D R Heise
Biographic Data
| ID | 81997 |
|---|---|
| NAME | D R Heise |
| GIVEN NAMES | D R |
| FAMILY NAME | Heise |
| SIGNATURE | HEISE D R |
| AFFILIATIONS | Indiana University Bloomington |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5026-3595 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 78 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 775 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 78 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1966 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 15 |
Theoretical Notes on Action Schemes in Society
This essay presents theoretical constructs for characterizing the causal structure of social actions and developing a multi-level theory of action relating to accomplishment of goals via social organizations. Focal concepts include: action schemes, mobilization, internal and external fulfillments, power schemes, macroactions, effective actions, and purposeful actions. Additionally, an overview is provided of a methodological procedure for analyzi…
Introduction of Neil J. MacKinnon, 2021 Cooley-Mead Award Recipient
Cultural Meanings and Social Institutions
A Multilevel Investigation of Arabic-Language Impression Change
This research investigates how impressions are formed from simple social events described in the Arabic language. Multilevel data enable us to investigate the degree of cultural consensus in how native Arabic-speakers currently living in North Carolina view social events. These data allow us to investigate a core assumption of affect control theory—that affective responses to social events are shared within a language culture. The results of hier…
Affect Control Theory
A current statement of affect control theory is provided with attention to the qualitative framework for analyses and the quantitative variables and processes involved in affective dynamics. The theory is discussed with regard to emotions, event likelihoods, labeling and attribution, and deviance and social control. The mathematical model is presented including event-construction equations derived from event-reaction equations, and attribution eq…
Analyzing Social Interaction
Scaling and Classification in Social Measurement
Modeling Interactions in Small Groups
A new theory of interaction within small groups posits that group members initiate actions when tension mounts between the affective meanings of their situational identities and impressions produced by recent events. Actors choose partners and behaviors so as to reduce the tensions. A computer model based on this theory, incorporating reciprocal exchanges and actions toward the whole group, was used to generate 1,000 interactions in 500 virtual j…
Self, Identity, and Social Institutions
This book shows how the individual constructs a self from the thousands of colloquial identities provided by a society's culture, and reveals how the individual actualizes and sustains an integrated a
Racial differences in sentiments
The Philosophy of Human Rights
Language Structuring of Religious Awareness
We take a semiotic approach to studying religion in order to assess how basic English conveys the structure of the institution of religion and provides the lay public with knowledge about religious identities. Our data consist of definitions of religious identities provided by two dictionaries. The identities we consider are from Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and other religions. From the dictionary definitions, we created a s…
Expressive Order
Sentiment Formation in Social Interaction
In the language of cybernetics, Affect Control Theory (ACT) proposes that sentiments about people, actions, and objects serve as reference signals for assessing impressions produced by social events. Individuals control impressions through their social actions, and in particular they construct interpersonal events in such a way as to generate impressions that confirm sentiments. In this indirect way, social interactions are shaped by individuals’…
Affect Control in International Interactions
This research tests the proposition that national leaders generate international interactions in the process of maintaining sentiments about nations and international actions. The analysis deals with 1,934 international incidents in which one of 25 Middle Eastern nations responded twice within four weeks to an instigation by another of the 25 nations. Quantitative predictions from affect control theory correlate significantly with quantitative me…
Sociological Realms of Emotional Experience
The authors examine self‐reported emotional experiences of individuals in a large probability sample of Americans, using two theories in the sociology of emotions as lenses to apprehend social order in emotional processes. Viewing emotions as indicators of individuals’ positions in a three‐dimensional affective space (e.g., Heise, Smith‐Lovin, MacKinnon), the authors find emotional station correlates with a variety of social structural, circumsta…
Thinking Sociologically with Mathematics
Affect Control Theory was developed to address some issues in role theory. However, a mathematical formulation allowed the theory to expand rapidly to a variety of substantive issues, such as labeling, attributions, emotions, and the impact of settings on social interaction. Formalization raised theoretical issues that might have been neglected otherwise, and helped in defining the boundaries of the theory. A reasonable lesson to draw from develo…
A Test of Symbolic Interactionist Predictions About Emotions in Imagined Situations
From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, inner experiences—including emotions—are shaped culturally as individuals formulate events in words, and individual experiences are shaped socially as others contribute to the verbal formulation of one's experiences. Understanding cultural shaping and social negotiation of emotions requires understanding how emotion attributions arise from linguistic framings of events, and Affect Control Theory (A…
Special Issue on Affect in Cyberspace
Controlling Affective Experience Interpersonally
was on a sabbatical leave some years ago, had just completed visiting scholars at the University of Illinois, and was off to visit my mother in the middle of Missouri. That's a long lonely drive for someone still in the role of a gregarious professional, so responded positively when saw a young man hitchhiking at the entrance to the expressway. stopped, he got in my car, and he told me he was on his way to a town 50 miles down the road. was glad …
A frame for organizational actions and macroactions
Complete sentences describing a productive event define an agent, action, object, instrument, alignment, setting, product, and beneficiary. We treat these categories as an Event Frame that can be applied sociologically in several ways. Using the frame theoretically, we suggest how people bring determinacy, purposefulness, and mobilizability to events, and thereby event sequences emerge that serve as "macroactions" ‐ productive routines conducted …
Sociological algorithms
Emotion Norms in Interpersonal Events
A graphically structured adjective check list was used to assess prescriptive and reactive norms of emotion in 128 social events. Both prescriptive and reactive emotion norms exist for all 128 events. Norms center on a specific emotion in about one-third of the events, and otherwise on a general affective tone. Both prescriptions and reactions occasionally cluster into conflicting norms regarding the expected emotion for an event. Prescriptive no…
Simulating symbolic interaction
We describe a program for simulating symbolic interaction. The program processes verbal inputs using empirically‐based equations and a cybernetic theoretical model, while making reference to dictionaries of culture measurements. Results are verbal outputs suggesting what behaviors, emotions, attributions, and labelings will occur in the given situation. The program's structure is described by means of a picto‐graphic algorithm. An illustrative ap…
Mining Error Variance and Hitting Pay-Dirt
According to traditional error theory, sentiment measurements vary unsystematically from individual to individual. However, we find some patterned deviation in sentiments that characterize subsets of respondents within a seemingly homogeneous population. After demonstrating the existence of such patterns, we report an exploratory study aimed at identifying social characteristics of people with different patterns of sentiments. People embedded in …
Separating Reliability and Stability in Test-Retest Correlation
Affect control theory
A current statement of affect control theory is provided with attention to the qualitative framework for analyses and the quantitative variables and processes involved in affective dynamics. The theory is discussed with regard to emotions, event likelihoods, labeling and attribution, and deviance and social control. The mathematical model is presented including event-construction equations derived from event-reaction equations, and attribution eq…
Modeling event structures
A framework is developed for computer‐assisted analysis of event sequences like those obtained through sociological field work or historical research. The analytic procedures produce a qualitative model — including a graph displaying logical relations among events — which accounts for the input data. The model can be tested and refined through analysis of additional data
Social action as the control of affect
When defining their immediate situations, people characterize themselves and others by social identities like doctor and patient, evoking sentiments that serve as guidelines for interpreting and creating events in the given situation. In particular, the assigned identities recall notions of how good, how powerful, and how lively each person is fundamentally. When events deflect feelings away from these sentiments, new events are conceived and ord…
Employing Nominal Variables, Induced Variables, and Block Variables in Path Analyses
In a variety of problems, it is desirable to have a single coefficient summarize the causal effects of a set of variables when other variables are controlled. The "sheaf coefficient" presented here does this and can be employed meaningfully in the context of path analysis models
Problems in Path Analysis and Causal Inference
This paper was prepared while the author was a staff member in the Methodology in Sociology training program at the University of Wisconsin, a project funded by the Institute of General Medical Sciences, N.I.H. The author is grateful to Hubert M. Blalock, Jr., and Otis Dudley Duncan for comments and criticisms of an earlier draft. They are in no way responsible for remaining errors, and the author is solely responsible for the general orientation…
Validity, Invalidity, and Reliability
Sociologists almost always rely on fallible measuring instruments in attempting to estimate parameters. Recent work by Heise (1969) has shown how parametric estimates can be made with fallible data when one has three waves of panel data. However, when one has only crosssectional data, he must obtain multiple measurements on the same underlying true variable and use the correlations among the fallible measurements to make estimates of the paramete…
Structure of Emotions
Interesting structures emerge in scaling analyses of emotions when stimuli are confined to terms that are relativelyffee of cognitive and behavioral connotations. Study 1focused on 99 such terms, rated on semantic differential scales. It revealed a bimodal distribution of emotions with regard to pleasantness, further distinctions in terms of activation, and a third dimension representing flight-fight. Study 2 obtained dissimilarity ratings for a …
Sociological Realms of Emotional Experience
The authors examine self‐reported emotional experiences of individuals in a large probability sample of Americans, using two theories in the sociology of emotions as lenses to apprehend social order in emotional processes. Viewing emotions as indicators of individuals’ positions in a three‐dimensional affective space (e.g., Heise, Smith‐Lovin, MacKinnon), the authors find emotional station correlates with a variety of social structural, circumsta…
Modified social identities
Role identities may be modified by supplementary statuses, personality traits, and mood descriptions to define particularized identities for people in social interaction. This paper reports empirical development of equations for combining sentiments attached to a role identity and a modifier in order to yield an amalgamate sentiment for the particularized identity. Amalgamate sentiments are shown to operate in event processing like sentiments for…
Some methodological issues in semantic differential research
Affective bases of likelihood judgments
Analyses of likelihood judgments for 515 events support the idea that the perceived likelihood of an event is partly a function of affective processes. Production of affective disturbances makes events seem unlikely. Event likelihoods also are influenced by specific kinds of people and behaviors which are involved in the events. Affective determination of likelihood is stronger when actors have institutionally‐clear identities rather than institu…
Affectual dynamics in simple sentences
Original attitudes toward words predict attitudes resulting when words are combined into simple assertions. For example, attitudes toward father, kill, and uncle predict how one feels toward all three after assertion the father killed uncle. prediction equation involves terms for original subject attitude (S), original verb attitude (V), and interaction of V and object attitudes (Q). level of prediction is high, with original attitudes accounting…
Simulating symbolic interaction
We describe a program for simulating symbolic interaction. The program processes verbal inputs using empirically‐based equations and a cybernetic theoretical model, while making reference to dictionaries of culture measurements. Results are verbal outputs suggesting what behaviors, emotions, attributions, and labelings will occur in the given situation. The program's structure is described by means of a picto‐graphic algorithm. An illustrative ap…
Emotion Norms in Interpersonal Events
A graphically structured adjective check list was used to assess prescriptive and reactive norms of emotion in 128 social events. Both prescriptive and reactive emotion norms exist for all 128 events. Norms center on a specific emotion in about one-third of the events, and otherwise on a general affective tone. Both prescriptions and reactions occasionally cluster into conflicting norms regarding the expected emotion for an event. Prescriptive no…
Affect control theory
The mathematical model for a theory of social action drawn from symbolic interactionism is respecified with new theoretical refinements. Model parameters are estimated from empirical data and are tested by simulating behaviors in role relationships. The best simulations are provided by simplifications of the original model rather than by elaborations
Event Structure Models from Ethnographic Data
We present a new method of modeling ethnographic descriptions. The method draws on recent anthropological and sociological developments in ethnography and receives its technical foundation from production system models in cognitive science. We display models as graphs to show logical relations among events, and we use models as grammars to generate acceptable sequences of concrete and abstract events. We illustrate the approach in a detailed anal…
Effects of Emotion Displays on Social Identification
Emotion displays influence character assessments, as when an offender avoids stigmatization by exhibiting shame over a deviant act. This article develops a model of the process within the framework of affect control theory. Analyses suggest that expression of appropriate affect can foster positive characterizations of the participants in an event and that expression of inappropriate affect instigates condemnation. Emotion displays by an actor inf…
Causal Inference from Panel Data
The author is grateful to Arthur S. Goldberger, Otis Dudley Duncan, and George Bohrnstedt for helpful comments concerning earlier papers on this topic. They share no responsibility for inadequacies of this presentation. Work on this project was partially supported by grant OE-5-10-292 from the Office of Education. Computer analyses were supported by funds from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the National Science Foundation
Mining Error Variance and Hitting Pay-Dirt
According to traditional error theory, sentiment measurements vary unsystematically from individual to individual. However, we find some patterned deviation in sentiments that characterize subsets of respondents within a seemingly homogeneous population. After demonstrating the existence of such patterns, we report an exploratory study aimed at identifying social characteristics of people with different patterns of sentiments. People embedded in …
Predicting Impressions Created by Combinations of Emotion and Social Identity
Les auteurs s'interessent a la facon dont les emotions transforment les identites sociales dans le but de determiner si le processus de formation des impressions est different selon que l'on utilise des emotions ou des traits. L'experience rapportee s'attache a montrer que l'on peut predire les impressions a partir de l'emotion et de l'identite
Expectations, intentions, and behavior
Subjects presented with scenarios in which they themselves are actors tend to believe that the predictions from affect control theory are the events that really would happen. A laboratory experiment demonstrates that the theory predicts subtle differences in observable behavior as subjects are confronted with different social circumstances
Impressions of Self-Directed Action
This study examined the impressions that are created when individuals direct activity toward the self (e.g., the widow pampered herself). Ratings of evaluation, potency, and activity (EPA) for 256 combinations of identity and self-directed behavior were regressed on EPA measurements of the component identities and behaviors. The prediction equations show that actors and behaviors involved in self-directed activity generally seem less good, less p…
Computer Analysis of Cultural Structures
This article outlines a new approach to analyzing qualitative data such as are obtained in ethnographic and historical research. A computer program can conduct maximally efficient elicitations of information and organize data into cognitive structures which are visually represented in the form of directed graphs. Action grammars can be constructed, and these formal models of verbally defined happenings can be tested and refined through analysis o…
Impressions of Goodness, Powerfulness, and Liveliness from Discerned Social Events
This study focuses on how events change impressions of goodness, powerfulness, and liveliness. Empirical equations for predicting such changes are derived by analyzing data on 70 event descriptions. Some findings of earlier studies are replicated. Additionally, a structural model is presented showing how the goodness, powerfulness, and liveliness of participants and of behaviors interrelate during the process of impression formation. The new equa…
Sound-Meaning Correlations Among 1,000 English Words
From a theoretic standpoint, phonetic symbolism experiments thus far have dealt with “phonemic symbolism”; there are two hypotheses, not one, under investigation. This study focuses on the hypothesis that attitudinal meanings of macro-units in language co-vary to some degree with the attitudinal meanings of micro-units composing them. Using semantic differential ratings and phonemic transcriptions for 1,000 English words, it is shown that: (1) wo…
Social Status, Attitudes, and Word Connotations
Cultural Patterning of Sexual Socialization
Out of 81 logically possible patterns of sexual socialization, 14 were found to occur in a cross-cultural sample of societies. The occurrence of these 14 patterns, as opposed to the other 67, could not be explained in terms of their internal consistency nor in terms of the socialization continuity they provide. However, both an inhibition-imitation hypothesis and an adolescent strain hypothesis held some differentiating power. Shifting the unit o…
Prefatory Findings in the Sociology of Missions
Sociological aspects of missionary activity are analyzed via a review of relevant literature. Two major strategies are identified, one oriented mainly toward social systems and the other toward individuals; the strategies appear to be associated with variations in the parent institution and the congregation of converts. Missionary tactics relate in part to types of opinion change postulated social psychologically; tactics also are aimed at dealin…
Norms and Individual Patterns in Student Deviancy
Moral attitudes and behavioral experiences of 753 college students were measured using an anonymous, self-report questionnaire focusing on 30 deviant behaviors. The rankings of behaviors in terms of moral condemnation were highly similar in different age and sex groups. An appreciable portion of males had engaged in all of the behaviors considered; female rates were generally lower than male rates. Ratings of amount of experience with the 30 beha…
Problems in Path Analysis and Causal Inference
This paper was prepared while the author was a staff member in the Methodology in Sociology training program at the University of Wisconsin, a project funded by the Institute of General Medical Sciences, N.I.H. The author is grateful to Hubert M. Blalock, Jr., and Otis Dudley Duncan for comments and criticisms of an earlier draft. They are in no way responsible for remaining errors, and the author is solely responsible for the general orientation…
Affectual dynamics in simple sentences
Original attitudes toward words predict attitudes resulting when words are combined into simple assertions. For example, attitudes toward father, kill, and uncle predict how one feels toward all three after assertion the father killed uncle. prediction equation involves terms for original subject attitude (S), original verb attitude (V), and interaction of V and object attitudes (Q). level of prediction is high, with original attitudes accounting…
Separating Reliability and Stability in Test-Retest Correlation
Readings in the Sociology of Language
The United Kingdom (UK) has placed itself on a transition towards a low-carbon economy and society, through the imposition of a goal of reducing its ‘greenhouse’ gas emissions by 80% by 2050. A set of three low-carbon ‘Transition Pathways’ were developed to examine the influence of different governance arrangements on achieving a low-carbon future. They focus on the power sector, including the potential for increasing use of low-carbon electricit…
Objective Personality and Motivation Tests
Some methodological issues in semantic differential research
"Comment on "The Estimation of Measurement Error in Panel Data
Blau, Peter M. and Otis Dudley Duncan. 1967 American Occupational Structure. New York: Wiley. Coleman, J. S. 1968 The mathematical study of change. Pp. 428-478 in H. M. Blalock and A. B. Blalock (eds.), Methodology in Social Research. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cutright, Phillips. 1969 Achievement, Military Service, and Earnings. Forthcoming. Duncan, Otis Dudley. 1966 Path analysis: sociological examples. American Journal of Sociology 72 (July): 1-16
Validity, Invalidity, and Reliability
Sociologists almost always rely on fallible measuring instruments in attempting to estimate parameters. Recent work by Heise (1969) has shown how parametric estimates can be made with fallible data when one has three waves of panel data. However, when one has only crosssectional data, he must obtain multiple measurements on the same underlying true variable and use the correlations among the fallible measurements to make estimates of the paramete…
Causal Inference from Panel Data
The author is grateful to Arthur S. Goldberger, Otis Dudley Duncan, and George Bohrnstedt for helpful comments concerning earlier papers on this topic. They share no responsibility for inadequacies of this presentation. Work on this project was partially supported by grant OE-5-10-292 from the Office of Education. Computer analyses were supported by funds from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the National Science Foundation
Potency dynamics in simple sentences
Employing Nominal Variables, Induced Variables, and Block Variables in Path Analyses
In a variety of problems, it is desirable to have a single coefficient summarize the causal effects of a set of variables when other variables are controlled. The "sheaf coefficient" presented here does this and can be employed meaningfully in the context of path analysis models
Some Issues in Sociological Measurement
For a discipline that ignored errors of measurement too long, suffering the consequences of low predicti-ve capability and spurious theoretical debate, sociology has recently shown a remarkable turnabout, investing an appreciable proportion of its scholarly pages to analyses of the measurement problem. Of course the concern is not entirely unprecedented: the team that produced the monumental The American Soldier showed a keen and sophisticated in…
The Art of Theory
Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences. Arthur S. Goldberger , Otis Dudley Duncan
Personality
Further Notes on Technology and the Moral Order
The application of factor analytic techniques to two major data sets involving preliterate societies provides strong support for the qualified materialist hypothesis that technoenvironmental variables are the most powerful determinants of basic social and cultural patterns in human societies. A more detailed analysis of one of these data sets introduces some new techniques in an effort to see if more can be inferred about the manner in which tech…
Causal Analysis
Social action as the control of affect
When defining their immediate situations, people characterize themselves and others by social identities like doctor and patient, evoking sentiments that serve as guidelines for interpreting and creating events in the given situation. In particular, the assigned identities recall notions of how good, how powerful, and how lively each person is fundamentally. When events deflect feelings away from these sentiments, new events are conceived and ord…
Group Dynamics and Attitude-Behavior Relations
A model is presented in which attitudes have effects on behaviors, behaviors are compared against norms to define deviance, and deviance has a return, corrective effect on attitudes through mechanisms of social control. Social interactions link these individual processes to form a single interpersonal system within a group. It is demonstrated that in a system of this kind, an attitude-behavior correlation is a function of many different social ps…
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Social Action
Psychology (50 works) · Social Psychology (38 works) · Sociology (37 works) · Computer Science (36 works) · Social Psychology (26 works) · Mathematics (20 works) · Epistemology (16 works) · Cognitive psychology (13 works) · Philosophy (13 works) · Linguistics (12 works)