615-6328 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 83 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 25 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
‘When intuitions (don't) fail’
A perennial problem for sociolinguists interested in morphosyntactic variation is that such forms are often low frequency, making quantitative analysis difficult or impossible. However, sociolinguists have been generally reluctant to adopt methodologies from syntax, such as acceptability data gleaned from speaker intuition, due to the belief that these judgments are not necessarily reliable. In this article we present data from the Scots Syntax A…
Explaining microvariation using the Tolerance Principle
In this article, we describe and explain patterns of variation in acceptance of amn’t in varieties of Scots, drawing upon data from the Scots Syntax Atlas. Partly in line with findings from Bresnan (2001), we show that amn’t is much more widely accepted in inversion environments ( amn’t I ?) than in declaratives ( I amn’t ), but nevertheless, amn’t in declaratives is still accepted in certain regions of Scotland. We combine the productivity-based…
Person effects in agreement with Icelandic low nominatives
This paper investigates agreement—in particular person agreement—in two configurations in Icelandic where there are two potential controllers of agreement and where at least in some cases agreement is with the lower of the two (a “low nominative”). One case is the Dative-Nominative construction, where there is a dative subject and a lower nominative argument. The other is the Specificational Copular Clause (SCC) construction, where there are two …
English contracted negation revisited
This article is concerned with the syntactic position of negation and how that connects to negation's morphological realization and semantic and pragmatic effects. We focus on the case of contracted negation in English, which may appear both before and after the grammatical subject, and which has been classically analyzed as involving a single syntactic element placed by syntactic rule into distinct linear positions. We argue that this analysis i…
Restrictions on “Low” person agreement in Dutch specificational copular constructions
Agreement between the verb and its arguments as a predominant phenomenon in language has received major attention in the theoretical literature. One specific aspect under discussion concerns differences between number and person agreement, with the latter being the more restricted one (restricted by Baker’s 2008 SCOPA, by variants of the Person Licensing Condition of Béjar & Rezac 2003 , or by multiple agreement see Schütze 2003 ; Ackema & Neelem…
Syntactic Variation and Auxiliary Contraction
This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the re- striction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the LOCATIVE DISCOVERY EXPRESSION. We analyse these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas we descri…
Syntactic variation and auxiliary contraction
This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the restriction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the locative discovery expression. We analyze these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas, we describ…
More on phi-features in and out of copular sentences
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
A remark on Béjar & Kahnemuyipour 2017
In a number of languages, agreement in specificational copular sentences can or must be with the second of the two nominals, even when it is the first that occupies the canonical subject position. Béjar & Kahnemuyipour (2017) show that Persian and Eastern Armenian are two such languages. They then argue that ‘NP2 agreement’ occurs because the nominal in subject position (NP1) is not accessible to an external probe. It follows that actual agreemen…
Embedded Root Phenomena
This chapter presents some of the most‐discussed syntactic examples of embedded root phenomena – syntactic configurations that are restricted to root clauses and a subset of embedded environments. It discusses the different types of embedded environments that have been argued to license such phenomena: a subset of complement clauses and adverbial clauses, and non‐restrictive relatives. It then provides a critical overview of different current app…
Syntactic variation in Insular Scandinavian
This book presents the latest research on the syntax of the “Insular Scandinavian” languages (Faroese and Icelandic), with contributions from thirteen experts, and a significant introductory chapter by the four editors. The topics covered include some that have figured extensively in recent literature on Scandinavian syntax and its implications for syntactic theory: case, agreement, embedded clause word order, stylistic fronting, and the nature o…
Don’t Rush to Rehabilitate
Koeneman and Zeijlstra (2014) aim to rehabilitate the strong version of the Rich Agreement Hypothesis (RAH), according to which there is a bidirectional implication between “rich” agreement morphology in the verbal system and movement of the finite verb to a functional head above vP but below the C system (V-to-I movement). We show that one of the clearest empirical arguments raised in the literature against the strong RAH—the persistence of V-to…
Specification, equation, and agreement in copular sentences
This article presents new data from a number of Germanic languages concerning the agreement patterns found in copular clauses that contain two nominais; in both clauses with specificational readings (such as The problem is your parents ) and those with what are here termed readings of assumed identity (such as If I were you or In my dream I was you). It is argued that the specificational sentences involve asymmetric equative structures where one …
Detecting the Late Stages of Syntactic Change
While all of the Scandinavian languages have verb-second order in main clauses, they vary in the word order in subordinate clauses: in Icelandic the finite verb appears in a high position, to the left of negation and sentence-medial adverbs, while in all of the standard Mainland Scandinavian languages it remains in a low position, to the right of these elements. This order in Mainland Scandinavian is known to be the result of a historical change,…
In support of broad subjects in Hebrew
Friends and Colleagues
On the Interaction of Adjectival Modifiers and Relative Clauses
First language attrition and syntactic subjects
In this paper we present some results from an experimental study that we have been conducting into the effects of syntactic attrition on the L1 of Greek and Italian speakers who have achieved near-native proficiency in their L2 (English) but still use their L1 on a regular basis. In particular, we test the hypothesis, developed on the basis of assumptions regarding syntactic modularity, that the changes in L1 syntax will be restricted to the inte…
Coordinated Bare Definites
Recent work on the syntax and semantics of functional projections within the noun phrase has had as one goal an explanation for the crosslinguistic distribution of "bare" (determinerless) noun phrases. This article provides an account for an apparent anomaly: the relatively free occurrence of bare noun phrases under coordination. We argue that this construction involves coordination of projections below the DP level, with the coordinated structur…
Pseudocleft Connectedness
Pseudoclefts constitute a difficult challenge for linguistic theory, displaying effects of core syntactic conditions in a noncanonical configuration that cannot be normalized with standard syntactic operations. We argue that these "connectedness" effects follow from the nature of pseudoclefts as equatives. This treatment yields an integrated account of the syntactic and semanticopragmatic properties of the construction, but leads to the conclusio…
Inversion and equation in copular sentences
...
Introduction
Edwin Williams, Thematic structure in syntax Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Twenty-Three. Cambridge, MA
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Verb movement and coordination in a dynamic theory of licensing
Syntactic predication in Japanese
Pseudocleft Connectedness
Pseudoclefts constitute a difficult challenge for linguistic theory, displaying effects of core syntactic conditions in a noncanonical configuration that cannot be normalized with standard syntactic operations. We argue that these "connectedness" effects follow from the nature of pseudoclefts as equatives. This treatment yields an integrated account of the syntactic and semanticopragmatic properties of the construction, but leads to the conclusio…
Friends and Colleagues
Coordinated Bare Definites
Recent work on the syntax and semantics of functional projections within the noun phrase has had as one goal an explanation for the crosslinguistic distribution of "bare" (determinerless) noun phrases. This article provides an account for an apparent anomaly: the relatively free occurrence of bare noun phrases under coordination. We argue that this construction involves coordination of projections below the DP level, with the coordinated structur…
In support of broad subjects in Hebrew
A remark on Béjar & Kahnemuyipour 2017
In a number of languages, agreement in specificational copular sentences can or must be with the second of the two nominals, even when it is the first that occupies the canonical subject position. Béjar & Kahnemuyipour (2017) show that Persian and Eastern Armenian are two such languages. They then argue that ‘NP2 agreement’ occurs because the nominal in subject position (NP1) is not accessible to an external probe. It follows that actual agreemen…
On the Interaction of Adjectival Modifiers and Relative Clauses
English contracted negation revisited
This article is concerned with the syntactic position of negation and how that connects to negation's morphological realization and semantic and pragmatic effects. We focus on the case of contracted negation in English, which may appear both before and after the grammatical subject, and which has been classically analyzed as involving a single syntactic element placed by syntactic rule into distinct linear positions. We argue that this analysis i…
Syntactic variation and auxiliary contraction
This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the restriction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the locative discovery expression. We analyze these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas, we describ…
Detecting the Late Stages of Syntactic Change
While all of the Scandinavian languages have verb-second order in main clauses, they vary in the word order in subordinate clauses: in Icelandic the finite verb appears in a high position, to the left of negation and sentence-medial adverbs, while in all of the standard Mainland Scandinavian languages it remains in a low position, to the right of these elements. This order in Mainland Scandinavian is known to be the result of a historical change,…
More on phi-features in and out of copular sentences
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Introduction
Layers of Predication and the Syntax of the Copula
Preview this article: Layers of Predication and the Syntax of the Copula, Page 1 of 1 /docserver/preview/fulltext/bjl.7.07hey-1.gif
Syntactic predication in Japanese
Verb movement and coordination in a dynamic theory of licensing
Edwin Williams, Thematic structure in syntax Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Twenty-Three. Cambridge, MA
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Inversion and equation in copular sentences
...
Introduction
Pseudocleft Connectedness
Pseudoclefts constitute a difficult challenge for linguistic theory, displaying effects of core syntactic conditions in a noncanonical configuration that cannot be normalized with standard syntactic operations. We argue that these "connectedness" effects follow from the nature of pseudoclefts as equatives. This treatment yields an integrated account of the syntactic and semanticopragmatic properties of the construction, but leads to the conclusio…
Coordinated Bare Definites
Recent work on the syntax and semantics of functional projections within the noun phrase has had as one goal an explanation for the crosslinguistic distribution of "bare" (determinerless) noun phrases. This article provides an account for an apparent anomaly: the relatively free occurrence of bare noun phrases under coordination. We argue that this construction involves coordination of projections below the DP level, with the coordinated structur…
First language attrition and syntactic subjects
In this paper we present some results from an experimental study that we have been conducting into the effects of syntactic attrition on the L1 of Greek and Italian speakers who have achieved near-native proficiency in their L2 (English) but still use their L1 on a regular basis. In particular, we test the hypothesis, developed on the basis of assumptions regarding syntactic modularity, that the changes in L1 syntax will be restricted to the inte…
Friends and Colleagues
On the Interaction of Adjectival Modifiers and Relative Clauses
In support of broad subjects in Hebrew
Specification, equation, and agreement in copular sentences
This article presents new data from a number of Germanic languages concerning the agreement patterns found in copular clauses that contain two nominais; in both clauses with specificational readings (such as The problem is your parents ) and those with what are here termed readings of assumed identity (such as If I were you or In my dream I was you). It is argued that the specificational sentences involve asymmetric equative structures where one …
Detecting the Late Stages of Syntactic Change
While all of the Scandinavian languages have verb-second order in main clauses, they vary in the word order in subordinate clauses: in Icelandic the finite verb appears in a high position, to the left of negation and sentence-medial adverbs, while in all of the standard Mainland Scandinavian languages it remains in a low position, to the right of these elements. This order in Mainland Scandinavian is known to be the result of a historical change,…
Embedded Root Phenomena
This chapter presents some of the most‐discussed syntactic examples of embedded root phenomena – syntactic configurations that are restricted to root clauses and a subset of embedded environments. It discusses the different types of embedded environments that have been argued to license such phenomena: a subset of complement clauses and adverbial clauses, and non‐restrictive relatives. It then provides a critical overview of different current app…
Syntactic variation in Insular Scandinavian
This book presents the latest research on the syntax of the “Insular Scandinavian” languages (Faroese and Icelandic), with contributions from thirteen experts, and a significant introductory chapter by the four editors. The topics covered include some that have figured extensively in recent literature on Scandinavian syntax and its implications for syntactic theory: case, agreement, embedded clause word order, stylistic fronting, and the nature o…
Don’t Rush to Rehabilitate
Koeneman and Zeijlstra (2014) aim to rehabilitate the strong version of the Rich Agreement Hypothesis (RAH), according to which there is a bidirectional implication between “rich” agreement morphology in the verbal system and movement of the finite verb to a functional head above vP but below the C system (V-to-I movement). We show that one of the clearest empirical arguments raised in the literature against the strong RAH—the persistence of V-to…
More on phi-features in and out of copular sentences
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
A remark on Béjar & Kahnemuyipour 2017
In a number of languages, agreement in specificational copular sentences can or must be with the second of the two nominals, even when it is the first that occupies the canonical subject position. Béjar & Kahnemuyipour (2017) show that Persian and Eastern Armenian are two such languages. They then argue that ‘NP2 agreement’ occurs because the nominal in subject position (NP1) is not accessible to an external probe. It follows that actual agreemen…
Restrictions on “Low” person agreement in Dutch specificational copular constructions
Agreement between the verb and its arguments as a predominant phenomenon in language has received major attention in the theoretical literature. One specific aspect under discussion concerns differences between number and person agreement, with the latter being the more restricted one (restricted by Baker’s 2008 SCOPA, by variants of the Person Licensing Condition of Béjar & Rezac 2003 , or by multiple agreement see Schütze 2003 ; Ackema & Neelem…
Syntactic Variation and Auxiliary Contraction
This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the re- striction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the LOCATIVE DISCOVERY EXPRESSION. We analyse these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas we descri…
Syntactic variation and auxiliary contraction
This article is concerned with the distribution of contracted auxiliaries in English, in particular the restriction against their occurrence in the immediate context of a gap created by movement or ellipsis. We document apparent exceptions to this restriction in varieties of Scots, all occurring in what we call the locative discovery expression. We analyze these as mirative constructions, and using new data from the Scots Syntax Atlas, we describ…
Person effects in agreement with Icelandic low nominatives
This paper investigates agreement—in particular person agreement—in two configurations in Icelandic where there are two potential controllers of agreement and where at least in some cases agreement is with the lower of the two (a “low nominative”). One case is the Dative-Nominative construction, where there is a dative subject and a lower nominative argument. The other is the Specificational Copular Clause (SCC) construction, where there are two …
English contracted negation revisited
This article is concerned with the syntactic position of negation and how that connects to negation's morphological realization and semantic and pragmatic effects. We focus on the case of contracted negation in English, which may appear both before and after the grammatical subject, and which has been classically analyzed as involving a single syntactic element placed by syntactic rule into distinct linear positions. We argue that this analysis i…
Explaining microvariation using the Tolerance Principle
In this article, we describe and explain patterns of variation in acceptance of amn’t in varieties of Scots, drawing upon data from the Scots Syntax Atlas. Partly in line with findings from Bresnan (2001), we show that amn’t is much more widely accepted in inversion environments ( amn’t I ?) than in declaratives ( I amn’t ), but nevertheless, amn’t in declaratives is still accepted in certain regions of Scotland. We combine the productivity-based…
Linguistics (25 works) · Philosophy (24 works) · Computer Science (17 works) · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation (17 works) · Syntax (12 works) · Mathematics (9 works) · Natural Language Processing Techniques (9 works) · Philosophy (8 works) · Psychology (8 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (7 works)