Immigration System, Labor Market Structures, and Overeducation of High-Skilled Immigrants in the United States and Canada

Bibliographic Data

ID11383471
AuthorsYao Lu (0000-0002-6715-4640, Columbia University, Knox Hall, New York, NY, USA, corresponding author), Feng Hou (0000-0002-4394-2167, Statistics Canada, Tunney’s Pasture Driveway Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)
Year2020
Volume54
Issue4
Pages1072-1103
Publication date2020-12-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Migration Review (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0197-9183 • E-ISSN: 1747-7379
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/0197918319901263
OpenAlexW3003919673
LanguageEN
Citations received24
References cited50

Why do high-skilled Canadian immigrants lag behind their US counterparts in labor-market outcomes, despite Canada’s merit-based immigration selection system and more integrative context? This article investigates a mismatch between immigrants’ education and occupations, operationalized by overeducation, as an explanation. Using comparable data and three measures of overeducation, we find that university-educated immigrant workers in Canada are consistently much more likely to be overeducated than their US peers and that the immigrant–native gap in the overeducation rate is remarkably higher in Canada than in the United States. This article further examines how the cross-national differences are related to labor-market structures and selection mechanisms for immigrants. Whereas labor-market demand reduces the likelihood of immigrant overeducation in both countries, the role of supply-side factors varies: a higher supply of university-educated immigrants is positively associated with the likelihood of overeducation in Canada, but not in the United States, pointing to an oversupply of high-skilled immigrants relative to Canada’s smaller economy. Also, in Canada the overeducation rate is significantly lower for immigrants who came through employer selection (i.e., those who worked in Canada before obtaining permanent residence) than for those admitted directly from abroad through the point system. Overall, the findings suggest that a merit-based immigration system likely works better when it takes into consideration domestic labor-market demand and the role of employer selection

Context (archaeology · Demographic economics · Economics · Geography · Immigration · Immigration policy · Labour economics · Operationalization · Political science · Residence · Employment and Welfare Studies · Migration and Labor Dynamics · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy