David E Bloom
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 94208 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | David E Bloom |
| NOMBRES | David E |
| APELLIDO | Bloom |
| FIRMA | BLOOM D E |
| AFILIACIONES | Harvard University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3731-3345 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 77 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 892 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 77 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1981 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
Health and economic burdens of emerging infectious diseases in the USA, US territories and globally
INTRODUCTION: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) cause significant health and economic burdens in the USA and globally. Existing methods and analyses fall short of what is required to prioritise diseases for health technology research and development (R&D), including for medical countermeasure (MCM) development within rapid response frameworks by the Center for Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, part of the Administration fo…
Vaccine selection strategies and their implications for individual versus population well-being
INTRODUCTION: Early constraints on vaccine supply during the COVID-19 pandemic prompted many public health leaders to recommend taking the first vaccine available, though many individuals chose to wait for a 'more effective' vaccine. This indicates a potential tension between the vaccination strategy that individuals find in their own best interest and the one that maximises population well-being. METHODS: We integrate a mathematical epidemiologi…
Twenty‐One Years and Still Going Strong
BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a period of rapid transformation when meeting targets for optimal diabetes care is often challenging due to competing life demands. For more than two decades a diabetes transition clinic in Sydney, Australia, has sustained positive outcomes and demonstrated aspects of resilience in the care of individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who have transitioned from paediatric to adult care. Many studies have focused on …
Trajectories and correlates of poor mental health in India over the course of the Covid-19 pandemic
INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic had large impacts on mental health; however, most existing evidence is focused on the initial lockdown period and high-income contexts. By assessing trajectories of mental health symptoms in India over 2 years, we aim to understand the effect of later time periods and pandemic characteristics on mental health in a lower-middle income context. METHODS: We used data from the Real-Time Insights of COVID-19 in Indi…
The global health and economic value of Covid-19 vaccination
INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered one of the largest global health and economic crises in recent history. COVID-19 vaccination (CV) has been the central tool for global health and macroeconomic recovery, yet estimates of CV's global health and macroeconomic value remain scarce. METHODS: We used regression analyses to measure the impact of CV on gross domestic product (GDP), infections and deaths. We combined regression estimates of va…
Childhood vaccinations and the demand for children
Health and economic growth
Public economic gains from tax-financed investments in childhood immunization in the United States
The emergence of COVID-19 has displayed the importance of immunization and the need for continued public investment in vaccination programs. Globally, national vaccination programs rely heavily on tax-financed expenditure, requiring upfront investments and ongoing financial commitments. To evaluate annual public investments, we conducted a fiscal analysis that quantifies the public economic consequences to government in the United States attribut…
Cohort Profile
The study group will analyse the data collected showing the real-time changes throughout the pandemic and will make the data widely available for researchers to conduct further studies
Frailty Among Older Indians
Frailty is a common syndrome affecting older adults. While frailty has well-established relationships with multiple adverse health outcomes and death, the role of the social and economic environment in the development of frailty is less clear. We consider this relationship in India, which has a growing population of older adults whose environments have undergone extensive social and economic changes over the last few decades. We compare the distr…
Beyond GDP
We measure well-being across 193 countries from 1990 to 2019 using a new indicator: healthy lifetime income (HLI). Apart from the income component as captured by standard per capita gross domestic product, HLI incorporates health as a second important component. Overall, HLI can be interpreted as the income of the average person in an economy during the years in which the person is in good health. We show that HLI has particular strengths as comp…
Caregiver perceptions of the broader societal benefits of vaccination
Over the last decade growing public health evidence suggests that, in addition to health-related benefits, there are also social and economic benefits of vaccination. Research to understand how caregivers in low-and-middle-income countries perceive these social and economic benefits, or if these benefits factor into their vaccination decisions for their children, has been limited. Leveraging qualitative strategies to gain more nuanced insights in…
Insights into Labor Force Participation among Older Adults
A comparative perspective on long‐term care systems
This article investigates the challenges of ageing for long‐term care. The analysis proceeds in three steps. In the first step, we estimate the prospective care demand for 30 developed countries based on projected ageing and disabilities among the elderly. In the second step, we outline challenges for care systems with respect to shortages of care workers, increasing skill requirements for care workers, barriers to universal and equitable access …
Long‐term care in India
The family is the dominant player in India’s current long‐term care (LTC) system. Yet informal family‐based arrangements will be insufficient to accommodate India’s growing need for LTC due to increasing longevity and geographic mobility, the prevalence of chronic disease and disability among the elderly, and the decline of extended family living arrangements. Addressing the growing need for LTC will require a robust expansion of the current LTC …
Social Technology
Population aging is a defining demographic reality of our era. It is associated with an increase in the societal burden of delivering care to older adults with chronic conditions or frailty. How to integrate global population aging and technology development to help address the growing demands for care facing many aging societies is both a challenge and an opportunity for innovation. We propose a social technology approach that promotes use of te…
Humane shelter at home
box The devastating second wave of India’s COVID-19 pandemic has understandably provoked international outcry to accelerate vaccine rollout in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The global vaccine rollout is indeed paramount and represents the most promising path out of this pandemic. At the same time, India’s second wave shows that vaccine distribution may not happen fast enough to avert catastrophic COVID-19 surges in LMICs. As in …
Community perceptions of vaccination among influential stakeholders
Communication of broader benefits of vaccines and vaccination services by community health workers could be impactful in increasing vaccine acceptance. Vaccine uptake could potentially be improved by facilitating community health workers' ownership over vaccine acceptance and uptake by involving them in the design and implementation of interventions to target mothers and mothers-in-law. A 'bottom-up' approach, leveraging community health workers'…
The Societal Value of Vaccination in the Age of Covid-19
In recent years, academics and policymakers have increasingly recognized that the full societal value of vaccination encompasses broad health, economic, and social benefits beyond avoided morbidity and mortality due to infection by the targeted pathogen and limited health care costs. Nevertheless, standard economic evaluations of vaccines continue to focus on a relatively narrow set of health-centric benefits, with consequences for vaccination po…
Macro-level efficiency of health expenditure
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the importance of strong and resilient health systems. Yet how much a society should spend on healthcare is difficult to determine because additional health expenditures imply lower expenditures on other types of consumption. Furthermore, the welfare-maximizing ("efficient") aggregate amount and composition of health expenditures depend on efficiency concepts at three levels that often g…
Spurring Economic Growth through Human Development
Education, general health, and reproductive health are key indicators of human development. Investments in these domains can also promote economic growth. This paper argues for human development-related investments based on (1) a theoretical economic growth model with poverty traps, (2) a literature review of evidence that different human development-related investments can promote growth, and (3) own empirical analyses of 1980-2015 data that aim…
Health Technology Assessment for Vaccines Against Rare, Severe Infections
The high price of new generations of vaccines relative to their predecessors has become an important consideration in debates over whether the benefits of the new vaccines justify their costs. An increasingly central line of inquiry in the literature on valuing vaccination surrounds accounting for the full social and economic benefits of vaccination. This paper applies this emerging perspective to the particular case of vaccination against serogr…
L’évolution démographique et l’automatisation, deux enjeux mondiaux pour l’avenir du travail
Les auteurs s'interrogent sur le nombre des emplois qu'il conviendra de créer demain pour répondre aux besoins engendrés par l'évolution démographique, économique et technologique. Ils font le calcul pour la période 2020‐2030, en se fondant sur des projections de croissance démographique et de taux d'activité et en fixant des taux de chômage cibles. Les résultats sont ventilés par âge et par sexe. Les auteurs tiennent compte également de l'influe…
The contribution of female health to economic development
We analyse the economic consequences for poor countries of investing in female health within a unified growth model featuring health-related gender differences in productivity. Better female health accelerates the demographic transition and thereby the take-off towards sustained economic growth. By contrast, male health improvements delay the transition and take-off because they tend to raise fertility. However, households tend to prefer male hea…
Methodological considerations in designing and implementing the harmonized diagnostic assessment of dementia for longitudinal aging study in India (Lasi-DAD)
The Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia for Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD) is a population-representative, prospective cohort study of late-life cognition and dementia. It is part of an ongoing international research collaboration that aims to measure and understand cognitive impairment and dementia risk by collecting a set of cognitive and neuropsychological assessments and informant reports, referred to as the Harmonized …
Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa
THE POVERTY of sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most obdurate features of the world economy.Since the industrial revolution, this has been the world's poorest and also its most slowly growing region.The most reliable estimates of world and regional gross domestic products for the period 1820-1992 are those prepared by Angus Maddison.1 Figure 1 shows estimated long-term growth profiles for selected regions.According to these estimates, sub-Saharan…
Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend
We estimate the effect of fertility on female labor force participation in a panel of countries using abortion legislation as an instrument for fertility. We find that removing legal restrictions on abortion significantly reduces fertility and estimate that, on average, a birth reduces a woman's labor supply by almost 2 years during her reproductive life. Our results imply that behavioral change, in the form of increased female labor supply, cont…
The Effect of Health on Economic Growth
Commitment and the Modern Union
In recent years, the incidence of premarital cohabitation has increased dramatically in many countries of Western Europe and in the United States. As cohabitation becomes a more common experience, it is increasingly important to understand the links between cohabitation and other steps in the process of family formation and dissolution. We focus on the relationship between pre- marital cohabitation and subsequent marital stability, and analyze da…
The Divergence of Black and White Marriage Patterns
This article examines the patterns and determinants of first marriage among black and white women in the United States. Three major differences exist between the first-marriage patterns of black and white women: (1) lower proportions of blacks marry than whites; (2) the proportion of women who ever marry has declined substantially across cohorts for blacks but modestly across cohorts for whites; and (3) while increased education is associated neg…
The Demographic Dividend
There is long-standing debate on how population growth affects national economies. A new report from Population Matters examines the history of this debate and synthesizes current research on the topic. The authors, led by Harvard economist David Bloom, conclude that population age structure, more than size or growth per se, affects economic development, and that reducing high fertility can create opportunities for economic growth if the right ki…
The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of First Marriages
We document a negative association between nonmarital childbearing and the subsequent likelihood of first marriage in the United States, controlling for a variety of potentially confounding influences. Nonmarital childbearing does not appear to be driven by low expectations of future marriage. Rather, it tends to be an unexpected and unwanted event, whose effects on a woman’s subsequent likelihood of first marriage are negative on balance. We fin…
What are the determinants of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States
This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rates experienced in the 1970s were due to both delayed …
The psychological toll of slum living in Mumbai, India
Demographic change, social security systems, and savings
Off the map
Approximately half of all slums in India are not recognized by the government. Lack of government recognition, also referred to as "non-notified status" in the Indian context, may create entrenched barriers to legal rights and basic services such as water, sanitation, and security of tenure. In this paper, we explore the relationship between non-notified status and health outcomes in Kaula Bandar (KB), a slum in Mumbai, India. We illuminate this …
Global Population Aging
The rapid aging of populations around the world presents an unprecedented set of challenges: shifting disease burden, increased expenditure on health and long-term care, labor-force shortages, dissaving, and potential problems with old-age income security. We view longer life spans, particularly longer healthy life spans, as an enormous gain for human welfare. The challenges come from the fact that our current institutional and social arrangement…
Fertility timing, wages, and human capital
What’s happening to the age at first birth in the United States? A study of recent cohorts
This paper analyzes cross-cohort trends in the age pattern of women at first birth in the United States. The analysis involves fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to the age distribution of first birth frequencies for a number of recent white and nonwhite cohorts. Methodologically, the results (a) provide support for the application of the Coale-McNeil marriage model to first birth data, and (b) demonstrate the ability of the model to accurat…
Disease and Development Revisited
The Health and Poverty of Nations
Health is both a direct component of human well-being and a form of human capital that increases an individual's capabilities. We argue that these two views are complementary and that both can be used to justify increased investment in health in developing countries. In particular, we argue that the large effect improved health has on household incomes and economic growth makes it an important tool for poverty reduction. We survey the literature …
The effect of population health on foreign direct investment inflows to low- and middle-income countries
The Cost of Low Fertility in Europe
Economic security arrangements in the context of population ageing in India
The rapid ageing of India's population, in conjunction with migration out of rural areas and the continued concentration of the working population in the informal sector, has highlighted the need for better economic security arrangements for the elderly. Traditional family ties that have been key to ensuring a modicum of such security are beginning to fray, and increased longevity is making care of the elderly more expensive. As a result, the eld…
The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries
David E. Bloom, Richard B. Freeman, The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries, Population and Development Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 381-414
Earnings and Income Inequality in the United States
This article explores the relationship between technological change and income inequality in the United States since the late 1960s. The analysis focuses primarily on patterns and trends in the dispersion of various distributions of earnings and income during this recent period of rapid technological progress. The authors review relevant literature and perform several empirical analyses using microdata from the March Current Population Surveys fr…
The labour-market consequences of generational crowding
The demographic crisis in the former Soviet Union
Age patterns of women at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth in India
The purpose of this paper has been to examine the age patterns of Indian women at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth. This task is complicated by features of the Indian marriage institution that differentiate it from the institution of marriage in Western cultures. It is also complicated by the diversity of Indian marriage customs and by the possibility that Indian marriage patterns have changed over time. Nevertheless, our analysis of surve…
The contribution of female health to economic development
We analyse the economic consequences for poor countries of investing in female health within a unified growth model featuring health-related gender differences in productivity. Better female health accelerates the demographic transition and thereby the take-off towards sustained economic growth. By contrast, male health improvements delay the transition and take-off because they tend to raise fertility. However, households tend to prefer male hea…
Correcting contraceptive failure rates for sample composition and sample selection bias
In this paper we address two questions about life table estimates of the proportion of women experiencing a contraceptive failure within one year of initiation of use: Is the observed proportion affected by the socioeconomic or demographic composition of the sample? Is there evidence, even when socioeconomic or demographic influences are controlled, that the propensity to choose a particular method is correlated with the woman's underlying propen…
Voluntary childlessness
What’s happening to the age at first birth in the United States? A study of recent cohorts
This paper analyzes cross-cohort trends in the age pattern of women at first birth in the United States. The analysis involves fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to the age distribution of first birth frequencies for a number of recent white and nonwhite cohorts. Methodologically, the results (a) provide support for the application of the Coale-McNeil marriage model to first birth data, and (b) demonstrate the ability of the model to accurat…
Estimating the co-variates of age at marriage and first birth
The purpose of this paper is to explore how best to estimate the co-variates of age at marriage or age at first birth. Some investigators have approached this problem by estimating separate schedules for different classifications of the population. However, such attempts cannot have a truly multivariate flavour since cell sizes become small as ambitious cross-classification is attempted. We examine two competing models, one an extension of that p…
Delayed childbearing in the United States
What are the determinants of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States
This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rates experienced in the 1970s were due to both delayed …
Empirical Models of Arbitrator Behavior under Conventional Arbitration
This study analyzes a new set of data on the decisions of conventional arbitrators.The main goal is to draw inferences about the extent to which conventional arbitration decisions are fashioned as mechanical compromises of • the parties' final offers, without reference to the exogenous facts involved, in different disputes.The results of the analysis are remarkably clear: conventional arbitrators tend to split-the-difference between the parties' …
Age patterns of women at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth in India
The purpose of this paper has been to examine the age patterns of Indian women at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth. This task is complicated by features of the Indian marriage institution that differentiate it from the institution of marriage in Western cultures. It is also complicated by the diversity of Indian marriage customs and by the possibility that Indian marriage patterns have changed over time. Nevertheless, our analysis of surve…
The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries
David E. Bloom, Richard B. Freeman, The Effects of Rapid Population Growth on Labor Supply and Employment in Developing Countries, Population and Development Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Sep., 1986), pp. 381-414
Earnings and Income Inequality in the United States
This article explores the relationship between technological change and income inequality in the United States since the late 1960s. The analysis focuses primarily on patterns and trends in the dispersion of various distributions of earnings and income during this recent period of rapid technological progress. The authors review relevant literature and perform several empirical analyses using microdata from the March Current Population Surveys fr…
The labour-market consequences of generational crowding
Commitment and the Modern Union
In recent years, the incidence of premarital cohabitation has increased dramatically in many countries of Western Europe and in the United States. As cohabitation becomes a more common experience, it is increasingly important to understand the links between cohabitation and other steps in the process of family formation and dissolution. We focus on the relationship between pre- marital cohabitation and subsequent marital stability, and analyze da…
The Divergence of Black and White Marriage Patterns
This article examines the patterns and determinants of first marriage among black and white women in the United States. Three major differences exist between the first-marriage patterns of black and white women: (1) lower proportions of blacks marry than whites; (2) the proportion of women who ever marry has declined substantially across cohorts for blacks but modestly across cohorts for whites; and (3) while increased education is associated neg…
The labor force implications of expanding the child care industry
Fertility timing, wages, and human capital
The Changing Labour Market Position of Canadian Immigrants
"This paper uses pooled 1971, 1981, and 1986 Canadian census data to evaluate the extent to which (1) the earnings of Canadian immigrants at the time of immigration fall short of the earnings of comparable Canadian-born individuals, and (2) immigrants' earnings grow more rapidly over time than those of the Canadian born. Variations in the labour market assimilation of immigrants according to their gender and country of origin are also analysed. T…
The Influence of Nonmarital Childbearing on the Formation of First Marriages
We document a negative association between nonmarital childbearing and the subsequent likelihood of first marriage in the United States, controlling for a variety of potentially confounding influences. Nonmarital childbearing does not appear to be driven by low expectations of future marriage. Rather, it tends to be an unexpected and unwanted event, whose effects on a woman’s subsequent likelihood of first marriage are negative on balance. We fin…
Language, employment, and earnings in fhe United States
Article Language, employment, and earnings in fhe United States: Spanish-English differentials from 1970 to 1990 was published on January 1, 1996 in the journal International Journal of the Sociology of Language (volume 1996, issue 121)
Macroeconomic consequences of the Russian mortality crisis
Demographic implications of the Russian mortality crisis
The Russian mortality crisis of 1990–1995 represents the most precipitous decline in national life expectancy ever recorded in the absence of war, oppression, famine, or major disease. Using standard demographic techniques, we develop a model Russian mortality schedule. Applying this schedule, we estimate that there were 1.36 to 1.57 million premature deaths during 1990–1995, equivalent to between 14 and 16% of all deaths recorded in Russia durin…
The demographic crisis in the former Soviet Union
Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa
THE POVERTY of sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most obdurate features of the world economy.Since the industrial revolution, this has been the world's poorest and also its most slowly growing region.The most reliable estimates of world and regional gross domestic products for the period 1820-1992 are those prepared by Angus Maddison.1 Figure 1 shows estimated long-term growth profiles for selected regions.According to these estimates, sub-Saharan…
Universal Basic and Secondary Education
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The Health and Wealth of Nations
Empirical studies show that health improvements provide a significant boost to economic growth in developing countries. This leads to the view that health, like education, is a fundamental component of human capital, and suggests the notion of health-led growth. Better health leads to higher income, but there is also a positive feedback effect, giving rise to a beneficial situation where health and income improvements are mutually reinforcing.
The Demographic Dividend
There is long-standing debate on how population growth affects national economies. A new report from Population Matters examines the history of this debate and synthesizes current research on the topic. The authors, led by Harvard economist David Bloom, conclude that population age structure, more than size or growth per se, affects economic development, and that reducing high fertility can create opportunities for economic growth if the right ki…
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