Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The diversity Wave

A meta-analysis of the native-born white response to ethnic diversity

Bibliographic Data

ID10941193
AuthorsEric Kaufmann (0000-0002-4812-4542, Birkbeck, University of London, corresponding author), Matthew J Goodwin, Matthew Goodwin (0000-0002-4996-1684, University of Kent)
Year2018
Volume76
Pages120-131
Publication date2018-11-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Science Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0049-089X • E-ISSN: 1096-0317
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.07.008
OpenAlexW2884253455
LanguageEN
Citations received73
References cited34

Does ethnic diversity increase or reduce white threat perceptions? Meta-analyses help orient a field and communicate findings to policymakers. We report the results of a meta-analysis of studies measuring the relationship between ethnic context and both opposition to immigration and support for anti-immigration parties. Our analysis attempts to be exhaustive, and is based on 171 post-1995 studies averaging 25,000 observations each, a knowledge base of over 4 million data points. We find a linear association between ethnic change and elevated threat. However, for diversity levels, the relationship between ethnic context and threat is nonlinear. This takes the form of a 'wave', with higher diversity predicting threat responses at the smallest and largest scales, whereas in units of 5000–10,000 people (such as tracts or neighbourhoods), diversity is associated with reduced threat

Biology · Context (archaeology · Cultural diversity · Diversity (politics · Ethnic group · Geography · Immigration · Meta-analysis · Opposition (politics · Political science · Politics · Sociology · White (mutation · Demography · Law · Medicine · Migration, Refugees, and Integration · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

  • A Review of the Popular and Scholarly Accounts of Donald Trump’s White Working-Class Support in the 2016 US Presidential Election

    Open Access•Jack Thompson•Societies•2019

  • Understanding economic and cultural underpinnings of anti-immigrant attitudes

    Open Access•H H S Kim, Hyun Jin Kim•International Journal of Public…•2020

  • The Trump Effect

    Open Access•Sanggyu Suh, Justin Gest et al.•Journal on Migration and Human…•2026

  • Do people stay ‘hunkered down’ in diverse spaces? A longitudinal analysis of positive and negative social contact and the development of trust in linguistically diverse areas

    Open Access•James O''Donnell, Qing Guan•Social Science Research•2026

  • Conflict and communication in everyday life

    Open Access•Amiya Kumar Das, Soumen Ray et al.•Conflict Resolution Quarterly•2024

  • Institutional Arrangements and Power Threat

    Andrew P Davis, Michael Gibson-Light et al.•Justice Quarterly•2022

  • The role of institutions and social inclusion in trust building

    Open Access•Shahla Akram, Zahid Pervaiz•Quality & Quantity•2024

  • Investigating Attitudes toward Those Who Leave Religion among Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Believers

    Open Access•Eylem Kanol, Ines Michalowski•Religions•2022

  • Primed for Backlash

    Open Access•C Maggio•Sociological Perspectives•2023

  • Collective Social Capital, Outgroup Threat, and Americans' Preference for Restrictive Immigration

    Open Access•H H S Kim•Sociological Perspectives•2023

  • Population density, cosmopolitanism, and undocumented immigrants in the United States

    Open Access•Ari Adut, H H S Kim et al.•European Journal of Sociology•2022

  • El encuadre del islam y los musulmanes

    Open Access•Rafael Durán Muñoz•Revista de Estudios Internacionales…•2019

  • Party identification, local context, and Australian attitudes toward immigration and asylum policy

    Open Access•Timothy B Gravelle•Social Science Research•2019

  • “To protect and serve” … and rule

    Open Access•Jack G R Wippell•Politics Groups and Identities•2024

  • “It Happened When I Was Connecting to the Community…”

    Open Access•Claudia Soto Saavedra, Jane Lilly López et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Does the Scale or Speed of Immigration Generate Nativism? Evidence from a Comparison of New Zealand Regions

    Open Access•Chris Wilson, Sanjal Shastri et al.•Journal on Migration and Human…•2021

  • Social Trust and Anti-immigrant Attitudes in Europe

    Open Access•J Mitchell•Frontiers in Sociology•2021

  • How does immigration affect anti-immigrant sentiment, and who is affected most? A longitudinal analysis of the UK and Japan cases

    Open Access•A Igarashi, J Laurence•Comparative Migration Studies•2021

  • Explaining Attitudes Towards Immigration

    Open Access•Teresa García‐muñoz, Juliette Milgram Baleix•Politics and Governance•2021

  • Outgroup Contact, Anti-Foreigner Attitude, and Social Cohesion in the Caucasus

    Open Access•H H S Kim•Social Sciences•2019

  • Are Personality Traits Related to Politicians’ Positions on Immigration

    Mike Medeiros, Patrik Öhberg et al.•Representation•2024

  • Do Urban Europeans Trust Their Fellow City Dwellers? Immigration, Group Threat, and Intergroup Contact in 63 European Cities

    Kevin T Smiley, Yulin Yang•International Journal of Sociology•2020

  • The geography of discontent revisited

    Open Access•Tahir Abbas•National Identities•2026

  • Dealing with declining dominance

    Open Access•Michael Earle, Gordon Hodson•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2022

  • Does classroom diversity improve intergroup relations? Short- and long-term effects of classroom diversity for cross-ethnic friendships and anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence

    Open Access•Andrea Bohman, Marta Miklikowska•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2020

  • Tolerant or segregated? Immigration and electoral outcomes in urban areas

    Open Access•Carlo Devillanova•Papers of the Regional Science…•2020

  • Radical right-wing support among urban voters in Germany

    Open Access•Katja Salomo, Marcel Helbig et al.•Journal of Urban Affairs•2023

  • The impact of violence on the dynamics of migration

    Open Access•David Escamilla‐guerrero, Edward Kosack et al.•Journal of Development Economics•2025

  • Identities, participation, and the immigration crisis in the city

    Open Access•Noam Brenner, Dan Miodownik•Cities•2025

  • Intergroup threat and natives’ racial self-classification and conception of ethnic identity

    Open Access•H H S Kim•International Journal of…•2025

  • Redefining the mainstream

    Open Access•Jonas R Kunst•European Review of Social…•2025

  • Scapegoating Immigrants in Times of Personal and Collective Crises

    Open Access•Aleš Kudrnáč, Maureen A Eger et al.•International Migration Review•2024

  • Attitudes toward demographic diversity in 16 advanced economies

    Open Access•Mohsen Joshanloo, Joonha Park•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2024

  • Sometimes it is the little things

    Open Access•Lenka Dražanová•International Journal of…•2022

  • Big city, little worries? Little city, big worries? How immigration levels and city size shape safety perceptions in urban Europe

    Open Access•Kevin T Smiley, Yulin Yang•International Journal of…•2021

  • Association between dimensions of national identity and immigration attitudes

    Open Access•Vainius Bartasevičius, Ivan Trunov•International Journal of…•2024

  • National pride, social trust, and cultural nativism

    Open Access•H H S Kim, Hyun Jin Kim•International Journal of…•2021

  • A socio-ecological perspective on psychological well-being in a culturally diverse context

    Open Access•C Ward, Jaimee Stuart et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Spatial spillover effects associated with the Sweden Democrats' growing support

    Open Access•Dávid Sümeghy•Scandinavian Political Studies•2024

  • Effects of absolute levels of neighbourhood ethnic diversity vs. changes in neighbourhood diversity on prejudice

    Open Access•Laura Silva, Franco Bonomi Bezzo et al.•Social Science Research•2023

  • Urban Europeans' viewpoints on immigrants in the city

    Open Access•Kevin T Smiley, Yulin Yang•Social Science Research•2020

  • Divergent responses to local diversity

    Open Access•Adam Peresman•Social Science Research•2023

  • Race and democratic decline in the United States

    Open Access•Joseph A Coll, Elizabeth Maltby et al.•Social Science Quarterly•2024

  • Globalization, contextual threat perception, and nativist backlash

    Open Access•H H S Kim•International Journal of…•2024

  • The dynamics of attitudes toward immigrants

    Open Access•Katja Schmidt•International Journal of…•2021

  • Perceived inequality of opportunity and xenophobic prejudice

    Open Access•H H S Kim, Chae Eun Kim et al.•Ethnicities•2026

  • Foreign-Born Population Growth, Negative Outgroup Contact, and Americans’ Attitudes Towards Legal and Unauthorized Immigration

    Open Access•James Laurence, H H S Kim•Political Studies•2023

  • Where does ethnic concentration matter for populist radical right support? An analysis of geographical scale and the halo effect

    Open Access•Daniël Van Wijk, Gideon Bolt et al.•Political Geography•2020

  • In the Shadow of the Tower

    Open Access•Timothy B Gravelle, Mike Medeiros et al.•Political Geography•2021

  • Immigration and right-wing populism

    Open Access•Albana Shehaj, Adrian J Shin et al.•Party Politics•2021

  • The liberal/conservative nationalism divide

    Open Access•Rhianwen Daniel•Nations and Nationalism•2022

  • Testing the backlash argument

    Alexander Kustov•Journal of European Public Policy•2022

  • The educational divide over feelings about ethnic minorities

    Hannes Weber•New Community•2022

  • Regional ethnic concentrations and ethnic discrimination in hiring

    L Thijssen•New Community•2023

  • Does the Local Presence of Asylum Seekers Affect Attitudes toward Asylum Seekers? Results from a Natural Experiment

    Open Access•Elisa Deiss-Helbig, Uwe Remer-Bollow•European Sociological Review•2022

  • When I Was Growing Up

    Open Access•Maureen A Eger, J Mitchell et al.•European Sociological Review•2022

  • Attitudes Towards Minorities in Times of High Immigration

    Open Access•Hannes Weber•European Sociological Review•2019

  • How one gesture curbed ethnic discrimination

    Open Access•D Auer, Didier Ruedin•European Journal of Political…•2023

  • Regional Variation in Social Norms and Domestic Anti-Immigrant Hostility

    Open Access•H H S Kim•Cross-Cultural Research•2024

  • Geographic Divides and Cosmopolitanism

    Open Access•R Maxwell•Comparative Political Studies•2020

  • Contextual Effects of Immigrant Presence on Populist Radical Right Support

    Open Access•Jocelyn Evans, Gilles Ivaldi•Comparative Political Studies•2021

  • The Mosque Nearby

    Open Access•M Dazey, Victor Gay•Comparative Political Studies•2025

  • A Distinct Society? Understanding Social Distrust in Quebec

    Open Access•Aengus Bridgman, Rosalie Nadeau et al.•Canadian Journal of Political…•2022

  • Does Immigration Produce a Public Backlash or Public Acceptance? Time-Series, Cross-Sectional Evidence from Thirty European Democracies

    Open Access•Christopher Claassen, Lauren Mclaren•British Journal of Political…•2022

  • Explaining Islamophobia in Australia

    Timothy B Gravelle•Australian Journal of Political…•2021

  • A Spatial Exploration of the Halo Effect in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

    Jennifer A Miller, T H Grubesic•Annals of the American…•2021

  • Local Immigration and Support for Anti‐Immigration Parties

    Open Access•Sara Cool, Sara Cools et al.•American Journal of Political…•2021

  • How Legacies of Geopolitical Trauma Shape Popular Nationalism Today

    Open Access•Thomas Soehl, M Karim•American Sociological Review•2021

  • Changing In-Group Boundaries

    Open Access•Vasiliki Fouka, Marco Tabellini•American Political Science Review•2022

  • Exploring the influence of socio-demographic context on prejudice towards migrants in Lagos, Nigeria

    Paul Oluwatosin Bello, Udoh James Akpan et al.•African Identities•2025

  • Null effects of neighbourhood increases in visible minorities on radical right wing party mobilisation

    Open Access•J Kawalerowicz, Anders Hjorth-Trolle•Acta Sociologica•2022

  • Too many immigrants

    Open Access•J Kawalerowicz•Acta Sociologica•2021

  • Critical approaches to climate-induced migration research and solutions

    Rennie Negron, Rosalyn Negrón et al.•Local Environment•2025

  • Southern politics in State and Nation

    V O Key•Southern politics in State and…•1949

  • Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany

    Rogers Brubaker•Citizenship and Nationhood in…•1992

  • Methods of Meta-Analysis

    Frank L Schmidt, J E Hunter•Methods of Meta-Analysis•2015

  • National Belonging and Everyday Life

    Open Access•Michael Skey•National Belonging and Everyday…•2011

  • Publication bias in clinical research

    Open Access•Philippa Easterbrook, P J Easterbrook et al.•The Lancet•1991

  • Publication bias in the social sciences

    Open Access•Annie Franco, N Malhotra et al.•Science•2014

  • Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations

    H M Blalock•Toward a Theory of Minority Group…•1973

  • Who trusts others

    Open Access•Alberto Alesina, Eliana La Ferrara•Journal of Public Economics•2002

  • Comparative Analyses of Public Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data

    Alin M Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell•Annual Review of Sociology•2010

  • The Variegated Landscape of Local Immigration Policies in the United States

    Kyle E Walker, Kyle Walker et al.•Urban Geography•2011

  • The Wish to Leave Ethnically Concentrated Neighbourhoods

    Esther Havekes, M Coenders et al.•Housing Studies•2014

  • Ethnic Diversity, Economic and Cultural Contexts, and Social Trust

    C Ziller•Social Forces•2014

  • More than Two Decades of Changing Ethnic Attitudes in the Netherlands

    Open Access•M Coenders, Marcel Lubbers et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2008

  • Euro-scepticism and radical right-wing voting in Europe, 2002–2008

    Open Access•Han Werts, Peer Scheepers et al.•European Union Politics•2013

  • E Pluribus Unum

    Open Access•Robert D Putnam•Scandinavian Political Studies•2007

  • When Does Diversity Erode Trust? Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions

    Open Access•Dietlind Stolle, Stuart Soroka et al.•Political Studies•2008

  • The Consequences of Multiracial Contexts on Public Attitudes toward Immigration

    Open Access•Shang E Ha•Political Research Quarterly•2010

  • Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties

    Open Access•Ronald Inglehart, P Norris•Perspectives on Politics•2017

  • Are today’s youth more tolerant? Trends in tolerance among young people in Britain

    Open Access•J G Janmaat, A Keating•Ethnicities•2019

  • White Flight” or Positive Contact? Local Diversity and Attitudes to Immigration in Britain

    Open Access•Eric Kaufmann, Gareth Harris•Comparative Political Studies•2015

  • Public Attitudes Toward Immigration

    Jens Hainmueller, D J Hopkins•Annual Review of Political Science•2014

  • Acculturating Contexts and Anglo Opposition to Immigration in the United States

    Open Access•Benjamin J Newman•American Journal of Political…•2013

  • Places and Preferences

    Open Access•Aina Gallego, Franz Buscha et al.•British Journal of Political…•2016

  • A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory

    T F Pettigrew, Linda R Tropp•Journal of Personality and Social…•2006

  • Levels or changes

    Open Access•Eric Kaufmann•Electoral Studies•2017

  • The Sociology of the Radical Right

    Jens Rydgren•Annual Review of Sociology•2007

  • Ethnic Diversity and Its Effects on Social Cohesion

    Tom Van Der Meer, T W G Tom Van Der Meer et al.•Annual Review of Sociology•2014

  • Educated Preferences or Selection Effects? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Educational Attainment on Attitudes Towards Immigrants

    B Lancee, Oriane Sarrasin•European Sociological Review•2015

  • Explaining Membership in the British National Party

    M Biggs, Knau et al.•European Sociological Review•2012

  • Ethnic Competition and Opposition to Ethnic Intermarriage in the Netherlands

    J Tolsma, Marcel Lubbers et al.•European Sociological Review•2007

  • The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes

    Open Access•Elmar Schlueter, Peer Scheepers•Social Science Research•2010

  • Losing Wallets, Retaining Trust? The Relationship Between Ethnic Heterogeneity and Trusting Coethnic and Non-coethnic Neighbours and Non-neighbours to Return a Lost Wallet

    Open Access•J Tolsma, T W G Tom Van Der Meer et al.•Social Indicators Research•2017

Unique citing works73
Citations per year10,43
Citation span2019 - 2026 (8)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 72
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae