An Archaeological Case of Cleft Lip and Palate in Late Imperial China (1796–1820 ce ) and Its Social Implications

Bibliographic Data

ID12371472
AuthorsXiaofan Sun (0000-0002-6650-8507, Jilin University), Yan Liu (0000-0002-1612-779X, Institute of Archaeology), Anqi Wang (0000-0002-8301-6248, Xinjiang University), Jun Cao (0000-0002-7397-4717, Institute of Archaeology), Quanchao Zhang (0000-0002-0863-5751, Jilin University, corresponding author), Qian Wang (0000-0002-8601-749X, corresponding author)
Year2026
Volume36
Issue2
Pages433-445
Publication date2026-03-17
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal of Osteoarchaeology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1047-482X • E-ISSN: 1099-1212
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/oa.70095
OpenAlexW7138911770
LanguageEN
References cited21

As a congenital defect, orofacial clefts, if untreated, would lead to biological and social challenges. In addition to the requirements of intense care immediately after birth, orofacial clefting can cause lifelong difficulties with eating and speaking, with the possibility of social marginalization and exclusion. In this study, a young male (16–18 years) with signs of congenital craniofacial anomalies from the Wenchi cemetery in northern China from the Qing Dynasty (1796–1820 ce ) was investigated. Macroscopic and CT analyses showed a defective right primary palate including the alveolar arch and defective bilateral secondary palates, in addition to a severe deviation of the nasal septum. These features suggested a birth defect of unilateral cleft lip and bilateral cleft palate. Despite these conditions, the individual was interred in a formal family tomb with standard grave goods and in association with an adult female, suggesting full integration into his community. The person survived the critical period of growth and development after birth and his remains were not tainted by shame. However, the death of the individual at such a young age suggests the innate frailty or vulnerability of children with birth defects. This is the first case of cleft lip and palate from an archaeological context in China. The study not only enriches our knowledge of the history of congenital craniofacial anomalies but also provides rare insight into historical caregiving and inclusive social attitudes toward individuals with visible birth defects in late imperial China

China · Context (archaeology · Craniofacial · Family history · Grave goods · History of China · Vulnerability (computing · Cleft Lip and Palate Research · Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies · Oral and Craniofacial Lesions