Improving Toilet Usability and Cleanliness in Public Schools in the Philippines Using a Packaged Operation and Maintenance Intervention
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 15469245 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Denise Duijster (0000-0002-4503-8403, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, corresponding author), Bella Monse (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), Marvin Marquez (0000-0003-4767-2317, University of the Philippines Diliman), Ubo Pakes (University of the Philippines Cebu), Nicole Stauf (The Health Bureau Ltd., Whiteleaf Business Center, 11 Little Balmer, Buckingham MK18 1TF, UK), Habib Benzian (0000-0003-3692-4849, New York University) |
| Year | 2022 |
| Volume | 19 |
| Issue | 16 |
| Pages | 10059-10059 |
| Publication date | 2022-08-15 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1661-7827 • E-ISSN: 1660-4601 |
| Publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (PUBLISHER • CH) |
| DOI | 10.3390/ijerph191610059 |
| PMID | 36011699 |
| OpenAlex | W4292068986 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 2 |
| References cited | 22 |
This study evaluated the impact of packaged interventions for operation and maintenance (O&M) on the usability and cleanliness of toilets in public schools in the Philippines. In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, the divisions of Roxas City and Passi City were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Schools in Roxas City (n = 14) implemented the packaged O&M interventions; schools in Passi City (n = 16) formed the control group. Outcome variables were toilet usability-defined as accessible, functional and private-and toilet cleanliness, measured using the Sanitation Assessment Tool (SAT) and the Cleaner Toilets, Brighter Future (CTBF) instruments at baseline and at four months follow-up through direct observation of school toilets. SAT results showed that intervention schools had a 32.0% (4.6%; 59.3%) higher percentage of usable toilets than control schools at follow-up after full adjustment ( p = 0.024). CTBF results found a similar result, although this was not statistically significant ( p = 0.119). The percentage of toilets that were fully clean was 27.1% (3.7%; 50.6%) higher in intervention schools than in control schools after adjustment ( p = 0.025). SAT results also showed an improvement in cleanliness of toilets in intervention schools compared to those in controls, but this did not remain significant after adjustment. The findings indicate that the additional implementation of O&M interventions can further stimulate progress towards reaching Water, Sanitation and Hygiene service levels aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals
Business · Control (management · Environmental health · Hygiene · Intervention (counseling · Psychological intervention · Sanitation · Toilet · Usability · Child Nutrition and Water Access · Computer Science · Global Maternal and Child Health · Medicine · Nursing
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| Unique citing works | 2 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2025 (1) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 2 |