Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Police Use Of Force And Suspect Resistance

The Micro Process Of The Police-Suspect Encounter

Bibliographic Data

ID23321377
AuthorsWilliam Terrill (0000-0002-3076-1869, Northeastern University, corresponding author)
Year2003
Volume6
Issue1
Pages51-83
Publication date2003-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePolice Quarterly (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1098-6111 • E-ISSN: 1552-745X
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/1098611102250584
OpenAlexW1965595881
LanguageEN
Citations received62
References cited15

Using data collected as part of an observational study of the police in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida, this research examines 3,544 police-suspect encounters in an attempt to better understand the application of nonlethal force and the relationship between officer use of force and suspect resistance. More specifically, it examines the extent of and variation in force and resistance and the interplay between the two. Results show that when both verbal and physical forms of coercion are considered, force occurs quite frequently—in more than half of all encounters. Conversely, suspects displayed some form of resistance in 12% of all encounters. When multiple uses of force and resistance within individual encounters are considered, the frequency of both behaviors increases substantially. In addition, a majority of both forceful and resistant behaviors fall on the lower end of continuum (e.g., verbal commands as opposed to striking with a baton). Encounters that began with some form of force resulted in a greater frequency of subsequent suspect resistance and an increased use of additional force at some later point in the encounters—calling into question the utility of a “take charge” approach to maintaining control within police-suspect encounters.

Coercion (linguistics) · Criminology · Interrogation · Officer · Political science · Resistance (ecology) · Suspect · Use of force · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Law · Policing Practices and Perceptions · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Trends in police research

    Brad Bartholomew, Jennifer C Gibbs et al.•Police Practice and Research•2009

  • Systematic Social Observation of the Police in the 21st Century

    Open Access•John D Mccluskey, John Mccluskey et al.•Systematic Social Observation of…•2023

  • Situational Breakdowns

    Anne Nassauer•Situational Breakdowns•2019

  • Understanding Police Use of Force

    Open Access•Geoffrey P Alpert, Roger G Dunham•Understanding Police Use of Force•2004

  • Police use of force

    William Terrill•Justice Quarterly•2005

  • Procedural Injustice, Lost Legitimacy, and Self-Help

    Open Access•Jacinta M Gau, Rod K Brunson•Journal of Contemporary Criminal…•2015

  • Theoretische Überlegungen zur Entstehung von Gewalt in Protesten

    Open Access•A Nassauer•Berliner Journal für Soziologie•2015

  • Effective crowd policing

    Open Access•A Nassauer•Policing: An International…•2015

  • The Regular Routine”

    Open Access•Nikki Jones•New Directions for Child and…•2014

  • The perceived effectiveness of collaborative approaches to address domestic violence

    Danielle M Mclaughlin, Danielle Mclaughlin et al.•Public Management Review•2021

  • Applying Video-Based Systematic Social Observation to Police Use of Force Encounters

    William Terrill, Laura Zimmerman et al.•Justice Quarterly•2023

  • Psychological and sociological factors influencing police officers' decisions to use force

    Open Access•Sébastien Cojean, Nicolas Combalbert et al.•International Journal of Law and…•2020

  • Reasonability-of-force assessments mediate the link between police experience and use-of-force decision making

    Open Access•Vivian P Ta, Brian Lande et al.•The Police Journal Theory…•2025

  • The geographic concentration of use of force incidents at subway stations mimics the law of crime concentration bandwidths

    Open Access•Evan T Sorg, Kimberly Houser et al.•The Police Journal Theory…•2021

  • The Criminal Police Officer

    Open Access•F D Boateng, D K Pryce et al.•Crime & Delinquency•2023

  • A quasi-experimental evaluation of Radar

    Colin Gill, Charlotte Gill et al.•Police Practice and Research•2025

  • The use, effectiveness, and hazards associated with police use of force

    Meghan S Stroshine, Steven G Brandl•Police Practice and Research•2020

  • Trends in Police Research

    Jennifer C Gibbs, Karen Beckman et al.•Police Practice and Research•2006

  • College students’ perceptions of police use of force

    Alicia A Girgenti-Malone, Carla Khoder et al.•Police Practice and Research•2017

  • Use of vascular neck restraints in law enforcement

    Matthew J Hickman, Robert M Scales et al.•Police Practice and Research•2021

  • Police Crime

    Open Access•Philip Matthew Stinson•Sociology Compass•2015

  • Toward a National Estimate of Police Use of Nonlethal Force

    Open Access•Matthew J Hickman, Alex R Piquero et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2008

  • Gun victimization in the line of duty

    Open Access•Michael Sierra-Arévalo, Justin Nix•Criminology & Public Policy•2020

  • Assessing the impact of de‐escalation training on police behavior

    Open Access•Robin S Engel, Nicholas Corsaro et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2022

  • The more things change, the more they stay the same

    Open Access•John J Sloan, Eugene A Paoline et al.•Criminology & Public Policy•2025

  • Deadly Force

    Open Access•William Terrill•Criminology & Public Policy•2016

  • The elusive nature of reasonableness

    Open Access•William Terrill•Criminology & Public Policy•2009

  • There’s No Crying in Police Work

    Open Access•Amanda L Farrell, Elizabeth Monk-Turner et al.•Gender Issues•2017

  • Police officer procedural justice self-assessments

    Alistair Fildes, Kristina Murphy et al.•Policing & Society•2017

  • Revisiting the demeanour effect

    Open Access•Hans Myhre Sunde, Don Weenink et al.•Policing & Society•2023

  • The effect of police use of force on mental health problems of prisoners

    Benjamin Meade, Benjamin Steiner et al.•Policing & Society•2015

  • Police use of force and neighbourhood characteristics

    Kim Michelle Lersch, Thomas D Bazley et al.•Policing & Society•2008

  • What were they thinking? Factors influencing police recruits’ decisions about force

    Kelly Hine, Kelly A Hine et al.•Policing & Society•2018

  • Too much or too little? Individual and situational predictors of police force relative to suspect resistance

    Kelly Hine, Kelly A Hine et al.•Policing & Society•2016

  • The understated ugly side of police–citizen encounters

    Kelly Hine, Kelly A Hine et al.•Policing & Society•2016

  • Procedural justice as a reward to the compliant

    Leanne Savigar-Shaw, Matthew Radburn et al.•Policing & Society•2021

  • I Will Be Out There Every Day Strong!” Protest Policing and Future Activism Among Ferguson and Baltimore Protesters

    Open Access•Jennifer E Cobbina, Jennifer E Cobbina-Dungy et al.•Sociological Forum•2019

  • Does Physical Capacity Affect the Ability to Apply Use of Force

    Open Access•Kenneth M Henze, Lars Kaae Klausen et al.•Nordic Journal of Studies in…•2022

  • How Does it End Well

    Open Access•Hans Myhre Sunde•Nordic Journal of Studies in…•2024

  • Reducing Fatal Police Shootings as System Crashes

    Lawrence W Sherman•Annual Review of Criminology•2017

  • Creating 'Windows of Opportunity

    Open Access•Laura D Keesman•Symbolic Interaction•2024

  • A Comprehensive Examination on Police Use of Force From Individual, Situational, and Structural Perspectives

    Open Access•Sungil Han, Jennifer Laprade et al.•Race and Justice•2026

  • Contextualizing race

    Ronald Helms, S E Costanza•Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal…•2020

  • Reasonable force

    Open Access•Barry J Ryan•Review of International Studies•2013

  • Touching Like a State

    Open Access•Keith Woodward, Mario Bruzzone•Antipode•2015

  • Thinking fast, not slow

    Open Access•Daniel P Mears, Miltonette Olivia Craig et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2017

  • Police use of force at street segments

    Open Access•Seyvan Nouri•Journal of Criminal Justice•2021

  • Officer force versus suspect resistance

    Open Access•Thomas D Bazley, Kim Michelle Lersch et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2007

  • Scripting police escalation of use of force through conjunctive analysis of body-worn camera footage

    Open Access•Victoria A Sytsma, Vijay F Chillar et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2021

  • Procedural justice during police-citizen encounters

    Open Access•Mengyan Dai, James Frank et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2011

  • The influence of strain on law enforcement legitimacy evaluations

    Open Access•Frank Ferdik, Frank V Ferdik•Journal of Criminal Justice•2014

  • The “war on cops,” retaliatory violence, and the murder of George Floyd

    Open Access•Michael Sierra-Arévalo, Justin Nix et al.•Criminology•2023

  • Situational factors and police use of force across micro‐time intervals

    Open Access•Eric L Piza, Nathan T Connealy et al.•Criminology•2023

  • Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States

    Rod K Brunson, Jody Miller•The British Journal of Criminology•2006

  • Race, Gender, and Responses to the Police Among Ferguson Residents and Protesters

    Open Access•Jennifer E Cobbina, Jennifer E Cobbina-Dungy et al.•Race and Justice•2019

  • Complaints about police misconduct have adverse effects for Black civilians

    Open Access•Patrick W Kraft, Benjamin J Newman•Political Science Research and…•2024

  • Video Data Analysis and Police Body-Worn Camera Footage

    Open Access•John D Mccluskey, Craig D Uchida•Sociological Methods & Research•2023

  • Drunk and angry is no way to enjoy the outdoors

    Ryan Van Patten, Ryan Patten•International Journal of…•2012

  • Suspect, Officer, and Situational Dynamics Underlying Violent Resistance Against Police

    Isabo Goormans, Christophe Vandeviver•Deviant Behavior•2024

  • What is the Difference between Slave Patrols and Modern Day Policing? Institutional Violence in a Community of Color

    Open Access•Marlese Durr•Critical Sociology•2015

  • Action accounts of police-civilian interactions

    Open Access•Laura D Keesman•Poetics•2022

  • Social Media Users' Interpretations of the Sandra Bland Arrest Video

    Open Access•Brian Pitman, Asha M Ralph et al.•Race and Justice•2019

  • Police power

    Paul Chevigny•Police power•1969

  • The tactical choices of police patrol officers

    Open Access•David H Bayley•Journal of Criminal Justice•1986

  • Administrative interventions on police shooting discretion

    Open Access•James J Fyfe•Journal of Criminal Justice•1979

  • Policing

    Open Access•Dilip K Das•Journal of Criminal Justice•1985

  • The Violent Police-Citizen Encounter

    Open Access•Arnold Binder, Peter Scharf•The Annals of the American…•1980

  • The Regulation of Interaction by Police

    Open Access•Richard E Sykes, Edward E Brent et al.•Criminology•1980

  • The Management of Violence by Police Patrol Officers

    Open Access•David H Bayley, JAMES GAROFALO•Criminology•1989

  • Police brutality-answers to key questions

    Open Access•Albert J Reis, Albert J Reiss•Trans-action•1968

Unique citing works62
Citations per year2,82
Citation span2004 - 2026 (23)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 61
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae