George L Trager
Biographic Data
| ID | 91640 |
|---|---|
| NAME | George L Trager |
| GIVEN NAMES | George L |
| FAMILY NAME | Trager |
| SIGNATURE | TRAGER G L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University at Buffalo, State University of New York |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 94 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 365 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 94 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1930 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1974 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Obituary
Hortense Powdermaker 1900-1970
Mountain Arbiters
Southern Methodist U
Taos and Picuris
Map of North American Indian Languages
Linguistics
Proxemics [and Comments and Replies]
Virtually everything that man is and does is associated with space. Man's sense of space is a synthesis of many sensory inputs: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, and thermal. Not only does each of these constitute a complex system (as for example, the dozen or more different ways of experiencing depth visually), but each is molded and patterned by culture. Hence people reared in different cultures live in different sensory worlds. What is…
Why Exceptions? The Logic of Cross-Cultural Analysis [and Comments and Reply]
This paper discusses the factors causing exceptions to rules in the social sciences in general and in social anthropology in particular. Exceptions may occur through defective classification by ethnologists. For example, the ethnologist may define the phenomena under consideration poorly. The importance of using operational definitions must therefore be stressed. He may class phenomena in the same category without making sure that their frequency…
A Componential Morphemic Analysis of English Personal Pronouns
An analysis of the English personal pronouns is proposed in which they are morphemically segmented into three components—a prefix indicating person, a bound base that is the ‘pronominal base’, and a final component that is either a case suffix or a postfix of gender. The material is presented in the form of phonemes, morphophones, and morphemes; certain theoretical considerations of morphophonic structure are suggested but not elaborated
Other
Ethnographic Semantics
Ethnographic semantics is the description of semantic characteristics that are culturally revealing. In anthropology it has come to include a number of different types of analysis which have so far been used mostly in studies of kinship and folk science. These are contrast-level mapping, componential analysis, programmed specification, and various uses of semantic rules, notably reduction analysis. Contrast-level study is the mapping of native wo…
The Human Revolution [and Comments and Reply]
Except for an introductory discussion of methodology, this paper is an effort at a narrative account of the evolution of our ancestors from proto-hominoid times to the earliest fully human stage
Lost Tribes & Sunken Continents
Pueblo Gods and Myths
A Scheme for the Cultural Analysis of Sex
Taos IV
Language Maps and Other Matters
North American Indian Languages
Linguistics
Kiowa and Tanoan
Linguistics
French Morphology
This article presents an analysis of the morphemic structure of the French personal pronouns. The ‘definite article’ is taken as a pronominal form—see §2.4. The analysis is carried out by the methods discussed in my article French morphology: Verb inflection, Lg. 31.511–29 (1955); note particularly §0.2 for the general basis, §0.3 for symbols, and §§1.1–2 for phonology and morphophonemics
Grundfragen der Sprachwissenschaft
Language, Thought, and Reality
Proxemics [and Comments and Replies]
Virtually everything that man is and does is associated with space. Man's sense of space is a synthesis of many sensory inputs: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory, and thermal. Not only does each of these constitute a complex system (as for example, the dozen or more different ways of experiencing depth visually), but each is molded and patterned by culture. Hence people reared in different cultures live in different sensory worlds. What is…
Phonemics
This article presents a technique for reducing languages to writing, focusing on phonemics. It outlines procedures for identifying phonemes, the minimal units of distinctive sound in a language, and discusses their role in creating a writing system. The authors, Trager and Pike, detail methods for analyzing phonetic data, distinguishing between phonemes and allophones (variant pronunciations), and establishing the phonemic inventory of a language…
The Human Revolution [and Comments and Reply]
Except for an introductory discussion of methodology, this paper is an effort at a narrative account of the evolution of our ancestors from proto-hominoid times to the earliest fully human stage
Language, Thought, and Reality
Why Exceptions? The Logic of Cross-Cultural Analysis [and Comments and Reply]
This paper discusses the factors causing exceptions to rules in the social sciences in general and in social anthropology in particular. Exceptions may occur through defective classification by ethnologists. For example, the ethnologist may define the phenomena under consideration poorly. The importance of using operational definitions must therefore be stressed. He may class phenomena in the same category without making sure that their frequency…
The Relationship of Uto-aztecan and Tanoan
Ethnographic Semantics
Ethnographic semantics is the description of semantic characteristics that are culturally revealing. In anthropology it has come to include a number of different types of analysis which have so far been used mostly in studies of kinship and folk science. These are contrast-level mapping, componential analysis, programmed specification, and various uses of semantic rules, notably reduction analysis. Contrast-level study is the mapping of native wo…
The Syllabic Phonemes of English
[After a brief statement concerning junctures, prosodemes, and consonants, the paper is devoted to a phonemic analysis of the syllabic sounds of English (the vowels and diphthongs) on the basis of their phonetic character, their distribution, and their mutual relations. The results of the analysis are summarized in a table of syllabics and in a concise description of the total pattern.]
The Pronunciation of "Short A" in American Standard English
One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two
1.l. On two occasions I have discussed in American Speech certain phenomena connected with the pronunciation of 'short a' in my English (5:396-400 [1930]; 9:313-31*5 [1934]). Both of these discussions have been in effect attempts to explain the occurrences in phonemic terms in such a manner that the two sounds described could be assigned to one phoneme. A re-examination of the whole matter leads to the conclusion that such an explanation is inade…
"Cottonwood-Tree", a South-Western Linguistic Trait
Pueblo Gods and Myths
Spanish and English Loanwords in Taos
The Kinship and Status Terms of the Tiwa Languages
What Conditions Limit Variants of a Phoneme
Hortense Powdermaker 1900-1970
The Verb Morphology of Spoken French
[A statement of a possible phonemic analysis of spoken Standard French, followed by a number of morphophonemic statements, serves as introduction to a concise analysis of the inflection of verbs, showing the essential unity and simplicity of the system. The so-called irregular verbs are treated in full by reduction to a number of general types.]
Kiowa and Tanoan
The Phonemes of Russian
French Morphology
In 1944 I published an article, The verb morphology of spoken French ( Lg. 20.131-41). Leonard Bloomfield then published On describing inflection, Monatshefte für deutschen Unterricht 37.8-13 (1945), calling it a ‘less rigorous statement ... which can be compared with G. Trager's rigorous account.‘ In 1947 Robert A. Hall Jr. published Colloquial French verb inflection ( Romance philology 1.39-50), and included the same analysis in his French (Lg.…
An Outline of English Structure
Analysis of a Kechuan Text
Obituary
Taos and Picuris
A Componential Morphemic Analysis of English Personal Pronouns
An analysis of the English personal pronouns is proposed in which they are morphemically segmented into three components—a prefix indicating person, a bound base that is the ‘pronominal base’, and a final component that is either a case suffix or a postfix of gender. The material is presented in the form of phonemes, morphophones, and morphemes; certain theoretical considerations of morphophonic structure are suggested but not elaborated
The Pronunciation of "Short A" in American Standard English
The Old Church Slavonic Kiev Fragment Its Accents and Their Relation to Modern Slavonic Accentuation
The accentuation of the Kiev Fragment (hereafter designated as KF) is of value because, with one minor exception, all other Church Slavonic accented texts were written after the several national redactions of the Old Church Slavonic language had taken form, none being prior to the fourteenth century, so that they were influenced by the different dialects. The only other accented text of so early a date, is the distinctly Slovene Freising Fragment…
What Conditions Limit Variants of a Phoneme
The Phonemes of Russian
Some Spanish Place Names of Colorado
1. -T HE purpose of this note is to . record the pronunciation of a number of Colorado place names of Spanish origin in the mouths of native speakers of English. Such speakers use, of course, only English phonemes in pronouncing these names (?2). Usually the pronunciations are determined almost wholly by the spelling; in some cases, however, the Spanish sounds are known and are imitated in whole or
English Loans in Colorado Spanish
HE purpose of this paper is to present a representative discussion of the English influence, in the form of direct and indirect loans, on the spoken Spanish of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The second author, a bilingual native of the region and student assistant to the first author, is responsible for nearly all the words and expressions listed; much of the material came to her attention in the course of several years of teaching in…
An American Phonetic Dictionary Comments and Suggestions
The Relationship of Uto-aztecan and Tanoan
"Cottonwood-Tree", a South-Western Linguistic Trait
La systématique des phonèmes du Polonais
1. Dans la Gramatyka języka polskiego de S. Szober (Warszawa, 1931), à la page 82 du volume 2, on trouve la liste suivante des phonèmes polonais (j'ai changé la transcription en quelques détails): Les phonèmes r et j sont dits «isolés»; les groupes de m à č sont dits «corrélations unilatérales», d/t, ž/š, étant des corrélatifs avec la corrélation de voix, et les autres des corrélatifs avec la corrélation de palatalisation. Les groupes de b à k so…
The Days of the Week in the Language of Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
The Russian Gender Categories
[The paper formulates a technique for the analysis of morphological and syntactic phenomena, by means of which the Russian noun categories of declension, class, and gender are established and their mutual relationships described.]
Phonologie
Oris Slovenskega Knjižnega Izgovora
Serbo-Croatian Accents and Quantities
The purpose of this paper is to describe the accent and quantity systems of the Serbo-Croatian literary language as they function on the synchronic phonological plane, without considerations of morphology or of linguistic history, these being other and separate problems. The description is based on data presented in the standard works, and on my own observations during a month in Yugoslavia in the summer of 1938
One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two
1.l. On two occasions I have discussed in American Speech certain phenomena connected with the pronunciation of 'short a' in my English (5:396-400 [1930]; 9:313-31*5 [1934]). Both of these discussions have been in effect attempts to explain the occurrences in phonemic terms in such a manner that the two sounds described could be assigned to one phoneme. A re-examination of the whole matter leads to the conclusion that such an explanation is inade…
Tunica
Auxiliary Verbs in Russian
A Serbo-Croat Phonetic Reader
La catégorie des cas
The Syllabic Phonemes of English
[After a brief statement concerning junctures, prosodemes, and consonants, the paper is devoted to a phonemic analysis of the syllabic sounds of English (the vowels and diphthongs) on the basis of their phonetic character, their distribution, and their mutual relations. The results of the analysis are summarized in a table of syllabics and in a concise description of the total pattern.]
Hittite u before Vowels
Nearly all scholars who have worked with the cuneiform Hittite texts have assumed that the language has consonantal u (transcribed w or ṷ ) as well as syllabic u , and consonantal i (transcribed y, j , or ḽ) as well as syllabic i. Although there have been few explicit statements to that effect, it appears that the difference between w and u and between y and i has usually been considered phonemic. At any rate that is the opinion underlying Sturte…
The Phonemic Treatment of Semivowels
[The paper examines the situations in which semivowels occur in specific languages, analyzes these situations phonemically, and generalizes from the examples.]
The Phoneme 'T
T HERE STILL exists among many linguists, and especially among persons who, while not linguists, are peripherally concerned with linguistics, the idea that phonemics is some kind of mentalistic or psychological exercise, and has little if anything to do with science. This idea, of course, is completely mistaken, for phonemics, like every other part of linguistics, is a rigidly objective analytical procedure, by means of which phonetic data are cl…
Outline Guide for the Practical Study of Foreign Languages
Philosophy (57 works) · Linguistics (55 works) · History (44 works) · Computer Science (43 works) · Library science (28 works) · History (27 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (26 works) · Philosophy (25 works) · Psychology (20 works) · Classics (19 works)