Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Dark Triad Traits, Social Position, and Personality

A Cross-Cultural Study

Bibliographic Data

ID18971069
AuthorsAnton Aluja (0000-0002-7865-0287, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research, IRBLleida. University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, corresponding author), Luis F García (0000-0002-5343-0050, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Luis F Garcı́a (0000-0001-6330-0535, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Jérôme Rossier (0000-0002-9924-3672, University of Lausanne), Fritz Ostendorf (0000-0001-9072-443X, University of Bielefeld, Germany), Joseph Glicksohn (0000-0001-5584-177X, Bar-Ilan University), Oumar Barry (0000-0002-5893-6149, Cheikh Anta Diop University), Barry Oumar (University Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegal), Tarek Bellaj (0000-0001-6673-5040, Qatar University, Qatar), Willibald Ruch (0000-0001-5368-3616, University of Zurich), Wei Wang (0000-0001-5806-2368, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China), Zsuzsanna Suranyi (Károli Gáspár University, Hungary), Dawid Ścigała (The Maria Grzegorzewska University in Warsaw, Poland), Dawid Konrad Ścigała (0000-0003-1409-5218, Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education), Đorđe Čekrlija (0000-0001-8177-8663, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia-Herzegovina), Adam W Stivers (0000-0002-7246-4002, Gonzaga University), Lisa Di Blas (0000-0002-1374-2535, University of Trieste), Mauricio Valdivia (Universidad Autónoma de Chile), Mauricio Valdivia Devia (0000-0002-1544-5753, Universidad Autónoma de Chile), Sonia Ben Jemaa (University of Tunis, Tunisia), Kokou A Atitsogbe (0000-0003-3469-1738, University of Lomé, Togo), Michel Hansenne (0000-0002-3478-4953, University of Liège)
Year2022
Volume53
Issue3-4
Pages380-402
Publication date2022-04-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-0221 • E-ISSN: 1552-5422
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/00220221211072816
OpenAlexW4225692979
LanguageEN
Citations received16
References cited83

This research explores the Dark Triad traits in 18 cultures from Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. We examined the relationships among Dark Triad traits, as measured by the SD3, with gender, age, social status, and two personality models, HEXACO and Zuckerman’s alternative five factor model (AFFM). There were 10,298 participants (5,410 women and 4,888 men) with a mean age of 40.31 ( SD = 17.32) years old. Between 6% and 16% of the variance in the Dark Triad traits was accounted by culture. Men scored higher than women on all three traits in most cultures, but gender differences were generally larger in European countries. The relationship between the Dark Triad traits dimensions and age is negative, but the largest effect size is small (Psychopathy; η 2 = .018). Psychopathy is associated with low Social Position, and Narcissism with high Social Position. In regard to Personality traits, Narcissism is positively related to Extraversion, and Psychopathy is negatively related to Conscientiousness for the HEXACO, and Narcissism is positively related to Activity and Sensation Seeking, and Machiavellianism and Psychopathy are positively related to Aggressiveness and Sensation Seeking for the AFFM

Big Five personality traits · Conscientiousness · Dark triad · Developmental psychology · Extraversion and introversion · Machiavellianism · Narcissism · Personality · Psychopathy · Sensation Seeking · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies · Personality Traits and Psychology · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • When the Boss Is Always Right

    Open Access•Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi, Milagros Isabel Rivas Mendoza et al.•Business Strategy and the…•2026

  • Seeing the darkness

    Open Access•Danielle Haroun, Yaarit Amram et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Testing the cognitive niche hypothesis with structural equation modeling

    Open Access•Jonas Caio Costa Porfírio, M A C Varella•Current Psychology•2023

  • A machine learning approach for analyzing sexual satisfaction based on psychological features

    Open Access•Duban Romero, Lihki Rubio et al.•Current Psychology•2025

  • The light side of darkness

    Open Access•Faramarz Ebn-Abbasi, Nazila Fattahi et al.•Studies in Second Language…•2025

  • Bullying perpetration and Hexaco personality

    Open Access•Ann H Farrell, Natalie Spadafora et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Income Is a Stronger Predictor of Subjective Social Class in More Economically Unequal Places

    Open Access•Youngju Kim, Nicolas Sommet•Personality and Social Psychology…•2025

  • Sexismo y tríada oscura de la personalidad en adolescentes

    Open Access•María Patricia Navas, José Antonio Gómez Fraguela et al.•Revista Latinoamericana de…•2022

  • Do People Get the Friends They Want? A Cross‐Cultural Investigation

    Open Access•M Apostolou, Mark J M Sullman et al.•International Journal of Psychology•2026

  • Factor invariance of the Humor Styles Questionnaire and its relationship with the Hexaco personality model in a Spanish community sample

    Open Access•Đorđe Čekrlija, Ferran Balada et al.•European Journal of Humour Research•2023

  • Cross-Cultural Examination of the Bifactor Structure and Network Invariance of Dark Triad Items Across Four Countries

    Open Access•Cristian Ramos‐vera, Dennis Calle et al.•Interpersona An International…•2024

  • Impact of Dark Triad personality traits on Covid-19 vaccination uptake and prevention efforts

    Open Access•Sophia Bock, Sebastian Neumann‐Böhme et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • The (in)distinguishability of Machiavellianism and psychopathy? Discovering the daily dynamics

    Open Access•Dawid Walczak, Radosław Rogoza et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2026

  • Paradise for the self-interested? The association between economic inequality and the Dark Triad

    Open Access•Xueli Zhu, Lei Cheng et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2024

  • The dark triad and social relationships

    Polina Afanaseva, Polina Valeriyevna Afanaseva et al.•Journal of Human Behavior in the…•2026

  • The origins of darkness

    Open Access•Anthony A Volk, Andrew V Dane et al.•Evolution and Human Behavior•2025

  • Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance

    Roger E Millsap•Statistical Approaches to…•2012

  • Tucker's Congruence Coefficient as a Meaningful Index of Factor Similarity

    Open Access•Urbano Lorenzo‐Seva, Jos M F Ten Berge•Methodology•2006

  • Subjective socioeconomic status and adolescent health

    Open Access•Elizabeth C Quon, Elizabeth Quon et al.•Health Psychology•2014

  • Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis.

    Marieke E Timmerman, Urbano Lorenzo‐Seva•Psychological Methods•2011

  • Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood

    Open Access•Mika Kivimäki, George David Batty et al.•The Lancet Public Health•2020

  • The place of impulsiveness in a dimensional system of personality description

    Open Access•Sybil B G Eysenck, H J Eysenck•British Journal of Social and…•1977

  • The dark triad and normal personality traits

    Open Access•Sharon Jakobwitz, Vincent Egan•Personality and Individual…•2006

  • The dirty dozen

    P K Jonason, Gregory D Webster•Psychological Assessment•2010

  • Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3)

    Open Access•Daniel N Jones, Delroy L Paulhus•Assessment•2014

  • Differences among dark triad components

    Colin E Vize, Donald R Lynam et al.•Personality Disorders: Theory,…•2018

  • The Hexaco-60

    Michael C Ashton, Michael Ashton et al.•Journal of Personality Assessment•2009

  • The Dark Triad of Personality

    Open Access•A Furnham, Steven C Richards et al.•Social and Personality Psychology…•2013

  • Socioeconomic status, stressful life situations and mental health problems in children and adolescents

    Open Access•Franziska Reiß, Ann-Katrin Meyrose et al.•PLoS ONE•2019

  • A revised version of the psychoticism scale

    Open Access•Sybil B G Eysenck, H J Eysenck et al.•Personality and Individual…•1985

  • The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality

    Open Access•Daniel N Jones, Delroy L Paulhus•Personality and Individual…•2011

  • Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the Hexaco model of personality structure

    Open Access•Kibeom Lee, Michael C Ashton•Personality and Individual…•2005

  • A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5

    Open Access•Philip A Vernon, Vanessa Villani et al.•Personality and Individual…•2008

  • A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non‐normal Likert variables

    Open Access•Bengt Muthén, D M Kaplan et al.•British Journal of Mathematical…•1985

  • Why item parcels are (almost) never appropriate

    Herbert W Marsh, Oliver Lüdtke et al.•Psychological Methods•2013

  • The Malevolent Side of Human Nature

    Open Access•Peter Muris, Harald Merckelbach et al.•Perspectives on Psychological…•2017

  • A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis

    Open Access•John L Horn•Psychometrika•1965

  • Social class and mental illness

    August B Hollingshead, Fredrick C Redlich•1958

  • The good, the bad, and the ugly

    Open Access•Bojana M Dinić, Anja Wertag et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • To Parcel or Not to Parcel

    Todd D Little, William A Cunningham et al.•Structural Equation Modeling: A…•2002

  • Wealth and the Inflated Self

    Open Access•Paul K Piff•Personality and Social Psychology…•2013

  • Using Parcels to Convert Path Analysis Models Into Latent Variable Models

    Donna L Coffman, Robert C Maccallum•Multivariate Behavioral Research•2005

  • Remarks on Parallel Analysis

    Andreas Buja, Nermin Eyuboglu•Multivariate Behavioral Research•1992

  • A Meta‐Analytic Test of Redundancy and Relative Importance of the Dark Triad and Five‐Factor Model of Personality

    Open Access•Ernest H O''Boyle, Ernest H O'Boyle et al.•Journal of Personality•2015

  • Exploring the stability of Hexaco‐60 structure and the association of gender, age, and social position with personality traits across 18 countries

    Open Access•Luis F Garcı́a, Anton Aluja et al.•Journal of Personality•2022

  • Sex differences in Hexaco personality characteristics across countries and ethnicities

    Open Access•Kibeom Lee, Michael C Ashton•Journal of Personality•2020

  • Country‐level correlates of the Dark Triad traits in 49 countries

    Open Access•P K Jonason, Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al.•Journal of Personality•2020

  • The psychological structure of aggression across cultures

    Open Access•Laura Severance, Lan Bui‐Wrzosinska et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2013

  • Psychological Symptoms Affecting Low-Income Urban Youth

    Open Access•Kathryn E Grant, Brian Katz et al.•Journal of Adolescent Research•2004

  • Individual differences in narcissism

    Open Access•Joshua D Foster, W Keith Campbell et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2003

  • The Dark Triad of personality

    Open Access•Delroy L Paulhus, Kevin M Williams•Journal of Research in Personality•2002

  • Is the Dark Triad common factor distinct from low Honesty-Humility

    Open Access•Gordon Hodson, Angela Book et al.•Journal of Research in Personality•2018

  • Non-invariance? An Overstated Problem With Misconceived Causes

    Open Access•Christian Welzel, Lennart Brunkert et al.•Sociological Methods & Research•2023

  • Socioeconomic Achievement and the Machiavellian Personality

    Charles F Turner, Daniel C Martinez•Sociometry•1977

  • Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory

    Robert R Mccrae, Alan B Zonderman et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1996

  • Can sociocultural and historical mechanisms influence the development of borderline personality disorder

    Open Access•Joel Paris, Eric Lis•Transcultural Psychiatry•2013

  • Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit

    Open Access•Michael W Browne, Robert Cudeck•Sociological Methods & Research•1992

  • Countries and Cultural Differences in the Stigma of Mental Illness

    Open Access•Anne C Krendl, Bernice A Pescosolido•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•2020

Unique citing works16
Citations per year4
Citation span2022 - 2026 (5)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 16
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae