Unmasking Masculinity
Biological, Behavioral, and Social Determinants of Testosterone Deficiency in U.S. Men, 2011–2023
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21748748 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Andrew Goulian (0000-0002-4658-2451, California Northstate University, corresponding author), Atieh Ashkezari (New York Institute of Technology), Sriram V Eleswarapu (0000-0003-1852-4833, University of California, Los Angeles) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Volume | 20 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 15579883261433808-15579883261433808 |
| Publication date | 2026-03-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Journal of Men s Health (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1557-9883 • E-ISSN: 1557-9891 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1177/15579883261433808 |
| PMID | 41992512 |
| OpenAlex | W7154688218 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 31 |
Testosterone deficiency in men is often attributed to aging or biology, yet hormone levels also reflect social determinants of health (SoDH) and masculinity-related stressors. This study applied the Healthy People 2030 SoDH framework to examine biological, behavioral, and social predictors of testosterone deficiency in U.S. men. Data were analyzed from four National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (2011–2016 and 2021–2023), including 10,357 men aged ≥18 years with valid total testosterone measurements. Men reporting exogenous testosterone therapy were excluded. Testosterone deficiency was defined as total serum testosterone P -trend P P P
Androgen deficiency · Biopsychosocial model · Logistic regression · National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey · Obesity · Odds · Socioeconomic status · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Hormonal and reproductive studies · Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |