Jay Ginn
Biographic Data
| ID | 79522 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jay Ginn |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jay |
| FAMILY NAME | Ginn |
| SIGNATURE | GINN J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Surrey |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 590 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1990 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2016 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
How important are state transfers for reducing poverty rates in later life
Financial welfare in later life is of prime concern as the funding of pensions and care rises up policy agendas. In this context, work and family histories are well known to impact on late-life income, generally reducing state and private pensions for women. In a political context where benefits are under threat as part of the retrenchment of the welfare state, we consider two key questions. First, how do state pension and benefit transfers inter…
Temporary exit from employment
In this brief response to the proposal for temporary exit from employment, I question whether funding career breaks through state pension sacrifice is the best way to achieve the aim of allowing individuals more autonomy, choice and flexibility in their life course. I argue that this funding mechanism is socially-divisive, reinforcing the disadvantages already experienced by vulnerable groups in the population. In contrast, an alternative scheme …
Gender differences in informal caring
Men have hitherto largely been invisible in research on informal care. This paper examines gender differences in informal caring, focusing on gender differences according to the relationship between the carer and care-recipient and the location of caring. The paper uses secondary analysis of the 1990–91 General Household Survey, which identified over 2700 adults as informal carers. Four per cent of men and women provide care for someone living in…
European Pension Privatisation
Debate on pension privatisation in Europe has provided useful insights into the diversity of European pension systems in terms of ideological orientation, design features and reform paths followed. However, the gender dimension has often been neglected. Thus a recent analysis states that, depending on predominant social values, pension privatisation may be ‘consistent with the notion of collective responsibility for needs-satisfaction’ (Hyde et a…
Gender, pensions and the lifecourseHow pensions need to adapt to changing family forms
Using original data analysis, this book highlights the new patterns of pension advantage and disadvantage that are emerging amongst women, influenced by partnership status, parenthood, employment histories, class and ethnicity.
Gender, pensions and the lifecourse
Parenthood, Partnership Status and Pensions
Research on the balance of welfare provision between state and market has in the past ignored gender, and more recent feminist analysis has barely explored how changing gender roles over time interact with shifts in pension policy. The loosening link between marriage and motherhood poses questions for pension systems still largely based on the male breadwinner model of pension provision for carers. This article uses data from the General Househol…
Degrees of Freedom
British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers' employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a …
Third way or third class? Conservative pension policies rebranded under Labour
Risk of social exclusion in later life
Considers the way in which UK and American pension schemes are structured for women’s poverty and social exclusion in later life. Analyses recent trends in women’s employment and the impacts on current pension structures. Looks at the impact of different pension schemes and goes on to cover the effect on different classes and ethnicities. States that childcare is currently uncrecognised within pension systems as it is unwaged work and can lead to…
Pension prospects of minority ethnic groups
Minority ethnic groups have low income in later life from private pensions, partly due to shorter employment records in Britain since migration. Yet disadvantage and discrimination in the labour market, as well as differences in cultural norms concerning women's employment, may lead to persistence of ethnic variation in private pension acquisition. Little is known about the pension arrangements made by men and women in minority ethnic groups duri…
Personal Pension Take-up in the 1990s in Relation to Position in the Labour Market
Pension reform in Western societies has sought to shift the balance of provision towards the private sector. In Britain, the 1986 Social Security Act marked a watershed in privatisation by promoting personal pensions while cutting the value of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme. The article assesses the effects of the Act, especially the different implications according to gender and position in the labour market. Data from the 1993/4 and …
Changing patterns of pension inequality
Reform of welfare in Britain has sought to shift the balance of pension provision towards the private sector, with consequences for older people's sources of income. The paper uses data from the General Household Survey to examine changes in older people's income from the state and from private pensions from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, focusing on gender and class inequalities.Although state pensions and other benefits remained the major sour…
Balancing Home and Employment
The paper aims to contribute to an understanding of how stress from the combined responsibilities of home and employment varies according to the family circumstances and employment characteristics of women and men. For women, family responsibilities are associated with shorter hours of employment and lower occupational achievement, whereas for men, marriage is a career asset. Yet the reason for women's underachievement is disputed: some researche…
Feminist Fallacies
Les AA. s'efforcent de repondre aux affirmations de C. Hakim selon lesquelles la sociologie feministe en repliquant aux analyses patriarcales a cree de nouveaux mythes concernant l'emploi des femmes et s'est ecartee de l'evidence. Ils estiment que ces theses sont provocantes. Ils presentent une refutation de chacune d'entre elles. Ils affirment que Hakim a mesinterprete les donnees concernant les attitudes des femmes envers le travail et montrent…
Gender, Age and Attitudes to Retirement in Mid-Life
British research on exit from the labour market has been mainly concerned with men, but US research shows retirement for women is equally salient. Gender differences in attitudes to employment and reasons for early exit are relevant to employment and pension policy. In this paper, we use data from the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative survey to examine gender differences in attitudes to employment among over 2,500 British women and men a…
Patterns of Employment, Gender and Pensions
Gender inequality of income in later life is linked to earlier employment through the major role of occupational and personal pensions. In addition to women's lower earnings, their diverse patterns of employment, in terms of the timing of periods of full-time, part-time and non-employment, may affect non-state pension income. In this paper, work history data from the 1988 OPCS Retirement and Retirement Plans Survey is used, first to identify dist…
Connecting gender and ageing
Connecting Gender and Ageing challenges the assumption that gender can be treated as static over the life course, highlighting the differential social effects of ageing on women's and men's roles, relationships and identity. The early chapters address the question of linking gender and age within sociological theory, outlining alternatives and introducing new ideas to integrate these two dimensions of social stratification. Contributors use a fem…
The Mirage of Gender Equality
Malgre une egalite formelle des sexes en matiere de chances d'acceder aux memes emplois sur le marche du travail qui a stimule l'entree en masse des femmes dans la vie active, l'egalite des salaires demeure un voeu pieux. L'A. va etudier les facteurs de determination du niveau du salaire. Il montre que l'egalite est plus importante dans le secteur public fortement syndicalise. L'A. montre que les inegalites de statut social sont plus fortes au se…
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care
This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men…
Exploring Mid-Life Women's Employment
Women's labour force participation rate declines steeply in the 15 years preceding their state pensionable age, in spite of their generally lacking childcare responsibilities during this stage of the life course. Employment of women in the years following childrearing is important in enabling women to obtain a significant improvement in their pension entitlements. There has been little research on the factors influencing mid-life women's employme…
Midlife Women's Employment and Pension Entitlement in Relation to Coresident Adult Children in Great Britain
Jay Ginn, Sara Arber, Midlife Women's Employment and Pension Entitlement in Relation to Coresident Adult Children in Great Britain, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Nov., 1994), pp. 813-819
Grey power
One consequence of the ageing of populations is the portrayal of elderly people as threatening the viability of welfare states; in particu lar, those who wish to justify cuts in public pensions depict the elderly as increasingly affluent and powerful relative to the rest of society. This article challenges such a view of elderly people in Britain as an ageist myth which serves to distract attention from the real sources of economic problems and f…
Gender and inequalities in health in later life
Pension Penalties
Research on gender inequality in employment has focused mainly on women's lower rates of pay, neglecting the less visible inequalities in occupational welfare such as fringe benefits. This paper examines gender differences in access to one centrally important occupational benefit an occupational pension. We analyse the 1987 General Household Survey to assess the relative importance of women's domestic roles, in terms of marriage and children, and…
Gender and inequalities in health in later life
Connecting gender and ageing
Connecting Gender and Ageing challenges the assumption that gender can be treated as static over the life course, highlighting the differential social effects of ageing on women's and men's roles, relationships and identity. The early chapters address the question of linking gender and age within sociological theory, outlining alternatives and introducing new ideas to integrate these two dimensions of social stratification. Contributors use a fem…
Feminist Fallacies
Les AA. s'efforcent de repondre aux affirmations de C. Hakim selon lesquelles la sociologie feministe en repliquant aux analyses patriarcales a cree de nouveaux mythes concernant l'emploi des femmes et s'est ecartee de l'evidence. Ils estiment que ces theses sont provocantes. Ils presentent une refutation de chacune d'entre elles. Ils affirment que Hakim a mesinterprete les donnees concernant les attitudes des femmes envers le travail et montrent…
Pension Penalties
Research on gender inequality in employment has focused mainly on women's lower rates of pay, neglecting the less visible inequalities in occupational welfare such as fringe benefits. This paper examines gender differences in access to one centrally important occupational benefit an occupational pension. We analyse the 1987 General Household Survey to assess the relative importance of women's domestic roles, in terms of marriage and children, and…
Patterns of Employment, Gender and Pensions
Gender inequality of income in later life is linked to earlier employment through the major role of occupational and personal pensions. In addition to women's lower earnings, their diverse patterns of employment, in terms of the timing of periods of full-time, part-time and non-employment, may affect non-state pension income. In this paper, work history data from the 1988 OPCS Retirement and Retirement Plans Survey is used, first to identify dist…
Gender differences in informal caring
Men have hitherto largely been invisible in research on informal care. This paper examines gender differences in informal caring, focusing on gender differences according to the relationship between the carer and care-recipient and the location of caring. The paper uses secondary analysis of the 1990–91 General Household Survey, which identified over 2700 adults as informal carers. Four per cent of men and women provide care for someone living in…
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care
This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men…
Gender, Class and Income Inequalities in Later Life
Debate about elderly people has been dominated by stereotypical images, while profound inequalities in the circumstances of elderly people have been neglected. This paper examines one aspect of inequality, that of personal income, showing that elderly people span the gulf between affluence and poverty, and that ageist representations of pensioners mask structured inequalities which have arisen during the working life. The paper focuses on gender …
Balancing Home and Employment
The paper aims to contribute to an understanding of how stress from the combined responsibilities of home and employment varies according to the family circumstances and employment characteristics of women and men. For women, family responsibilities are associated with shorter hours of employment and lower occupational achievement, whereas for men, marriage is a career asset. Yet the reason for women's underachievement is disputed: some researche…
The Meaning of Informal Care
‘Caring’ and ‘carers’ are words in frequent use in social policy, but their meaning is often vague and undefined, encompassing a wide range of activities and relationships. This paper discusses the meaning of caring and focuses particular attention on older carers. Secondary analysis of the 1985 Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Informal Carers Survey data shows that of the estimated six million informal carers in Britain, the lar…
European Pension Privatisation
Debate on pension privatisation in Europe has provided useful insights into the diversity of European pension systems in terms of ideological orientation, design features and reform paths followed. However, the gender dimension has often been neglected. Thus a recent analysis states that, depending on predominant social values, pension privatisation may be ‘consistent with the notion of collective responsibility for needs-satisfaction’ (Hyde et a…
Pension prospects of minority ethnic groups
Minority ethnic groups have low income in later life from private pensions, partly due to shorter employment records in Britain since migration. Yet disadvantage and discrimination in the labour market, as well as differences in cultural norms concerning women's employment, may lead to persistence of ethnic variation in private pension acquisition. Little is known about the pension arrangements made by men and women in minority ethnic groups duri…
Towards Women's Independence
The treatment of women as family dependants by state social systems in industrialized societies has become increasingly problematrc due to trends over the last 50 years such as the rise in cohabitation, divorce and lone parenthood and women's increased participation in the paid labour force
Changing patterns of pension inequality
Reform of welfare in Britain has sought to shift the balance of pension provision towards the private sector, with consequences for older people's sources of income. The paper uses data from the General Household Survey to examine changes in older people's income from the state and from private pensions from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, focusing on gender and class inequalities.Although state pensions and other benefits remained the major sour…
The Mirage of Gender Equality
Malgre une egalite formelle des sexes en matiere de chances d'acceder aux memes emplois sur le marche du travail qui a stimule l'entree en masse des femmes dans la vie active, l'egalite des salaires demeure un voeu pieux. L'A. va etudier les facteurs de determination du niveau du salaire. Il montre que l'egalite est plus importante dans le secteur public fortement syndicalise. L'A. montre que les inegalites de statut social sont plus fortes au se…
Class and Caring
Class differences in the provision of informal care have received little research attention. Since class gradients in ill-health and life expectancy are strong, differences in need for informal care are to be expected between classes. We use data from the 1985 General Household Survey to examine the prevalence and location of informal care-giving among women and men by class and by stage in the life course. Although informal carers as a whole are…
Gender, Age and Attitudes to Retirement in Mid-Life
British research on exit from the labour market has been mainly concerned with men, but US research shows retirement for women is equally salient. Gender differences in attitudes to employment and reasons for early exit are relevant to employment and pension policy. In this paper, we use data from the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative survey to examine gender differences in attitudes to employment among over 2,500 British women and men a…
The Invisibility of Age
Sociology almost entirely neglects later life. This contrasts with social policy where elderly people are largely seen as a burden on society and their carers. The article examines three areas of sociological enquiry and suggests reasons for the omission of elderly people. Parallels are drawn with sociology's earlier neglect of women. The feminist agenda has largely excluded the concerns of elderly women and at times has contributed to the pathol…
Degrees of Freedom
British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers' employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a …
Personal Pension Take-up in the 1990s in Relation to Position in the Labour Market
Pension reform in Western societies has sought to shift the balance of provision towards the private sector. In Britain, the 1986 Social Security Act marked a watershed in privatisation by promoting personal pensions while cutting the value of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme. The article assesses the effects of the Act, especially the different implications according to gender and position in the labour market. Data from the 1993/4 and …
Exploring Mid-Life Women's Employment
Women's labour force participation rate declines steeply in the 15 years preceding their state pensionable age, in spite of their generally lacking childcare responsibilities during this stage of the life course. Employment of women in the years following childrearing is important in enabling women to obtain a significant improvement in their pension entitlements. There has been little research on the factors influencing mid-life women's employme…
How important are state transfers for reducing poverty rates in later life
Financial welfare in later life is of prime concern as the funding of pensions and care rises up policy agendas. In this context, work and family histories are well known to impact on late-life income, generally reducing state and private pensions for women. In a political context where benefits are under threat as part of the retrenchment of the welfare state, we consider two key questions. First, how do state pension and benefit transfers inter…
Parenthood, Partnership Status and Pensions
Research on the balance of welfare provision between state and market has in the past ignored gender, and more recent feminist analysis has barely explored how changing gender roles over time interact with shifts in pension policy. The loosening link between marriage and motherhood poses questions for pension systems still largely based on the male breadwinner model of pension provision for carers. This article uses data from the General Househol…
Risk of social exclusion in later life
Considers the way in which UK and American pension schemes are structured for women’s poverty and social exclusion in later life. Analyses recent trends in women’s employment and the impacts on current pension structures. Looks at the impact of different pension schemes and goes on to cover the effect on different classes and ethnicities. States that childcare is currently uncrecognised within pension systems as it is unwaged work and can lead to…
Midlife Women's Employment and Pension Entitlement in Relation to Coresident Adult Children in Great Britain
Jay Ginn, Sara Arber, Midlife Women's Employment and Pension Entitlement in Relation to Coresident Adult Children in Great Britain, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Nov., 1994), pp. 813-819
The Meaning of Informal Care
‘Caring’ and ‘carers’ are words in frequent use in social policy, but their meaning is often vague and undefined, encompassing a wide range of activities and relationships. This paper discusses the meaning of caring and focuses particular attention on older carers. Secondary analysis of the 1985 Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Informal Carers Survey data shows that of the estimated six million informal carers in Britain, the lar…
Gender, Class and Income Inequalities in Later Life
Debate about elderly people has been dominated by stereotypical images, while profound inequalities in the circumstances of elderly people have been neglected. This paper examines one aspect of inequality, that of personal income, showing that elderly people span the gulf between affluence and poverty, and that ageist representations of pensioners mask structured inequalities which have arisen during the working life. The paper focuses on gender …
The Invisibility of Age
Sociology almost entirely neglects later life. This contrasts with social policy where elderly people are largely seen as a burden on society and their carers. The article examines three areas of sociological enquiry and suggests reasons for the omission of elderly people. Parallels are drawn with sociology's earlier neglect of women. The feminist agenda has largely excluded the concerns of elderly women and at times has contributed to the pathol…
Towards Women's Independence
The treatment of women as family dependants by state social systems in industrialized societies has become increasingly problematrc due to trends over the last 50 years such as the rise in cohabitation, divorce and lone parenthood and women's increased participation in the paid labour force
Class and Caring
Class differences in the provision of informal care have received little research attention. Since class gradients in ill-health and life expectancy are strong, differences in need for informal care are to be expected between classes. We use data from the 1985 General Household Survey to examine the prevalence and location of informal care-giving among women and men by class and by stage in the life course. Although informal carers as a whole are…
Grey power
One consequence of the ageing of populations is the portrayal of elderly people as threatening the viability of welfare states; in particu lar, those who wish to justify cuts in public pensions depict the elderly as increasingly affluent and powerful relative to the rest of society. This article challenges such a view of elderly people in Britain as an ageist myth which serves to distract attention from the real sources of economic problems and f…
Gender and inequalities in health in later life
Pension Penalties
Research on gender inequality in employment has focused mainly on women's lower rates of pay, neglecting the less visible inequalities in occupational welfare such as fringe benefits. This paper examines gender differences in access to one centrally important occupational benefit an occupational pension. We analyse the 1987 General Household Survey to assess the relative importance of women's domestic roles, in terms of marriage and children, and…
Midlife Women's Employment and Pension Entitlement in Relation to Coresident Adult Children in Great Britain
Jay Ginn, Sara Arber, Midlife Women's Employment and Pension Entitlement in Relation to Coresident Adult Children in Great Britain, Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Nov., 1994), pp. 813-819
Connecting gender and ageing
Connecting Gender and Ageing challenges the assumption that gender can be treated as static over the life course, highlighting the differential social effects of ageing on women's and men's roles, relationships and identity. The early chapters address the question of linking gender and age within sociological theory, outlining alternatives and introducing new ideas to integrate these two dimensions of social stratification. Contributors use a fem…
The Mirage of Gender Equality
Malgre une egalite formelle des sexes en matiere de chances d'acceder aux memes emplois sur le marche du travail qui a stimule l'entree en masse des femmes dans la vie active, l'egalite des salaires demeure un voeu pieux. L'A. va etudier les facteurs de determination du niveau du salaire. Il montre que l'egalite est plus importante dans le secteur public fortement syndicalise. L'A. montre que les inegalites de statut social sont plus fortes au se…
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care
This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men…
Exploring Mid-Life Women's Employment
Women's labour force participation rate declines steeply in the 15 years preceding their state pensionable age, in spite of their generally lacking childcare responsibilities during this stage of the life course. Employment of women in the years following childrearing is important in enabling women to obtain a significant improvement in their pension entitlements. There has been little research on the factors influencing mid-life women's employme…
Feminist Fallacies
Les AA. s'efforcent de repondre aux affirmations de C. Hakim selon lesquelles la sociologie feministe en repliquant aux analyses patriarcales a cree de nouveaux mythes concernant l'emploi des femmes et s'est ecartee de l'evidence. Ils estiment que ces theses sont provocantes. Ils presentent une refutation de chacune d'entre elles. Ils affirment que Hakim a mesinterprete les donnees concernant les attitudes des femmes envers le travail et montrent…
Gender, Age and Attitudes to Retirement in Mid-Life
British research on exit from the labour market has been mainly concerned with men, but US research shows retirement for women is equally salient. Gender differences in attitudes to employment and reasons for early exit are relevant to employment and pension policy. In this paper, we use data from the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative survey to examine gender differences in attitudes to employment among over 2,500 British women and men a…
Patterns of Employment, Gender and Pensions
Gender inequality of income in later life is linked to earlier employment through the major role of occupational and personal pensions. In addition to women's lower earnings, their diverse patterns of employment, in terms of the timing of periods of full-time, part-time and non-employment, may affect non-state pension income. In this paper, work history data from the 1988 OPCS Retirement and Retirement Plans Survey is used, first to identify dist…
Balancing Home and Employment
The paper aims to contribute to an understanding of how stress from the combined responsibilities of home and employment varies according to the family circumstances and employment characteristics of women and men. For women, family responsibilities are associated with shorter hours of employment and lower occupational achievement, whereas for men, marriage is a career asset. Yet the reason for women's underachievement is disputed: some researche…
Changing patterns of pension inequality
Reform of welfare in Britain has sought to shift the balance of pension provision towards the private sector, with consequences for older people's sources of income. The paper uses data from the General Household Survey to examine changes in older people's income from the state and from private pensions from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, focusing on gender and class inequalities.Although state pensions and other benefits remained the major sour…
Personal Pension Take-up in the 1990s in Relation to Position in the Labour Market
Pension reform in Western societies has sought to shift the balance of provision towards the private sector. In Britain, the 1986 Social Security Act marked a watershed in privatisation by promoting personal pensions while cutting the value of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme. The article assesses the effects of the Act, especially the different implications according to gender and position in the labour market. Data from the 1993/4 and …
Third way or third class? Conservative pension policies rebranded under Labour
Risk of social exclusion in later life
Considers the way in which UK and American pension schemes are structured for women’s poverty and social exclusion in later life. Analyses recent trends in women’s employment and the impacts on current pension structures. Looks at the impact of different pension schemes and goes on to cover the effect on different classes and ethnicities. States that childcare is currently uncrecognised within pension systems as it is unwaged work and can lead to…
Pension prospects of minority ethnic groups
Minority ethnic groups have low income in later life from private pensions, partly due to shorter employment records in Britain since migration. Yet disadvantage and discrimination in the labour market, as well as differences in cultural norms concerning women's employment, may lead to persistence of ethnic variation in private pension acquisition. Little is known about the pension arrangements made by men and women in minority ethnic groups duri…
Degrees of Freedom
British women's increasing levels of educational attainment have led to expectations of gender convergence in employment patterns and hence in lifetime earnings and pension income. However, it is not clear how far losses due to motherhood vary with educational qualifications. A polarisation in mothers' employment is evident, according to whether women have high levels of educational and occupational capital and some writers have suggested that a …
Gender, pensions and the lifecourseHow pensions need to adapt to changing family forms
Using original data analysis, this book highlights the new patterns of pension advantage and disadvantage that are emerging amongst women, influenced by partnership status, parenthood, employment histories, class and ethnicity.
Gender, pensions and the lifecourse
Economics (23 works) · Sociology (20 works) · Demographic economics (18 works) · Pension (18 works) · Political science (18 works) · Labour economics (17 works) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (16 works) · Psychology (15 works) · Retirement, Disability, and Employment (15 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (12 works)