T N Ladefoged
Biographic Data
| ID | 939 |
|---|---|
| NAME | T N Ladefoged |
| GIVEN NAMES | T N |
| FAMILY NAME | Ladefoged |
| SIGNATURE | LADEFOGED T N |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Auckland |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6950-9898 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 56 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 482 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 56 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 11 |
Hydrologic modelling of niche construction at the Waitetoke Cultivation Complex, Ahuahu, Aotearoa New Zealand
The early Māori settlers of Ahuahu, a small island off the Coromandel Peninsula of Aotearoa New Zealand, engineered the environment to create a raised-bed irrigation system to grow taro (Colocasia esculenta). Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling of water flow provides insights into how the irrigation system functioned. Excavation and coring data and a digital elevation model combine to simulate the hydrology of the raised…
Obsidian hydration dating by infrared transmission spectroscopy
The obsidian dating method converts the quantity of diffused molecular water within a near‐surface hydration layer to elapsed time using an experimentally derived diffusion coefficient predicted from the structural water content of the glass. Infrared spectroscopic transmission measurements on transparent archaeological samples record vibrational responses of water bands in the near‐infrared region, permitting determination of structural water co…
Assessing spatial models of Hawaiian agroecological extents
Temporal patterns in the economization of obsidian use in Aotearoa New Zealand
Māori discovered and used a range of obsidian sources throughout Aotearoa New Zealand. Temporal patterns in the economic use of obsidian are investigated with geochemical data, a technological analysis, and use-wear analysis of obsidian artifacts. We examined 11 metrics related to geologic source, flake size, fragmentation ratio, and use-wear on assemblages of artifacts over 20 mm in size from seven North Island assemblages dating to the Early/Mi…
Mapping Ancient Architecture via Unpiloted Aerial Vehicle-acquired LiDAR
At present there is no systematic record of the size, form or density of architecture at Hawaiian royal centres. We report on the results of a UAV LiDAR survey of one of the best-preserved examples of a royal centre in the archipelago: Hōlualoa Royal Centre, Kona District, Hawai'i Island. The resolution of our data (0.3-0.1 m) is far superior to previous airborne LiDAR surveys (1.0 m); however, several factors, including thick understory vegetati…
Garden Offerings in the Kona Field System, Hawai'i Island
Identifying and explaining the end of long-lived practices is a major challenge for anthropological archaeology. We present a high-precision uranium series dating (230Th/U) chronology of an undocumented aspect of Hawaiian religion: the use of corals as offerings in gardens. Our results from the upland gardens of Kealakekua (Kona District, Hawai'i Island) document the onset of religious offerings at the same time as farming in the area at around A…
Exploring archaeological landscapes using drone-acquired lidar
A molecular model for obsidian hydration dating
Unpiloted Aerial Vehicle Acquired Lidar for Mapping Monumental Architecture
As lidar becomes a regular part of surveying, ground-based platforms (handheld, mobile, and terrestrial lidar) and airborne platforms (piloted aircraft) are being joined by unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV)–acquired lidar. We present a method for leveraging UAV-acquired lidar data with data collected using different lidar platforms (terrestrial and piloted aircraft), at a range of resolutions (1 to +1,000 points per m 2 ) and geographic scales. We u…
Colonial rainfed farming strategies in an extremely arid insular environment
The island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands was first settled by people from northern Africa in the first millennium BC and then colonized by Spain in the late fifteenth century. This colonial legacy reflects an intensive land use driven by a European commodities market that experienced a series of boom-and-bust cycles. Although arid and seemingly resource limited, colonial farmers in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries copied water capture t…
Collective action and political agency in the leeward Kohala hinterlands, Hawai‘i Island
The kuaʻ‘āina, or backcountry, in the Hawaiian Islands was the setting for a dynamic back-and-forth between the collective action of commoner class farmers and political elites. We examine how the long-term history of that dynamic left behind spatial patterns in the form and distribution of domestic, agricultural, and ritual architecture across the Leeward Kohala Field System. We find a contrast between places that were the best and most reliable…
Costly signalling and the distribution of monumental mounds in Savai‘i and ‘Upolu, Sāmoa
Monumental architecture has long been a focus of archaeological research. The construction of large and elaborate structures is a costly endeavour, which may seem to have little immediate benefit. Costly signalling is one explanation which can be applied to this problem by determining the contexts in which monument construction would carry a selective advantage. This study investigates stone and earthen mounds and platforms from Savai‘i and ‘Upol…
Geochemical Sourcing of New Zealand Obsidians by Portable X-Ray Fluorescence from 2011 to 2018
This dataset includes 4,582 obsidian artefacts matched to their natural geological source from 45 archaeological sites in New Zealand (Aotearoa). It is a compilation of a number of independent projects conducted in the laboratories of the University of Auckland and University of Otago from 2011 to 2018 [1–13]. It combines previously published studies [3, 5–13], an MA thesis [1], a BA(Hons) dissertation [2], a site report [4], and other previously…
Māori settlement of New Zealand
The lateness and prominence of Polynesian colonisation of New Zealand make it an ideal place to investigate the Anthropocene. We review the Anthropocene as a process and the information needed to understand the consequences of ongoing human–environmental interaction. Elsewhere in the world, a lengthy history complicates the ability to differentiate between the impact of people on the environment and the consequences of engagement. In New Zealand,…
In Pursuit of Māori Warfare
Inferring fishing intensity from contemporary and archaeological size-frequency data
Soil nutrients and pre‐European contact agriculture in the leeward Kohala field system, Island of Hawai‘i
Studies in the leeward Kohala field system on Hawai‘i Island have considered the processes and timing of agricultural development associated with sociopolitical transformations and the production of agricultural surpluses. Using extensive soil sampling, we explore the use of relatively mobile and immobile soil parameters within the agricultural landscape to interpret the development and maintenance of the system over time. Results show that in th…
The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies
Were there major population collapses on Pacific Islands following first contact with the West? If so, what were the actual population numbers for islands such as Hawai‘i, Tahiti, or New Caledonia? Is it possible to develop new methods for tracking the long-term histories of island populations? These and related questions are at the heart of this new book, which draws together cutting-edge research by archaeologists, ethnographers, and demographe…
Intermittent irrigation in the Waimea Field System, Hawai'i Island
Evaluating agricultural bet‐hedging strategies in the Kona Field System
The Kona Field System, located on the leeward side of Hawai‘i Island, is comprised of a network of stone field walls, terraces, mounds and other agricultural, residential and religious features stretched over an estimated 163 km2. Previous research indicates a construction history of the fields that could have begun as early as the Foundation Period (AD 1000–1200), followed by a shift in agricultural strategies from those that reduce variance in …
A multi‐scalar analysis of Māori land use on Ahuahu (Great Mercury Island), New Zealand
The duration and mode of occupation of pre‐European Māori living in northern New Zealand was influenced by their subsistence strategies. Our analysis of the surface archaeological remains on Ahuahu (Great Mercury Island, Coromandel) examines how communities practiced horticulture and interacted with their local ecological and social environments through mobility, storage and competition. Focusing on a 300 ha study area in the northern quarter of …
In Surplus and in Scarcity
Much attention has been paid to the role of increased food production in the development of social complexity. However, increased food production is only one kind of agricultural process, and some changes in agronomic practices were geared toward stabilizing production or counteracting periodic shortfalls. The intersection between these latter strategies and sociopolitical development are poorly understood, while the long-term value of risk manag…
Location, location, location
Late pre-European contact Hawaiian society was agriculturally based with visible religious structures acting to legitimise and reinforce elite control and management of subsistence and surplus production. The dynamic materialization of elite management of agricultural production has been documented in the leeward Kohala field system (LKFS) by analysing the spatial distribution of agricultural alignments, trails, and the division and realignment o…
Tracing the resilience and revitalisation of historic taro troduction in Waipi'o Valley, Hawai'i
The resilience and revitalisation of taro/kalo agriculture in the Hawaiian contact period is analysed in Waipi'o Valley, on the Big Island of Hawai`i. Historic work has demonstrated the effects of colonial contact on the people of Waipi'o. Documents from the Māhele period, census information and missionary records are combined to paint a picture of how life unfolded in Waipi'o Valley over time. What is alluded to, and yet unexplored, is the chang…
Farming the Rock
In pre-contact Hawai‘i, large and intensive rainfed agricultural systems were established only where ongoing weathering of basalt-derived minerals could provide a sustained source of nutrients to crop plants. We demonstrated that the high-elevation, high- rainfall boundary of the Leeward Kohala Field System corresponded to a well-defined threshold in soil fertility, above which soils were acidic and infertile and rock weathering was depleted as a…
Opportunities and constraints for intensive agriculture in the Hawaiian archipelago prior to European contact
Typological Schemes and Agricultural Change
New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology
Variable Development of Dryland Agriculture in Hawaiʻi
Research in the leeward Kohala dryland agricultural field system on Hawai‘i Island provides the opportunity to develop a fine-grained chronology for its development—both expansion and intensification—using a combination of chronometric and relative dating. Two pathways for agricultural development are identified for this field system, the first beginning as early as the fourteenth century and the second after the mid-seventeenth century. This chr…
Archaeological evidence for agricultural development in Kohala, Island of Hawai‘i
Agroecology of pre-contact Hawaiian dryland farming
Agricultural potential and actualized development in Hawai’i
Evolutionary Theory and the Historical Development of Dry-Land Agriculture in North Kohala, Hawai'i
This GIS analysis of the dry-land agricultural field system in Kohala on the island of Hawai'i reveals patterning that is explained by evolutionary ecological principles set within a selectionist framework. The ca. 55 km2fixed-field system was developed through establishment, expansion, and intensification from the sixteenth until the early nineteenth century. During this time, differential growth rates and levels of intensification occurred in d…
Strategies for constructing religious authority in ancient Hawai'i
Through intensive archaeological investigation of temples in Hawai'i, the authors reveal a sequence of religious strategies for creating and maintaining authority that has application to prehistoric sequences everywhere. Expressed in the orientation and layout of the temples and their place in the landscape, these strategies develop in four stages over the course of a few hundred years, from the fifteenth to nineteenth century AD, from local shri…
Soil nutrient analysis of Rapa Nui gardening
Prehistoric Rapa Nui farmers used a variety of rock veneer and mulch gardens to increase crop productivity. These cultural features ranged from small ca. 10 × 10 m gardens, to much larger expanses of continuous rock concentrations covering many hectares. The rock gardens probably served several purposes, including protecting crops and soils from high winds, promoting water penetration, maintaining ground moisture, and reducing temperature fluctua…
Dryland agricultural expansion and intensification in Kohala, Hawai'i island
Intensified dryland agriculture was a component of the late prehistoric Hawaiian subsistence base. Which environmental factors permitted, encouraged, restricted, blocked the spreading of intensive agriculture into new areas of fields? A GIS study of the great field system at Kohala on the leeward side of Hawai'i Island explores the controlling variables
Evaluating agricultural bet‐hedging strategies in the Kona Field System
The Kona Field System, located on the leeward side of Hawai‘i Island, is comprised of a network of stone field walls, terraces, mounds and other agricultural, residential and religious features stretched over an estimated 163 km2. Previous research indicates a construction history of the fields that could have begun as early as the Foundation Period (AD 1000–1200), followed by a shift in agricultural strategies from those that reduce variance in …
In Surplus and in Scarcity
Much attention has been paid to the role of increased food production in the development of social complexity. However, increased food production is only one kind of agricultural process, and some changes in agronomic practices were geared toward stabilizing production or counteracting periodic shortfalls. The intersection between these latter strategies and sociopolitical development are poorly understood, while the long-term value of risk manag…
Households and Hierarchy
This article describes archaeological evidence for the transformation of Hawaiian society from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries AD. Using archaeological testing of households coupled with high-resolution survey data, we trace changes in the domestic mode of production in late pre-contact Hawai'i. These analyses yield insights into the transformation of Polynesia's most highly stratified society. The traditional land units (ahupua'a) of Makil…
Reconstructing Lithic Supply Zones and Procurement Areas
While our ability to match lithic artefacts to geological source continues to improve, few explicit techniques exist for the spatial analysis and interpretation of sourced assemblages on the regional level. Obsidian from the Bay of Islands, New Zealand is used here to describe a method of spatial analysis focused on defining intra-regional procurement areas where people accessed a common set of sources. The results suggest future analyses of Nort…
Prehistoric and early historic agriculture at Maunga Orito, Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile
A long section adjacent to a former obsidian quarry on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) reveals a sequence of agricultural strategies, beginning with the clearing of palm trees in the twelfth century AD, and the making of an open garden growing yams and taro, that continued through the fifteenth century. The later phases between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries include veneer and boulder gardens that reflect the broader strategy employed by the i…
Māori settlement of New Zealand
The lateness and prominence of Polynesian colonisation of New Zealand make it an ideal place to investigate the Anthropocene. We review the Anthropocene as a process and the information needed to understand the consequences of ongoing human–environmental interaction. Elsewhere in the world, a lengthy history complicates the ability to differentiate between the impact of people on the environment and the consequences of engagement. In New Zealand,…
DNA and Pacific Commensal Models
Components of the Pacific transported landscape have been used as proxies to trace the prehistoric movement of humans across the Pacific for almost two decades. Analyses of archaeological remains and DNA sequences of plants, animals, and microorganisms moved by or with humans have contributed to understanding prehistoric migration, trade, exchange, and sometimes revealed the geographic origins of particular plants and animals. This paper presents…
Residential Chronology, Household Subsistence, and the Emergence of Socioeconomic Territories in Leeward Kohala, Hawai'i Island
Previous research in leeward Kohala, Hawai'i Island, has determined that the Leeward Kohala Field System (LKFS), a vast agricultural zone covering ∼60 km 2 , developed between the 14th and 18th centuries AD. Additional analyses have documented the establishment of traditional socioeconomic territories, known as ahupua'a , in tandem with the expansion of the field system. This article further refines the chronology of human settlement and socioeco…
An upland agricultural residence on Rapa Nui
Beginning in the early 14th century, Rapanui agriculturalists established remote field systems in the upland regions of Easter Island. The excavation of a hare oka, or circular house, reveals that many of the fields were tended by task‐groups of two or three persons living in small dwellings. The use of the house over four centuries was followed by abandonment in the late 17th or early 18th century. These dates correlate with the chronology estab…
The disparity between radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates
Two dating methods, radiocarbon and volcanic glass, are widely employed in Hawaiian archaeology. The dates produced are used inferentially and as data, especially for testing paleodemographic hypotheses. Recent work on the island of Lāna'i has demonstrated a marked temporal incongruence between the radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates from within archaeological deposits and features. Further analyses suggest that the volcanic glass dates may be i…
Does Carneiro's circumscription theory help us understand Maori history? An analysis of the obsidian assemblage from Pouerua Pa, New Zealand (Aotearoa)
Prehistoric settlement chronology on Rapa Nui, Chile
The distribution of rock gardens on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) as determined from satellite imagery
Counting your chickens
In an effort to document the density and distribution of prehistoric chicken (Gallus gallus) remains across Oceania, this paper presents the analysis of reported faunal remains from over 500 individual archaeological and natural sites from across the Pacific. We examined the presence and absence of chicken in secure prehistoric contexts and factors which may account for this, including human choice, taphonomy, the influence of other animals on ex…
The disparity between radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates
Two dating methods, radiocarbon and volcanic glass, are widely employed in Hawaiian archaeology. The dates produced are used inferentially and as data, especially for testing paleodemographic hypotheses. Recent work on the island of Lāna'i has demonstrated a marked temporal incongruence between the radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates from within archaeological deposits and features. Further analyses suggest that the volcanic glass dates may be i…
The Evolutionary Ecology of Rotuman Political Integration
GIS-Based Image Enhancement of Conductivity and Magnetic Susceptibility Data from Ureturituri Pa and Fort Resolution, New Zealand
Two geographic information system (GIS) techniques for displaying, analyzing, and interpreting geophysical data were recently applied at two archaeological sites in northern New Zealand; a pre-European Maori pa (fortification), and a late nineteenth-century European fortification. A GIS was used to stretch and filter the conductivity data from the pa to accentuate subtle contrasts and clearly delineate boundaries between areas with contrasting co…
Typological Schemes and Agricultural Change
Dryland agricultural expansion and intensification in Kohala, Hawai'i island
Intensified dryland agriculture was a component of the late prehistoric Hawaiian subsistence base. Which environmental factors permitted, encouraged, restricted, blocked the spreading of intensive agriculture into new areas of fields? A GIS study of the great field system at Kohala on the leeward side of Hawai'i Island explores the controlling variables
Fortified castles on Okinawa Island during the Gusuku Period, AD 1200-1600
The locations of the medieval castles of the Japanese island of Okinawa have been analysed through a variety of environmental and statistical methods, showing the development of different polities in the Gusuku period
Evolutionary Theory and the Historical Development of Dry-Land Agriculture in North Kohala, Hawai'i
This GIS analysis of the dry-land agricultural field system in Kohala on the island of Hawai'i reveals patterning that is explained by evolutionary ecological principles set within a selectionist framework. The ca. 55 km2fixed-field system was developed through establishment, expansion, and intensification from the sixteenth until the early nineteenth century. During this time, differential growth rates and levels of intensification occurred in d…
Traditional Rotuman fishing in temporal and regional context
Few archaeological sites in the central western Pacific (i.e., Fiji-Samoa-Tonga region) have provided large and temporally well-controlled archaeofaunal assemblages. Therefore, three sizable Rotuman assemblages, dating to the ca. 7th-11th century ad, provided an opportunity to improve our understanding of the region's traditional fishing practices. The assemblages are analysed in terms of taxonomic composition, abundances, and ecological associat…
Archaeological evidence for agricultural development in Kohala, Island of Hawai‘i
Soils, Agriculture, and Society in Precontact Hawai`i
Before European contact, Hawai`i supported large human populations in complex societies that were based on multiple pathways of intensive agriculture. We show that soils within a long-abandoned 60-square-kilometer dryland agricultural complex are substantially richer in bases and phosphorus than are those just outside it, and that this enrichment predated the establishment of intensive agriculture. Climate and soil fertility combined to constrain…
Prehistoric and early historic agriculture at Maunga Orito, Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile
A long section adjacent to a former obsidian quarry on Easter Island (Rapa Nui) reveals a sequence of agricultural strategies, beginning with the clearing of palm trees in the twelfth century AD, and the making of an open garden growing yams and taro, that continued through the fifteenth century. The later phases between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries include veneer and boulder gardens that reflect the broader strategy employed by the i…
An upland agricultural residence on Rapa Nui
Beginning in the early 14th century, Rapanui agriculturalists established remote field systems in the upland regions of Easter Island. The excavation of a hare oka, or circular house, reveals that many of the fields were tended by task‐groups of two or three persons living in small dwellings. The use of the house over four centuries was followed by abandonment in the late 17th or early 18th century. These dates correlate with the chronology estab…
Modeling life expectancy and surplus production of dynamic pre-contact territories in leeward Kohala, Hawai‘i
Variable Development of Dryland Agriculture in Hawaiʻi
Research in the leeward Kohala dryland agricultural field system on Hawai‘i Island provides the opportunity to develop a fine-grained chronology for its development—both expansion and intensification—using a combination of chronometric and relative dating. Two pathways for agricultural development are identified for this field system, the first beginning as early as the fourteenth century and the second after the mid-seventeenth century. This chr…
Counting your chickens
In an effort to document the density and distribution of prehistoric chicken (Gallus gallus) remains across Oceania, this paper presents the analysis of reported faunal remains from over 500 individual archaeological and natural sites from across the Pacific. We examined the presence and absence of chicken in secure prehistoric contexts and factors which may account for this, including human choice, taphonomy, the influence of other animals on ex…
New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology
Opportunities and constraints for intensive agriculture in the Hawaiian archipelago prior to European contact
Households and Hierarchy
This article describes archaeological evidence for the transformation of Hawaiian society from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries AD. Using archaeological testing of households coupled with high-resolution survey data, we trace changes in the domestic mode of production in late pre-contact Hawai'i. These analyses yield insights into the transformation of Polynesia's most highly stratified society. The traditional land units (ahupua'a) of Makil…
Reconstructing Lithic Supply Zones and Procurement Areas
While our ability to match lithic artefacts to geological source continues to improve, few explicit techniques exist for the spatial analysis and interpretation of sourced assemblages on the regional level. Obsidian from the Bay of Islands, New Zealand is used here to describe a method of spatial analysis focused on defining intra-regional procurement areas where people accessed a common set of sources. The results suggest future analyses of Nort…
Soil nutrient analysis of Rapa Nui gardening
Prehistoric Rapa Nui farmers used a variety of rock veneer and mulch gardens to increase crop productivity. These cultural features ranged from small ca. 10 × 10 m gardens, to much larger expanses of continuous rock concentrations covering many hectares. The rock gardens probably served several purposes, including protecting crops and soils from high winds, promoting water penetration, maintaining ground moisture, and reducing temperature fluctua…
Agricultural potential and actualized development in Hawai’i
Residential Chronology, Household Subsistence, and the Emergence of Socioeconomic Territories in Leeward Kohala, Hawai'i Island
Previous research in leeward Kohala, Hawai'i Island, has determined that the Leeward Kohala Field System (LKFS), a vast agricultural zone covering ∼60 km 2 , developed between the 14th and 18th centuries AD. Additional analyses have documented the establishment of traditional socioeconomic territories, known as ahupua'a , in tandem with the expansion of the field system. This article further refines the chronology of human settlement and socioeco…
Strategies for constructing religious authority in ancient Hawai'i
Through intensive archaeological investigation of temples in Hawai'i, the authors reveal a sequence of religious strategies for creating and maintaining authority that has application to prehistoric sequences everywhere. Expressed in the orientation and layout of the temples and their place in the landscape, these strategies develop in four stages over the course of a few hundred years, from the fifteenth to nineteenth century AD, from local shri…
The distribution of rock gardens on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) as determined from satellite imagery
The value of an "eclectic and pragmatic" approach to chronology building
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Geography (50 works) · Archaeology (49 works) · Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies (46 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (37 works) · Isotope Analysis in Ecology (23 works) · Agriculture (22 works) · Geology (18 works) · Biology (17 works) · Ecology (17 works) · History (16 works)