Willingness to Communicate in the Second Language
Understanding the Decision to Speak as a Volitional Process
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23338192 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Peter D Macintyre (0000-0002-1085-6692, Cape Breton University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2007 |
| Volume | 91 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 564-576 |
| Publication date | 2007-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Modern Language Journal (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0026-7902 • E-ISSN: 1540-4781 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00623.x |
| OpenAlex | W2132229198 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 149 |
| References cited | 57 |
Previous research has devoted a great deal of attention to describing the long‐term patterns and relationships among trait‐level or situation‐specific variables. The present discussion extracts kernels of wisdom, based on the literatures on language anxiety and language learning motivation, that are used to frame the argument that choosing to initiate communication at a particular moment in time can be conceptualized as a volitional (freely chosen) process. The result is a degree of willingness to communicate (WTC) with the potential to rise and fall rapidly as the situation changes. Previous research based on both qualitative and quantitative methodologies is described that demonstrates the complexity of the processes involved in creating WTC. It is argued that methodologies must be adapted to focus upon the dynamic process of choosing to initiate or avoid second language communication when the opportunity arises.
Anxiety · Argument (complex analysis) · Cognitive psychology · Focus (optics) · Frame (networking) · Process (computing) · Trait · Willingness to communicate · Computer Science · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies · Psychology · Second Language Learning and Teaching · Social Psychology
Introducing positive psychology to SLA
Enjoyment and anxiety in second language communication
Positive and negative emotions underlie motivation for L2 learning
Teacher support, grit and L2 willingness to communicate
Speaking an additional language
Perceptions of Saudi EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate in the Extramural Digital Context
A Practical Study on Foreign Language Anxiety of College Students in Online Classes
An Ecological Study of Foreign Language Writing Anxiety in English as a Foreign Language Classroom
Exploring the Fluctuations of Foreign Language Enjoyment in Conversation
Leveraging asynchronous speaking tasks to promote willingness and confidence to speak in Spanish
An exploration of Indonesian EFL learners’ unwillingness to communicate
Enhancing Efl Students’ Willingness to Communicate
Calm down
Validity and Predictiveness of the 2 × 2 Model of L2 Self‐Guides
Speaking anxiety and task complexity effects on second language speech
South Korean students' responses to English-medium instruction courses
Mester 52 - Digital Version (PDF)
Using Nearpod for Pronunciation Training in Elementary Spanish Courses
Schrödinger's turn
Cognitive and Sociopsychological Individual Differences, Experience, and Naturalistic Second Language Speech Learning
The Effects of Physical Movement on Language Learners’ Self-Confidence and Willingness to Communicate
Pronunciation Fundamentals
Emotions that facilitate language learning
The Changing Face of Language Learning
The relationship between incommensurable emotions and willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language
Situated willingness to communicate in an L2
The Motion of Emotion
Classroom social climate, self-determined motivation, willingness to communicate, and achievement
Learner-internal and learner-external predictors of Willingness to Communicate in the FL Classroom
Willingness to Communicate and Cross-cultural Adaptation
Silence in the Second Language Classrooms of Japanese Universities
Multi-word expressions and communicative engagement
A Dynamic System Approach to Willingness to Communicate
Mediating role of students’ self-assessment in the relationships among EFL students’ L2 grit, motivation, and willingness to communicate
Examining the Role of Foreign Language Anxiety and Attachment Style in Willingness to Communicate
The melody of language learning at intermediate and upper levels
Unpacking Learners’ Global Perspective and Willingness to Communicate in English among Different English Proficiency University Students in China
Self-positioning, perceived inadequacy, and communicative disengagement among adolescent EFL learners
Fueling the urge to speak
The idiodynamic method as an innovative research tool in L2 motivation
Impact of teacher support on L2WTC
The relationship between Chinese EFL college students’ emotional intelligence and willingness to communicate
Effects of task interactivity and willingness to communicate on speech fluency in second language learning tasks
Exploring the interplay of L2 motivational self system, communication anxiety, growth language mindset, and L2WTC
Bibliometric analysis of willingness to communicate in the English as a second language (ESL) context
Personalized language learning with an LLM chatbot
The Effects of ESL Immersion and Proficiency on Learners’ Pronunciation Development
Willingness to Communicate and Second Language Proficiency
The Role of Positive and Negative Emotions in Shaping Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language
Foreign Language Enjoyment, L2 Grit, and Perceived Teacher Support in Tesol Contexts
“I can come up with more things when I’m happy, or especially when I’m angry”
Comics as a multimodal resource and students’ willingness to communicate in Russian
Fostering spiritual intelligence and a concomitant development of WTC in EFL learners
Perceived autonomy supportive and culturally responsive environments contribute to international students’ participation and willingness to communicate
How can L2 motivational self system enhance willingness to communicate? The contribution of foreign language enjoyment and anxiety
Enjoyment and Grit as mediators between informal digital learning English, basic psychology needs, and willingness to communicate among English as a foreign language university students
Establishing ties or strengthening friendships? Students' use of online social networks in intercultural friendship development
Willingness to communicate/participate’ in action
Spatial machine heuristic
Second language anxiety in conversation and its relationship with speakers’ perceptions of the interaction and their social networks
Embarrassment in English language classrooms
Fostering willingness to communicate in English
Exploring the hierarchical antecedents of willingness to communicate and its relationship with utterance fluency in learning Chinese as a foreign language
Investigating willingness to communicate in synchronous group discussion tasks
Speaking proficiency and affective effects in EFL
The evolving impact of virtual reality-based cultural immersion
Tertiary students' English language learning motivation
Motivation, anxiety, and willingness to communicate
A bidirectional comparison of English and Japanese learners' willingness to communicate in their foreign language
Demystifying the role of L2 speaking embarrassment and anxiety in the interaction of bilingual learners’ self-efficacy and willingness to communicate (WTC)
Accent stigmatization as a moderator of the relationship between perceived L2 proficiency and L2 use anxiety
Unequal translanguaging
“You can’t start a fire without a spark”. Enjoyment, anxiety, and the emergence of flow in foreign language classrooms
A Multi-Nation Validation Portfolio for a Willingness to Communicate Measure
Secondary school EFL students' in-class willingness to communicate in CLIL-based bilingual and non-bilingual programmes in Andalusia
From EFL to ESL
Motivation to learn Korean as L2 or L3 in a bilingual, bicultural community
Intercultural encounters and their influence on willingness to communicate in a second language other than English
A Cross-Cultural Study on Iranian and Arab L2 Learners’ Foreign Language Anxiety
Masculinity and Its Association with English-Speaking Anxiety, Self-compassion, and Perfectionistic Self-presentation
The Effect of Classroom Mastery Goals Structure on L2 Willingness to Communicate
Willingness to communicate from an English as an International Language (EIL) perspective
Motivation for participation or non-participation in group tasks
Towards a comprehensive concept of Willingness to Communicate
Pronunciation learner autonomy
Motivating lessons
Improving self-efficacy beliefs and English language proficiency through a summer intensive program
Willingness to communicate and action control
Action control, motivated strategies, and integrative motivation as predictors of language learning affect and the intention to continue learning French
The effects of study-abroad experiences on EFL learners' willingness to communicate, speaking abilities, and participation in classroom interaction
An investigation into EFL learners’ motivational dynamics during a group communicative task
A language ideological perspective on willingness to communicate
Dynamicity of motivation, anxiety and cooperativeness in a semester course
An examination of the dynamic feature of WTC through dyadic group interaction
From EFL to EMI
Improving EFL learners’ speaking skills and willingness to communicate via artificial intelligence-mediated interactions
Communicating in a second language
The impact of concordancing on English learners’ foreign language anxiety and enjoyment
Learners’ perceptions and attitudes
The roles of class social climate, language mindset, and emotions in predicting willingness to communicate in a foreign language
The principles of psychology.
Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom
Emotional Conservatism
Language Learning Motivation
Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language
Creating a Low‐Anxiety Classroom Environment
The polyvagal perspective
Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's Construct of Foreign Language Anxiety
Motivation and Motivating in the Foreign Language Classroom
Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety
Willingness to Communicate
Event self-importance, event rehearsal, and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory
The Effect of Affect on Foreign Language Learning
A Chinese Conceptualisation of Willingness to Communicate in ESL
The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale
An intergroup approach to second language acquisition
Education and bilingualism on the language frontier in Switzerland
Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition
Handbook of Language and Social Psychology
Motivation and Second Language Acquisition
Preliminary Evidence for the Reliability and Validity of a Foreign Language Anxiety Scale
A Mixed‐Methodology Investigation of the Linguistic and Affective Outcomes of Summer Study Abroad
Listening Comprehension Anxiety
Reevaluating Curricular Objectives Using Students' Perceived Needs
To Err Is Human
Anxiety and the True Beginner-False Beginner Dynamic in Beginning French and Spanish Classes
Motivational variables in second-language acquisition
Communication apprehension as temperamental expression
Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2
The relationship between sensation-seeking and Eysenck's dimensions of personality
Conceptualizing Motivation in Foreign-Language Learning
Subjective ethnolinguistic vitality
Motivation
The Subtle Effects of Language Anxiety on Cognitive Processing in the Second Language
Attitudes, Orientations, and Motivations in Language Learning
Motivation, Self-confidence, and Group Cohesion in the Foreign Language Classroom
Attitudes, Motivation, and Second Language Learning
Sex and Age Effects on Willingness to Communicate, Anxiety, Perceived Competence, and L2 Motivation Among Junior High School French Immersion Students
The Influence of Attitudes and Affect on Willingness to Communicate and Second Language Communication
Anxiety and Second-Language Learning
The Role of Gender and Immersion in Communication and Second Language Orientations
The Validation of Three Scales Measuring Anxiety at Different Stages of the Foreign Language Learning Process
Personality, Attitudes, and Affect as Predictors of Second Language Communication
Second Language Proficiency and Acculturation
| Unique citing works | 149 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 7,84 |
| Citation span | 2007 - 2026 (20) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 129 |