Aarnes Gudmestad
Biographic Data
| ID | 973170 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Aarnes Gudmestad |
| GIVEN NAMES | Aarnes |
| FAMILY NAME | Gudmestad |
| SIGNATURE | GUDMESTAD A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Virginia Tech |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2303-7802 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 27 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2008 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
L1 Turkish learners of Spanish and the interpretation of verbal moods
This investigation is a close replication of Kanwit and Geeslin (2014). The initial study was the first study in variationist second language acquisition to examine the second-language development of the interpretation of a variable linguistic structure. In particular, Kanwit and Geeslin investigated the interpretation of verbal moods in adverbial clauses in Spanish among second-language learners who were first-language speakers of English. We pa…
Regional Variation in Mood Use in Spanish
The current investigation, couched within variationist sociolinguistics, has the purpose of advancing knowledge of regional variation in mood use (the subjunctive and indicative contrast) in Spanish. Prior cross-dialectal research has reported that mood use in Spanish varies geographically. To contribute to the understanding of mood variation in Spanish, this study explored a range of sociolinguistic independent variables across three Spanish-spe…
A longitudinal investigation of third-person subject expression in additional-language Spanish
The goal of the present investigation was to examine the variable use of third-person subject forms in additional-language Spanish over a period of 21 months that included an academic year in Spain or Mexico. The data came from the additional-language learners of Spanish in the LANGSNAP corpus (N = 27). We analyzed production data from three points in time: before the participants went abroad, at the end of their nine-month stay, and nine months …
Reconsidering the Social in Language Learning
The current paper offers a critical reflection on the role of the social dimension of the second language (L2) development of sociolinguistic competence. We center our discussion of L2 sociolinguistic competence on variationist approaches to second language acquisition (SLA) and the study of variable structures. We first introduce the framework of variationist SLA and offer a brief overview of some of the social, and more broadly extralinguistic,…
Mixed‐Effects Modeling with a Multinomial Dependent Variable
In this Methods Showcase Article, we illustrate mixed‐effects modeling with a multinomial dependent variable as a means of explaining complexities in language. We model data on future‐time reference in second language Spanish, which consists of a nominal dependent variable that has three levels, measured over 73 participants. We offer step‐by‐step procedures for multinomial logistic regression with fixed and random effects, and we discuss the int…
The interpretation of verbal moods in Spanish
This study is a close replication of Kanwit and Geeslin (2014), a variationist investigation of the interpretation of verbal moods in adverbial clauses in Spanish. Whereas the first language (L1) of the second-language participants in the initial study was English, we explore whether Kanwit and Geeslin’s results extend to other L1 populations—Swedish and French learners of Spanish. Participants in the replication study completed the same interpre…
Phraseological Use and Development During a Stay Abroad
Usage-based approaches to additional-language acquisition have identified numerous determinants of language learning, two of which were the focus of our study: frequency and cue contingency. Specifically, we examined how an immersion experience may impact sensitivity to these two determinants as reflected in the production of 4,808 pairs of nouns (N) and adjectives (ADJ) by 50 anglophone learners of Spanish and French. We analyzed the use of N/AD…
Exploring Crosslinguistic Influence in Gender Marking in Spanish
In the current study, we examined the role of first-language (L1) influence on the additional-language development of grammatical gender marking in Spanish. The participants were L1 speakers of English or French ( N = 215), who were learning Spanish and who were at three instructional levels. The data came from their use of gender marking in noun-modifier pairs in an argumentative essay. We adopted the unified methodological framework developed b…
A variationist analysis of first-person-singular subject expression in Louisiana French
In this study, we investigate first-person-singular subject expression in Louisiana French. This variety is undergoing language death and features extreme variation, with twelve first-person-singular subject forms identified within our corpus. We demonstrate that variationist methods are robust for examining such variation in obsolescing languages, and we provide a model for undertaking such analyses. Examining different aspects of our data, we f…
Moving Beyond the Native-Speaker Bias in the Analysis of Variable Gender Marking
In the current study, we respond to calls for reform in second language acquisition that center on the field’s preoccupation with native-speaker and prescriptive targets as a benchmark for additional-language learning. In order to address these concerns, we examine the use and development of grammatical gender marking in additional-language Spanish in a prescriptive-independent manner. Specifically, we depart from previous analyses that have cent…
Collocational Development during a Stay Abroad
The purpose of the current study was to explore if and how additional-language learners may show changes in phraseological patterns over the course of a stay in a target-language environment. In particular, we focused on noun+adjective combinations produced by a group of additional-language speakers of French at three points in time, spanning 21 months and including an academic year in France. We extracted each combination from a longitudinal cor…
Advances in Research on Morphosyntax and Multicompetent Speakers of French and Spanish
Historically, research on language acquisition among multicompetent speakers has devoted significant attention to the area of morphosyntax, compared to other domains of language (Ortega 2009, p
Prepositions in Contexts of Coordination
This study examines the variable occurrence of preposition duplication in contexts of coordination in Spanish (e.g., Fui con mi madre y (con) mi padre ). We build on previous research on this variable morphosyntactic phenomenon (namely, prepositions in contexts of coordination) by expanding the type of data and the independent variables analyzed. The examination of data from a written contextualized task suggests that duplication is the preferred…
Using Variationism and Learner Corpus Research to Investigate Grammatical Gender Marking in Additional Language Spanish
The current study responds to the call for increased dialogue among different areas of additional language research. Specifically, we bring together learner corpus research and variationist approaches to second language acquisition to advance learner corpus research in two ways: (a) by modeling interlanguage development and variability and (b) by conducting an analysis that moves away from descriptive error analysis. To accomplish this goal, we a…
On the role of the present indicative in variable future-time reference in Hexagonal French
This article investigates variable future-time expression among native speakers of Hexagonal French who participated in informal conversations. The quantitative analysis is the first to examine the inflectional future, periphrastic future, and present indicative as separate forms within a single statistical model of French oral production. Results indicate that temporal distance and presence/absence of a temporal expression predict use of these v…
Subject expression in Spanish
Research on variation demonstrates that analyses of frequency and predictors of use contribute to our understanding of languages. Investigations of subject expression in Spanish in particular have identified differences across person and number of the verb that suggest that linguists should focus their analyses exclusively on a single category of that variable (e.g., Torres-Cacoullos and Travis 2010). The current paper examines the subject-expres…
Variable future-time reference in French
This study seeks to advance understanding of second-language (L2) acquisition of future-time reference in French, by comparing the developmental trajectories of learners living in and away from the target-language setting. Study-abroad learners in France ( n = 45), foreign-language learners living in the US ( n = 37), and native speakers of Hexagonal French ( n = 30) participated in this study. They completed a written-contextualized task, a lang…
Tense-Aspect Distinctions within the Subjunctive Mood in the Spanish of Native Speakers and Second-Language Learners
The current study constitutes the first empirical investigation of the complete repertoire of tense-aspect forms of the subjunctive mood in Spanish. In this study, I identify the frequency of use of the full range of tense-aspect forms of the subjunctive mood (e.g. present, pluperfect) that native speakers and five proficiency levels of second-language learners use in mood-choice contexts and seek to determine the linguistic contexts (i.e. functi…
What a Bayesian Analysis Can Do for SLA
This study constitutes the first statistical analysis to employ a Bayesian multinomial probit model in the investigation of subject expression in first and second language (L2) Spanish. The study analyzes the use of third-person subject-expression forms and demonstrates that the following variables are important for subject expression: perseveration, switch reference, number of the verb, specificity, verbal tense/mood/aspect, object pronoun, refe…
Acquiring a Variable Structure
This investigation connects issues in second language (L2) acquisition to topics in quantitative sociolinguistics by exploring the relationship between native‐speaker (NS) and L2 variation. It is the first large‐scale analysis of L2 mood use (the subjunctive‐indicative contrast) in Spanish. It applies variationist findings on the range of linguistic and extralinguistic factors (form regularity, semantic category, time reference, hypotheticality, …
Assessing the Use of Multiple Forms in Variable Contexts
The current study represents a detailed examination of the linguistic variables that are significantly related to verb-form use in contexts of future-time reference for advanced learners and native speakers of Spanish. The results show that the factors lexical temporal indicator, clause type and temporal distance are related to the verb forms that both groups use to express the function of futurity and that (un)certainty and grammatical person an…
Acquiring a Variable Structure
Article Acquiring a Variable Structure: An Interlanguage Analysis of Second- Language Mood Use in Spanish was published on September 1, 2008 in the journal Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics (volume 1, issue 2)
What a Bayesian Analysis Can Do for SLA
This study constitutes the first statistical analysis to employ a Bayesian multinomial probit model in the investigation of subject expression in first and second language (L2) Spanish. The study analyzes the use of third-person subject-expression forms and demonstrates that the following variables are important for subject expression: perseveration, switch reference, number of the verb, specificity, verbal tense/mood/aspect, object pronoun, refe…
Acquiring a Variable Structure
This investigation connects issues in second language (L2) acquisition to topics in quantitative sociolinguistics by exploring the relationship between native‐speaker (NS) and L2 variation. It is the first large‐scale analysis of L2 mood use (the subjunctive‐indicative contrast) in Spanish. It applies variationist findings on the range of linguistic and extralinguistic factors (form regularity, semantic category, time reference, hypotheticality, …
Collocational Development during a Stay Abroad
The purpose of the current study was to explore if and how additional-language learners may show changes in phraseological patterns over the course of a stay in a target-language environment. In particular, we focused on noun+adjective combinations produced by a group of additional-language speakers of French at three points in time, spanning 21 months and including an academic year in France. We extracted each combination from a longitudinal cor…
Reconsidering the Social in Language Learning
The current paper offers a critical reflection on the role of the social dimension of the second language (L2) development of sociolinguistic competence. We center our discussion of L2 sociolinguistic competence on variationist approaches to second language acquisition (SLA) and the study of variable structures. We first introduce the framework of variationist SLA and offer a brief overview of some of the social, and more broadly extralinguistic,…
Using Variationism and Learner Corpus Research to Investigate Grammatical Gender Marking in Additional Language Spanish
The current study responds to the call for increased dialogue among different areas of additional language research. Specifically, we bring together learner corpus research and variationist approaches to second language acquisition to advance learner corpus research in two ways: (a) by modeling interlanguage development and variability and (b) by conducting an analysis that moves away from descriptive error analysis. To accomplish this goal, we a…
Mixed‐Effects Modeling with a Multinomial Dependent Variable
In this Methods Showcase Article, we illustrate mixed‐effects modeling with a multinomial dependent variable as a means of explaining complexities in language. We model data on future‐time reference in second language Spanish, which consists of a nominal dependent variable that has three levels, measured over 73 participants. We offer step‐by‐step procedures for multinomial logistic regression with fixed and random effects, and we discuss the int…
Phraseological Use and Development During a Stay Abroad
Usage-based approaches to additional-language acquisition have identified numerous determinants of language learning, two of which were the focus of our study: frequency and cue contingency. Specifically, we examined how an immersion experience may impact sensitivity to these two determinants as reflected in the production of 4,808 pairs of nouns (N) and adjectives (ADJ) by 50 anglophone learners of Spanish and French. We analyzed the use of N/AD…
A variationist analysis of first-person-singular subject expression in Louisiana French
In this study, we investigate first-person-singular subject expression in Louisiana French. This variety is undergoing language death and features extreme variation, with twelve first-person-singular subject forms identified within our corpus. We demonstrate that variationist methods are robust for examining such variation in obsolescing languages, and we provide a model for undertaking such analyses. Examining different aspects of our data, we f…
Acquiring a Variable Structure
Article Acquiring a Variable Structure: An Interlanguage Analysis of Second- Language Mood Use in Spanish was published on September 1, 2008 in the journal Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics (volume 1, issue 2)
Assessing the Use of Multiple Forms in Variable Contexts
The current study represents a detailed examination of the linguistic variables that are significantly related to verb-form use in contexts of future-time reference for advanced learners and native speakers of Spanish. The results show that the factors lexical temporal indicator, clause type and temporal distance are related to the verb forms that both groups use to express the function of futurity and that (un)certainty and grammatical person an…
Acquiring a Variable Structure
This investigation connects issues in second language (L2) acquisition to topics in quantitative sociolinguistics by exploring the relationship between native‐speaker (NS) and L2 variation. It is the first large‐scale analysis of L2 mood use (the subjunctive‐indicative contrast) in Spanish. It applies variationist findings on the range of linguistic and extralinguistic factors (form regularity, semantic category, time reference, hypotheticality, …
Tense-Aspect Distinctions within the Subjunctive Mood in the Spanish of Native Speakers and Second-Language Learners
The current study constitutes the first empirical investigation of the complete repertoire of tense-aspect forms of the subjunctive mood in Spanish. In this study, I identify the frequency of use of the full range of tense-aspect forms of the subjunctive mood (e.g. present, pluperfect) that native speakers and five proficiency levels of second-language learners use in mood-choice contexts and seek to determine the linguistic contexts (i.e. functi…
What a Bayesian Analysis Can Do for SLA
This study constitutes the first statistical analysis to employ a Bayesian multinomial probit model in the investigation of subject expression in first and second language (L2) Spanish. The study analyzes the use of third-person subject-expression forms and demonstrates that the following variables are important for subject expression: perseveration, switch reference, number of the verb, specificity, verbal tense/mood/aspect, object pronoun, refe…
Subject expression in Spanish
Research on variation demonstrates that analyses of frequency and predictors of use contribute to our understanding of languages. Investigations of subject expression in Spanish in particular have identified differences across person and number of the verb that suggest that linguists should focus their analyses exclusively on a single category of that variable (e.g., Torres-Cacoullos and Travis 2010). The current paper examines the subject-expres…
Variable future-time reference in French
This study seeks to advance understanding of second-language (L2) acquisition of future-time reference in French, by comparing the developmental trajectories of learners living in and away from the target-language setting. Study-abroad learners in France ( n = 45), foreign-language learners living in the US ( n = 37), and native speakers of Hexagonal French ( n = 30) participated in this study. They completed a written-contextualized task, a lang…
On the role of the present indicative in variable future-time reference in Hexagonal French
This article investigates variable future-time expression among native speakers of Hexagonal French who participated in informal conversations. The quantitative analysis is the first to examine the inflectional future, periphrastic future, and present indicative as separate forms within a single statistical model of French oral production. Results indicate that temporal distance and presence/absence of a temporal expression predict use of these v…
Prepositions in Contexts of Coordination
This study examines the variable occurrence of preposition duplication in contexts of coordination in Spanish (e.g., Fui con mi madre y (con) mi padre ). We build on previous research on this variable morphosyntactic phenomenon (namely, prepositions in contexts of coordination) by expanding the type of data and the independent variables analyzed. The examination of data from a written contextualized task suggests that duplication is the preferred…
Using Variationism and Learner Corpus Research to Investigate Grammatical Gender Marking in Additional Language Spanish
The current study responds to the call for increased dialogue among different areas of additional language research. Specifically, we bring together learner corpus research and variationist approaches to second language acquisition to advance learner corpus research in two ways: (a) by modeling interlanguage development and variability and (b) by conducting an analysis that moves away from descriptive error analysis. To accomplish this goal, we a…
Moving Beyond the Native-Speaker Bias in the Analysis of Variable Gender Marking
In the current study, we respond to calls for reform in second language acquisition that center on the field’s preoccupation with native-speaker and prescriptive targets as a benchmark for additional-language learning. In order to address these concerns, we examine the use and development of grammatical gender marking in additional-language Spanish in a prescriptive-independent manner. Specifically, we depart from previous analyses that have cent…
Collocational Development during a Stay Abroad
The purpose of the current study was to explore if and how additional-language learners may show changes in phraseological patterns over the course of a stay in a target-language environment. In particular, we focused on noun+adjective combinations produced by a group of additional-language speakers of French at three points in time, spanning 21 months and including an academic year in France. We extracted each combination from a longitudinal cor…
Advances in Research on Morphosyntax and Multicompetent Speakers of French and Spanish
Historically, research on language acquisition among multicompetent speakers has devoted significant attention to the area of morphosyntax, compared to other domains of language (Ortega 2009, p
Exploring Crosslinguistic Influence in Gender Marking in Spanish
In the current study, we examined the role of first-language (L1) influence on the additional-language development of grammatical gender marking in Spanish. The participants were L1 speakers of English or French ( N = 215), who were learning Spanish and who were at three instructional levels. The data came from their use of gender marking in noun-modifier pairs in an argumentative essay. We adopted the unified methodological framework developed b…
A variationist analysis of first-person-singular subject expression in Louisiana French
In this study, we investigate first-person-singular subject expression in Louisiana French. This variety is undergoing language death and features extreme variation, with twelve first-person-singular subject forms identified within our corpus. We demonstrate that variationist methods are robust for examining such variation in obsolescing languages, and we provide a model for undertaking such analyses. Examining different aspects of our data, we f…
Phraseological Use and Development During a Stay Abroad
Usage-based approaches to additional-language acquisition have identified numerous determinants of language learning, two of which were the focus of our study: frequency and cue contingency. Specifically, we examined how an immersion experience may impact sensitivity to these two determinants as reflected in the production of 4,808 pairs of nouns (N) and adjectives (ADJ) by 50 anglophone learners of Spanish and French. We analyzed the use of N/AD…
The interpretation of verbal moods in Spanish
This study is a close replication of Kanwit and Geeslin (2014), a variationist investigation of the interpretation of verbal moods in adverbial clauses in Spanish. Whereas the first language (L1) of the second-language participants in the initial study was English, we explore whether Kanwit and Geeslin’s results extend to other L1 populations—Swedish and French learners of Spanish. Participants in the replication study completed the same interpre…
A longitudinal investigation of third-person subject expression in additional-language Spanish
The goal of the present investigation was to examine the variable use of third-person subject forms in additional-language Spanish over a period of 21 months that included an academic year in Spain or Mexico. The data came from the additional-language learners of Spanish in the LANGSNAP corpus (N = 27). We analyzed production data from three points in time: before the participants went abroad, at the end of their nine-month stay, and nine months …
Reconsidering the Social in Language Learning
The current paper offers a critical reflection on the role of the social dimension of the second language (L2) development of sociolinguistic competence. We center our discussion of L2 sociolinguistic competence on variationist approaches to second language acquisition (SLA) and the study of variable structures. We first introduce the framework of variationist SLA and offer a brief overview of some of the social, and more broadly extralinguistic,…
Mixed‐Effects Modeling with a Multinomial Dependent Variable
In this Methods Showcase Article, we illustrate mixed‐effects modeling with a multinomial dependent variable as a means of explaining complexities in language. We model data on future‐time reference in second language Spanish, which consists of a nominal dependent variable that has three levels, measured over 73 participants. We offer step‐by‐step procedures for multinomial logistic regression with fixed and random effects, and we discuss the int…
L1 Turkish learners of Spanish and the interpretation of verbal moods
This investigation is a close replication of Kanwit and Geeslin (2014). The initial study was the first study in variationist second language acquisition to examine the second-language development of the interpretation of a variable linguistic structure. In particular, Kanwit and Geeslin investigated the interpretation of verbal moods in adverbial clauses in Spanish among second-language learners who were first-language speakers of English. We pa…
Regional Variation in Mood Use in Spanish
The current investigation, couched within variationist sociolinguistics, has the purpose of advancing knowledge of regional variation in mood use (the subjunctive and indicative contrast) in Spanish. Prior cross-dialectal research has reported that mood use in Spanish varies geographically. To contribute to the understanding of mood variation in Spanish, this study explored a range of sociolinguistic independent variables across three Spanish-spe…
Linguistics (19 works) · Psychology (19 works) · Computer Science (10 works) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (10 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (8 works) · Cognitive psychology (7 works) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (7 works) · Second Language Acquisition and Learning (7 works) · Language acquisition (6 works) · Mathematics (6 works)