K Crawford
Biographic Data
| ID | 8141 |
|---|---|
| NAME | K Crawford |
| GIVEN NAMES | K |
| FAMILY NAME | Crawford |
| SIGNATURE | CRAWFORD K |
| AFFILIATIONS | Microsoft (United States) |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9972-7194 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1738 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1940 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
The Work of Copyright Law in the Age of Generative AI
January 01 2024 The Work of Copyright Law in the Age of Generative AI Kate Crawford, Kate Crawford Kate Crawford is a Research Professor at USC Annenberg, a Senior Principal Researcher at MSR-NYC, and founder of the Knowing Machines Project. Her latest book, Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence (Yale University Press) won the Sally Hacker Prize (2022). Search for other works by this author on: This Site…
The social construction of datasets
Despite the critical role that datasets play in how systems make predictions and interpret the world, the dynamics of their construction are not well understood. Drawing on a corpus of interviews with dataset creators, we uncover the messy and contingent realities of dataset preparation. We identify four key challenges in constructing datasets, including balancing the benefits and costs of increasing dataset scale, limited access to resources, a …
Archeologies of Datasets
Journal Article Archeologies of Datasets Get access Kate Crawford Kate Crawford Research Professor, University of Southern California Annenberg, US Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 128, Issue 3, September 2023, Pages 1368–1371, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad364 Published: 26 September 2023
The future of human behaviour research
Datasheets for datasets
Documentation to facilitate communication between dataset creators and consumers.
Excavating AI
Notes from the Desk Set
Over the last five years, we have seen the rise of a new generation of ‘soft AI’ digital assistants like Apple’s Siri, Microsoft’s Cortana, and Amazon’s Alexa, all designed with feminized personas. In this paper, we connect these AI assistants to the long history of the secretary, beginning with secretary as a desk and then as a profession, emblematized by the executive assistant. How have the gendered practices of organization, anticipation and …
Enchanted Determinism
Deep learning techniques are growing in popularity within the field of artificial intelligence (AI). These approaches identify patterns in large scale datasets, and make classifications and predictions, which have been celebrated as more accurate than those of humans. But for a number of reasons, including nonlinear path from inputs to outputs, there is a dearth of theory that can explain why deep learning techniques work so well at pattern detec…
The Work of Art in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Problematic use of data, patterns of bias emerging in AI systems, and the role of platforms like Facebook and Twitter during elections have thrown the issue of data ethics into sharp relief. Yet the focus of conversations about data ethics has centered on computer scientists, engineers, and designers, with far less attention paid to the digital practices of artists and others in the cultural sector. Artists have historically deployed new technolo…
Ten simple rules for responsible big data research
The use of big data research methods has grown tremendously over the past five years in both academia and industry. As the size and complexity of available datasets has grown, so too have the ethical questions raised by big data research. These questions become increasingly urgent as data and research agendas move well beyond those typical of the computational and natural sciences, to more directly address sensitive aspects of human behavior, int…
There is a blind spot in AI research
T&S Magazine Wins STC Award [News and Notes]
Seeing without knowing
Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it works and govern it—a pattern that recurs in recent work about transparency and computational systems. But can “black boxes’ ever be opened, and if so, would that ever be sufficient? In this article, we critically interrogate the ideal of transparency, trac…
Can an Algorithm be Agonistic? Ten Scenes from Life in Calculated Publics
This paper explores how political theory may help us map algorithmic logics against different visions of the political. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe's theories of agonistic pluralism, this paper depicts algorithms in public life in ten distinct scenes, in order to ask the question, what kinds of politics do they instantiate? Algorithms are working within highly contested online spaces of public discourse, such as YouTube and Facebook, where incompat…
Where are human subjects in Big Data research? The emerging ethics divide
There are growing discontinuities between the research practices of data science and established tools of research ethics regulation. Some of the core commitments of existing research ethics regulations, such as the distinction between research and practice, cannot be cleanly exported from biomedical research to data science research. Such discontinuities have led some data science practitioners and researchers to move toward rejecting ethics reg…
Social Media, Financial Algorithms and the Hack Crash
AP: Breaking: Two Explosions in the White House and Barack Obama is injured'. So read a tweet sent from a hacked Associated Press Twitter account @AP, which affected financial markets, wiping out $136.5 billion of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index's value. While the speed of the Associated Press hack crash event and the proprietary nature of the algorithms involved make it difficult to make causal claims about the relationship between social media …
Obwody pracy
This paper questions the binary of material and immaterial labour in the information era. Instead, we propose a “circuits of labour” model, a holistic framework that helps connect various concepts and traditions in the study of labour and ICT (information and communication technology). Inspired by du Gay et al’s “circuit of culture”, we argue conventional frameworks need to be synthesized and updated to reflect fundamental changes and persisting …
Our metrics, ourselves
The recent proliferation of wearable self-tracking devices intended to regulate and measure the body has brought contingent questions of controlling, accessing and interpreting personal data. Given a socio-technical context in which individuals are no longer the most authoritative source on data about themselves, wearable self-tracking technologies reflect the simultaneous commodification and knowledge-making that occurs between data and bodies. …
The Conservatism of Emoji
This piece examines emoji as conduits for affective labor in the social networks of informational capitalism. Emoji, ubiquitous digital images that can appear in text messages, emails, and social media chat platforms, are rich in social, cultural, and economic significance. This article examines emoji as historical, social, and cultural objects, and as examples of skeuomorphism and of technical standardization. Now superseded as explicitly moneti…
Circuits of Labour
This paper questions the binary of material and immaterial labour in the information era. Instead, we propose a “circuits of labour” model, a holistic framework that helps connect various concepts and traditions in the study of labour and ICT (information and communication technology). Inspired by du Gay et al’s “circuit of culture”, we argue conventional frameworks need to be synthesized and updated to reflect fundamental changes and persisting …
What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint
The flag is now a common mechanism for reporting offensive content to an online platform, and is used widely across most popular social media sites. It serves both as a solution to the problem of curating massive collections of user-generated content and as a rhetorical justification for platform owners when they decide to remove content. Flags are becoming a ubiquitous mechanism of governance—yet their meaning is anything but straightforward. In…
Departing glances
Grindr is a popular location-based social networking application for smartphones, predominantly used by gay men. This study investigates why users leave Grindr. Drawing on interviews with 16 men who stopped using Grindr, this article reports on the varied definitions of leaving, focusing on what people report leaving, how they leave and what they say leaving means to them. We argue that leaving is not a singular moment, but a process involving la…
The limits of crisis data
The Ideas of Man and Woman in Renaissance France
Interior Portraiture and Masculine Identity in France, 1789-1914
This collection, largely by art historians privileging visual remains, challenges the association of private, domestic spaces with women and femininity and reconsiders the presumption that masculinity is necessarily created in public. Several essays take on theories of art and modernism, disputing Charles Baudelaire’s idea that inspiration derives from public spaces, while Edmond Duranty’s notion that realism depends on personal possessions and g…
Critical Questions for Big Data
The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and other scholars are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, governme…
Seeing without knowing
Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it works and govern it—a pattern that recurs in recent work about transparency and computational systems. But can “black boxes’ ever be opened, and if so, would that ever be sufficient? In this article, we critically interrogate the ideal of transparency, trac…
Following you
This paper develops the concept of listening as a metaphor for paying attention online. Pejorative terms such as ‘lurking’ have failed to capture much detail about the experience of presence online. Instead, much online media research has focused on ‘having a voice’, be it in blogs, wikis, social media, or discussion lists. The metaphor of listening can offer a productive way to analyse the forms of online engagement that have previously been ove…
Our metrics, ourselves
The recent proliferation of wearable self-tracking devices intended to regulate and measure the body has brought contingent questions of controlling, accessing and interpreting personal data. Given a socio-technical context in which individuals are no longer the most authoritative source on data about themselves, wearable self-tracking technologies reflect the simultaneous commodification and knowledge-making that occurs between data and bodies. …
Sexting, consent and young people's ethics
This article contrasts the Megan's Story campaign, a recent Australian media and policy response to sexting (the act of taking and transmitting naked or semi-naked pictures via mobile phones) with interview responses drawn from an Australian study that has asked young people about mobiles and sexting. It considers local and international responses to sexting as ‘child pornography,’ raising questions about the adequacy and appropriateness of crimi…
What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint
The flag is now a common mechanism for reporting offensive content to an online platform, and is used widely across most popular social media sites. It serves both as a solution to the problem of curating massive collections of user-generated content and as a rhetorical justification for platform owners when they decide to remove content. Flags are becoming a ubiquitous mechanism of governance—yet their meaning is anything but straightforward. In…
Departing glances
Grindr is a popular location-based social networking application for smartphones, predominantly used by gay men. This study investigates why users leave Grindr. Drawing on interviews with 16 men who stopped using Grindr, this article reports on the varied definitions of leaving, focusing on what people report leaving, how they leave and what they say leaving means to them. We argue that leaving is not a singular moment, but a process involving la…
Can an Algorithm be Agonistic? Ten Scenes from Life in Calculated Publics
This paper explores how political theory may help us map algorithmic logics against different visions of the political. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe's theories of agonistic pluralism, this paper depicts algorithms in public life in ten distinct scenes, in order to ask the question, what kinds of politics do they instantiate? Algorithms are working within highly contested online spaces of public discourse, such as YouTube and Facebook, where incompat…
Where are human subjects in Big Data research? The emerging ethics divide
There are growing discontinuities between the research practices of data science and established tools of research ethics regulation. Some of the core commitments of existing research ethics regulations, such as the distinction between research and practice, cannot be cleanly exported from biomedical research to data science research. Such discontinuities have led some data science practitioners and researchers to move toward rejecting ethics reg…
The Conservatism of Emoji
This piece examines emoji as conduits for affective labor in the social networks of informational capitalism. Emoji, ubiquitous digital images that can appear in text messages, emails, and social media chat platforms, are rich in social, cultural, and economic significance. This article examines emoji as historical, social, and cultural objects, and as examples of skeuomorphism and of technical standardization. Now superseded as explicitly moneti…
The limits of crisis data
Meaningful Mobility
In this paper we explore development, gender and technology through a focus on mobile phones and examples of their everyday use by rural women in India. We introduce ways in which technologies might be thought about in terms of 'meaningful mobilities' by discussing attachments, structures of labour, agency and specifically how mobiles are an active agent in complex and evolving gendered relationships
The Work of Art in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Problematic use of data, patterns of bias emerging in AI systems, and the role of platforms like Facebook and Twitter during elections have thrown the issue of data ethics into sharp relief. Yet the focus of conversations about data ethics has centered on computer scientists, engineers, and designers, with far less attention paid to the digital practices of artists and others in the cultural sector. Artists have historically deployed new technolo…
Social Media, Financial Algorithms and the Hack Crash
AP: Breaking: Two Explosions in the White House and Barack Obama is injured'. So read a tweet sent from a hacked Associated Press Twitter account @AP, which affected financial markets, wiping out $136.5 billion of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index's value. While the speed of the Associated Press hack crash event and the proprietary nature of the algorithms involved make it difficult to make causal claims about the relationship between social media …
Diversity and Adaptation of Shelters in Transitional Settlements for IDPs in Afghanistan
The diversity of shelters used in transitional settlements for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Herat, Afghanistan is described. The information is based on a field survey undertaken in March 2002 and highlights the adaptation techniques, which IDPs undertake to improve any provided shelter. Potential areas for improvement are indicated; for example, the possibility for using insulated, demountable liners to prevent cold-related deaths with…
The future of human behaviour research
The social construction of datasets
Despite the critical role that datasets play in how systems make predictions and interpret the world, the dynamics of their construction are not well understood. Drawing on a corpus of interviews with dataset creators, we uncover the messy and contingent realities of dataset preparation. We identify four key challenges in constructing datasets, including balancing the benefits and costs of increasing dataset scale, limited access to resources, a …
Adaptation
The media debate surrounding music downloading has reached a point of unproductive polarisation. Much of the commentary from peer-to-peer companies on one hand, and from the music industry on the other, has been highly customised rhetoric. This rhetoric commonly uses a discourse of 'us versus them' as the limited frame of reference: industry versus pirates, or legitimate practices versus illegitimate practices. Such claims deny the complexity of …
The Pressure Boys
Journal Article The Pressure Boys: The Inside Story of Lobbying in America. By Kenneth G. Crawford. (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1939. xi + 308 pp. $3.00.) Get access Roy F. Nichols Roy F. Nichols University of Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 27, Issue 3, December 1940, Page 510, https://doi.org/10.2307/1896147 Published: 01 December 1940
Analysis of lectin binding properties on human Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines that show high spontaneous metastasis to distant organs in SCID mice
Alterations in cell surface carbohydrates on human lymphoma cell lines with different spontaneous metastatic potential in the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model were analyzed. A difference In cell surface carbohydrates between high‐ (HBL‐2, HBL‐7 and HBL‐8) and no‐ or low‐(HBL‐4, HBL‐6, Daudi and Raji) spontaneous metastatic human lymphoma cell lines were analyzed on a FACScan using fluorescein‐isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated le…
Diversity and Adaptation of Shelters in Transitional Settlements for IDPs in Afghanistan
The diversity of shelters used in transitional settlements for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Herat, Afghanistan is described. The information is based on a field survey undertaken in March 2002 and highlights the adaptation techniques, which IDPs undertake to improve any provided shelter. Potential areas for improvement are indicated; for example, the possibility for using insulated, demountable liners to prevent cold-related deaths with…
Adaptation
The media debate surrounding music downloading has reached a point of unproductive polarisation. Much of the commentary from peer-to-peer companies on one hand, and from the music industry on the other, has been highly customised rhetoric. This rhetoric commonly uses a discourse of 'us versus them' as the limited frame of reference: industry versus pirates, or legitimate practices versus illegitimate practices. Such claims deny the complexity of …
Marguerite de Navarre
The impulse to read “fiction” as autobiography is powerful. Fiction certainly tells us a great deal about the past. At the very least, it reveals the possible thought experiments in a given historical context. And “history” is often a sort of fiction—facts are built on unreliable memory, incomplete information, and subjective interpretation. These slippages figure throughout this new biography of Marguerite de Navarre (1492–1549). The sister of F…
Following you
This paper develops the concept of listening as a metaphor for paying attention online. Pejorative terms such as ‘lurking’ have failed to capture much detail about the experience of presence online. Instead, much online media research has focused on ‘having a voice’, be it in blogs, wikis, social media, or discussion lists. The metaphor of listening can offer a productive way to analyse the forms of online engagement that have previously been ove…
News to me
News matters. It is still the main forum for discussion of issues of public importance. It is where we come together to inform, persuade, influence, endorse or reject one another in a collaborative process of making meaning from events. But the news is changing ― content, distribution channels, geographical constraints, production values, business models, regulatory approaches and cultural habits are all in flux, as new media technologies are ado…
Interior Portraiture and Masculine Identity in France, 1789-1914
This collection, largely by art historians privileging visual remains, challenges the association of private, domestic spaces with women and femininity and reconsiders the presumption that masculinity is necessarily created in public. Several essays take on theories of art and modernism, disputing Charles Baudelaire’s idea that inspiration derives from public spaces, while Edmond Duranty’s notion that realism depends on personal possessions and g…
Meaningful Mobility
In this paper we explore development, gender and technology through a focus on mobile phones and examples of their everyday use by rural women in India. We introduce ways in which technologies might be thought about in terms of 'meaningful mobilities' by discussing attachments, structures of labour, agency and specifically how mobiles are an active agent in complex and evolving gendered relationships
Sexting, consent and young people's ethics
This article contrasts the Megan's Story campaign, a recent Australian media and policy response to sexting (the act of taking and transmitting naked or semi-naked pictures via mobile phones) with interview responses drawn from an Australian study that has asked young people about mobiles and sexting. It considers local and international responses to sexting as ‘child pornography,’ raising questions about the adequacy and appropriateness of crimi…
Critical Questions for Big Data
The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and other scholars are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, governme…
Circuits of Labour
This paper questions the binary of material and immaterial labour in the information era. Instead, we propose a “circuits of labour” model, a holistic framework that helps connect various concepts and traditions in the study of labour and ICT (information and communication technology). Inspired by du Gay et al’s “circuit of culture”, we argue conventional frameworks need to be synthesized and updated to reflect fundamental changes and persisting …
What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint
The flag is now a common mechanism for reporting offensive content to an online platform, and is used widely across most popular social media sites. It serves both as a solution to the problem of curating massive collections of user-generated content and as a rhetorical justification for platform owners when they decide to remove content. Flags are becoming a ubiquitous mechanism of governance—yet their meaning is anything but straightforward. In…
Departing glances
Grindr is a popular location-based social networking application for smartphones, predominantly used by gay men. This study investigates why users leave Grindr. Drawing on interviews with 16 men who stopped using Grindr, this article reports on the varied definitions of leaving, focusing on what people report leaving, how they leave and what they say leaving means to them. We argue that leaving is not a singular moment, but a process involving la…
The limits of crisis data
The Ideas of Man and Woman in Renaissance France
Obwody pracy
This paper questions the binary of material and immaterial labour in the information era. Instead, we propose a “circuits of labour” model, a holistic framework that helps connect various concepts and traditions in the study of labour and ICT (information and communication technology). Inspired by du Gay et al’s “circuit of culture”, we argue conventional frameworks need to be synthesized and updated to reflect fundamental changes and persisting …
Our metrics, ourselves
The recent proliferation of wearable self-tracking devices intended to regulate and measure the body has brought contingent questions of controlling, accessing and interpreting personal data. Given a socio-technical context in which individuals are no longer the most authoritative source on data about themselves, wearable self-tracking technologies reflect the simultaneous commodification and knowledge-making that occurs between data and bodies. …
The Conservatism of Emoji
This piece examines emoji as conduits for affective labor in the social networks of informational capitalism. Emoji, ubiquitous digital images that can appear in text messages, emails, and social media chat platforms, are rich in social, cultural, and economic significance. This article examines emoji as historical, social, and cultural objects, and as examples of skeuomorphism and of technical standardization. Now superseded as explicitly moneti…
There is a blind spot in AI research
T&S Magazine Wins STC Award [News and Notes]
Seeing without knowing
Models for understanding and holding systems accountable have long rested upon ideals and logics of transparency. Being able to see a system is sometimes equated with being able to know how it works and govern it—a pattern that recurs in recent work about transparency and computational systems. But can “black boxes’ ever be opened, and if so, would that ever be sufficient? In this article, we critically interrogate the ideal of transparency, trac…
Can an Algorithm be Agonistic? Ten Scenes from Life in Calculated Publics
This paper explores how political theory may help us map algorithmic logics against different visions of the political. Drawing on Chantal Mouffe's theories of agonistic pluralism, this paper depicts algorithms in public life in ten distinct scenes, in order to ask the question, what kinds of politics do they instantiate? Algorithms are working within highly contested online spaces of public discourse, such as YouTube and Facebook, where incompat…
Where are human subjects in Big Data research? The emerging ethics divide
There are growing discontinuities between the research practices of data science and established tools of research ethics regulation. Some of the core commitments of existing research ethics regulations, such as the distinction between research and practice, cannot be cleanly exported from biomedical research to data science research. Such discontinuities have led some data science practitioners and researchers to move toward rejecting ethics reg…
Social Media, Financial Algorithms and the Hack Crash
AP: Breaking: Two Explosions in the White House and Barack Obama is injured'. So read a tweet sent from a hacked Associated Press Twitter account @AP, which affected financial markets, wiping out $136.5 billion of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index's value. While the speed of the Associated Press hack crash event and the proprietary nature of the algorithms involved make it difficult to make causal claims about the relationship between social media …
Sociology (22 works) · Computer Science (21 works) · Political science (20 works) · Law (18 works) · Ethics and Social Impacts of AI (11 works) · Epistemology (9 works) · Law (9 works) · Art (8 works) · Politics (8 works) · Psychology (8 works)