Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons

Maintainability or Reliability

Bibliographic Data

ID2575137
AuthorsPeter Bleed (University of Nebraska–Lincoln, corresponding author)
Year1986
Volume51
Issue4
Pages737-747
Publication date1986-10-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Antiquity (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-7316 • E-ISSN: 2325-5064
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.2307/280862
OpenAlexW1974820714
LanguageEN
Citations received407
References cited19

Design engineers share archaeologists' interest in material culture, but unlike archaeologists, engineers have developed concepts for determining the suitability of technical systems to perform specific tasks. Given the difficulty archaeologists face in developing theories of material culture, I suggest that guiding principles of engineering design offer potentially useful insights.In this article I discuss two design alternatives for optimizing the availability of any technical system - reliability and maintainability. Reliable systems are made so that they can be counted on to work when needed. Maintainable ones can easily be made to function if they are broken or not appropriate to the task at hand. Because these design alternatives have markedly different optimal applications and observably different physical characteristics, archaeologists can link the design of prehistoric weapons to environmental constraints and to specific hunting strategies. Ethnographic examples indicate that primitive hunters do use both reliable and maintainable systems in optimal situations

Business · Function (biology) · Maintainability · Reliability (semiconductor) · Risk analysis (engineering) · Software engineering · Systems engineering · Task (project management) · Work (physics) · Ancient Near East History · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · Computer Science · Engineering · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology

  • Climatic changes cause synchronous population dynamics and adaptive strategies among coastal hunter-gatherers in Holocene northern Europe

    Open Access•Erlend Kirkeng Jørgensen, Petro Pesonen et al.•Quaternary Research•2022

  • Os líticos de Lagoa Santa

    Francisco Antonio Pugliese Junior, Francisco Antonio Pugliese•2008

  • Evolutionary radiation of mid-Holocene lanceolate points from the highlands of the South Central Andes

    Open Access•Hernán Juan Muscio, M Cardillo•Cliodynamics The Journal of…•2023

  • Variabilidade tecnológica nos sítios líticos da região do Lajeado, Médio Rio Tocantins

    Open Access•Lucas De Melo Reis Bueno•Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e…•2016

  • How Do We Explain ‛Autistic Traits’ in European Upper Palaeolithic Art

    Open Access•P Spikins, Callum Scott et al.•Open Archaeology•2018

  • The role of working memory in the evolution of managed foraging

    T Wynn, Frederick L Coolidge et al.•Hunter Gatherer Research•2003

  • El Solutrense

    Open Access•L G Straus•Espacio Tiempo y Forma Serie I…•2013

  • Propuesta de clasificación técnica de los sistemas de explotación de las BN1G de producción (núcleos)

    Open Access•Nuria Castañeda Clemente•Espacio Tiempo y Forma Serie I…•1999

  • Design Space and Cultural Transmission

    Open Access•M J O''Brien, Michael J O’brien et al.•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2015

  • Atribución Causal a Traumas Craneofaciales en Muestras Del Norte De Patagonia (República Argentina)

    Open Access•Florencia Gordón•Magallania•2009

  • Design theory analysis of biface technology at the Botanie Lake Dam site (EcRj 15), south-central British Columbia

    Paul Ewonus•NEXUS The Canadian Student…•2009

  • Hunter-Gatherers and Neo-Darwinian Cultural Transmission

    Open Access•R L Bettinger, R Garvey et al.•Hunter-Gatherers•2015

  • Lithics in the land of the lightning brothers

    Open Access•Chris Clarkson•Lithics in the land of the…•2007

  • Lithic Technological Evolution

    A M Prenti, Anna Prentiss•Oxford Handbook of Cultural…•2023

  • Coalescence and Transcendence

    Rebecca Wragg Sykes•Oxford Handbook of Cognitive…•2023

  • To see a world in a hafted tool

    Open Access•R M Wragg Sykes•Settlement, Society and Cognition…•2015

  • Regional Reponses to Global Climate Change

    Open Access•P Veth, Sam Harper et al.•Interdisciplinary Contributions…•2024

  • Isolation, Exploration or Seasonal Migration? Investigating Technological Organization in the Late Middle Palaeolithic of Britain During Marine Isotope Stage 3

    Open Access•Rebecca Wragg Sykes, Rebecca M Wragg Sykes•Lithic Technological Organization…•2018

  • Stone Artifacts

    Open Access•Edward B Banning•Interdisciplinary Contributions…•2020

  • The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers

    Open Access•Robert L Kelly•Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers•2013

  • Factors Influencing the Use of Stone Projectile Tips

    Catherine J Ellis, Christopher J Ellis•Projectile Technology•1997

  • Four signposts on the road to technition

    Open Access•T Wynn, Frederick L Coolidge•Phenomenology and the Cognitive…•2025

  • A handful of fractured bifaces. “Caching” hunter-gatherer variability in the Tar River valley (Santa Cruz, Argentine Patagonia)

    Open Access•Silvana Espinosa, J B Belardi•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2019

  • Western European Micro-Blade Technology in “Pre-Clovis” Times

    L G Straus, Manuel R González-Morales et al.•PaleoAmerica•2025

  • Aterian lithic technology and settlement system in the Jebel Gharbi, North-Western Libya

    Open Access•Enza E Spinapolice, Elena A A Garcea•Quaternary International•2014

  • Territory and abiotic resources between 33 and 15.6 ka at Vale Boi (SW Portugal)

    Open Access•Telmo Pereira, Nuno Bicho et al.•Quaternary International•2016

  • Evidence of specialized resource exploitation by Modern Humans in Western Iberia associated to Pleistocene and Holocene extreme environmental conditions

    Open Access•Telmo Pereira, Patrícia Monteiro et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2022

  • Focus on the target. The importance of a transparent fracture terminology for understanding projectile points and projecting modes

    Open Access•Justin Coppe, Veerle Rots•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2017

  • A multivariate perspective on lithic technological organization at Housepit 54, Bridge River Site (EeRl4), British Columbia

    Open Access•A M Prenti, Thomas A Foor et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2020

  • Discerning invention/innovation processes in artifact design change

    Open Access•David K Thulman•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2024

  • Are there alternative adaptive strategies to human pro-sociality? The role of collaborative morality in the emergence of personality variation and autistic traits

    Open Access•P Spikins, Barry Wright et al.•Time and Mind•2016

  • Flaked Glass Assemblages from Two Plantation and Tenancy Sites in the Virginia Piedmont, United States

    Open Access•Graham A Callaway•International Journal of…•2025

  • Technological Change and the Archaeology of Emergent Colonialism in the Kingdom of Hawai‘i

    Open Access•James M Bayman•International Journal of…•2009

  • Differences in Manufacturing Traditions and Assemblage-Level Patterns

    Open Access•Kerstin Schillinger, Alex Mesoudi et al.•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2016

  • Lithic Modes A–I

    Open Access•J J Shea•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2012

  • School of Rocks

    Open Access•Tanner Z Kovach, Jayson P Gill•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2023

  • Using Radiocarbon Dates and Tool Design Principles to Assess the Role of Composite Slotted Bone Tool Technology at the Intersection of Adaptation and Culture-History

    Open Access•M A Manninen, Vitali Asheichyk et al.•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2021

  • From Stone to Metal

    Open Access•Francesca Manclossi, Steven A Rosen et al.•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2019

  • Practical and prestige technologies

    Open Access•Brian Hayden•Journal of Archaeological Method…•1998

  • Scalar Effects in Ground Slate Technology and the Adaptive Consequences for Circumpolar Maritime Hunter-Gatherers

    Open Access•Erlend Kirkeng Jørgensen•Journal of Archaeological Method…•2020

  • Behavioral Ecology and Archaeology

    Open Access•Douglas W Bird, J F O''Connell•Journal of Archaeological Research•2006

  • Natufian Hunter-Gatherers Fishing Strategies

    Open Access•D Rosenberg, Rivka Chasan•The International Journal of…•2023

  • Osseous harpoon heads of hunter‐gatherers from the lower Paraná wetland

    Open Access•N Buc, Alejandro Acosta et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • El temprano arte de la tradición de tejer esteras en fibra vegetal en la sociedad Chinchorro (10.000-3500 aP)

    Open Access•Mariela Santos, G Standen•Latin American Antiquity•2021

  • Design Change of Projectile Points during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene in the Pampas (Argentina)

    Open Access•María Paula Barros, Gustavo G Politis•Latin American Antiquity•2025

  • Lessons for an invisible future from an invisible past

    Open Access•C Michael Barton, J Emili Aura-Tortosa et al.•The Holocene•2024

  • Diversification of lithic raw materials used by Mesolithic inhabitants of Los Canes cave (Sierra del Cuera, Eastern Asturias, Spain), and quartz crystallite size of chert as an essential indicator parameter of its provenance

    Open Access•Celia Marcos, María de Uribe‐Zorita et al.•Geoarchaeology•2022

  • Lithic arrowheads

    Open Access•Mafalda Costa, Luís Dias et al.•Geoarchaeology•2021

  • Planning a trip during Middle Palaeolithic. The mobile toolkit debate and some considerations about expedient vs curated technologies in the light of new data from the Ciota Ciara cave (NW Italy)

    Open Access•G L F Berruti, Sara Daffara et al.•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2023

  • Hunting, Herding, and diet breadth. A landscape based approach to niche shifting in subsistence economies (Gobi Desert)

    Open Access•Lisa Janz•Journal of Anthropological…•2024

  • Lithic Technological Organization in an Evolutionary Framework

    Open Access•A M Prenti, Anna Marie Prentiss et al.•Lithic Technology•2008

  • Lithic Reduction, Its Measurement, and Implications

    Open Access•Michael Shott, Michael J Shott et al.•Lithic Technology•2008

  • Changing Reduction Intensity, Settlement, and Subsistence in Wardaman Country, Northern Australia

    Open Access•Chris Clarkson•Lithic Technology•2008

  • Holocene Hunter–Gatherers

    R L Bettinger•Archaeology at the Millennium•2001

  • Lithic Variability and Cultures in the East African Middle Stone Age

    Open Access•Enza E Spinapolice•2020

  • The Aterian of the Oases of the Western Desert of Egypt

    Alicia L Hawkins•Modern Origins•2012

  • Neanderthal Technoeconomics

    L Kuhn, Steven L Kuhn•Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence…•2011

  • Bone Projectile Points in Prehistoric Australia

    Open Access•H Allen, M C Langley et al.•Osseous Projectile Weaponry•2016

  • Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change

    Open Access•Erick Robinson, Frédéric Sellet•Lithic Technological Organization…•2018

  • The Costs and Benefits of Technological Organization

    Open Access•Michael Shott, Michael J Shott•Lithic Technological Organization…•2018

  • Use of Lithic Assemblages for the Definition of Short-Term Occupations in Hunter-Gatherer Prehistory

    Open Access•Nuno Bicho, João Cascalheira•Short-Term Occupations in…•2020

  • Projectile Points of Bone, Antler, and Stone

    Heidi Knecht•Projectile Technology•1997

  • Projectile Points

    Margaret C Nelson•Projectile Technology•1997

  • Is Curation a Useful Heuristic

    Stephen E Nash•Stone Tools•1996

  • Evaluating Lithic Strategies and Design Criteria

    Brian Hayden, N V Franco et al.•Stone Tools•1996

  • Middle Paleolithic Spear Point Technology

    John J Shea•Projectile Technology•1997

  • Hunting and Multifunctional Use of Bows and Arrows

    Russell D Greaves•Projectile Technology•1997

  • Economizing Behavior and the Concept of “Curation”

    George H Odell•Stone Tools•1996

  • The Lithic Production System of the Princess Point Complex during the Transition to Agriculture in Southwestern Ontario, Canada

    Chen Shen•The lithic production system of…•2001

  • Lithic Technological Systems and Evolutionary Theory

    Open Access•William Jr Andrefsky, William Andrefsky et al.•Lithic Technological Systems and…•2015

  • Neanderthals and Modern Humans

    Open Access•Clive Finlayson•Neanderthals and Modern Humans•2004

  • Thirty Years of Mesolithic Research in Atlantic Coastal Iberia (1970-2000)

    Geoffrey A Clark•Journal of Anthropological Research•2000

  • Inca domination and lithic technology changes at the north of the Hualfín Valley (Catamarca province, Argentina)

    Open Access•Emiliano Bentivenga, Julieta Lynch•Journal of Archaeological Science…•2025

  • Technological responses to risk in Holocene Australia

    Open Access•Peter Hiscock•Journal of World Prehistory•1994

  • An Interaction Model for Resource Implement Complexity Based on Risk and Number of Annual Moves

    Open Access•D Read•American Antiquity•2008

  • Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution

    Stephen Shennan•Pattern and Process in Cultural…•2019

  • Exploring the Possible Function of Paleolithic Open Rings as Spearthrower Finger Loops

    Open Access•Justin Garnett, Frédéric Sellet•Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology•2023

  • Are Lithics and Fauna a Match Made in (Prehistoric) Heaven

    Open Access•Erella Hovers, A Belfer-Cohen•Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology•2020

  • A Cold Habitat

    Open Access•Peiqi Zhang, R Haas et al.•Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology•2024

  • The Technological Condition of Human Evolution

    Open Access•Shumon T Hussain, Marie Soressi•Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology•2021

  • An Increase in Small Flake Sharp-edge Productivity Across the Initial–Early Upper Paleolithic at Tolbor (Mongolia)

    Open Access•Corey L Johnson, Tsedendorj Bolorbat et al.•Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology•2026

  • La industria ósea del Magdaleniense Inferior del Nivel 17 de la Cueva de El Mirón (Ramales de la Victoria, Cantabria)

    Open Access•L G Straus, Jeanne Marie Geiling et al.•Zephyrvs•2018

  • Quartz Assemblage from the Early Mesolithic Helvetinhaudanpuro Settlement Site in Eastern Central Finland

    Open Access•Tapani Rostedt, Aivar Kriiska•Vestnik of Saint Petersburg…•2019

  • Métamorphoses des relations de dépendance chez les Kel Antessar du cercle de Goundam

    Open Access•Alessandra Giuffrida•Cahiers d études africaines•2005

  • Base teórica y metodología para el estudio del material lítico tallado

    Open Access•J Pelegrin, Leslye Valenzuela Leyva•Revista del Museo de Antropología•2023

  • Design Theory and the Australian Tula Adze

    Trudy Doelman, Grant W G Cochrane•Asian perspectives•2014

  • El análisis tecno-funcional y la gestión de la industria lítica del nivel IIIb2 de Atxoste (Álava, Epaña)

    Open Access•Unai Perales, Adriana Soto et al.•Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia•2016

  • Los enfoques teórico metodológicos en los análisis líticos de Argentina

    Open Access•Nora V Franco, Cortegoso•Revista del Museo de Antropología•2023

  • Is that Awl? Experimental Insight into Native Copper Working and Innovation

    H K Cooper, Jenna Ling et al.•Ethnoarchaeology•2015

  • Settlement, raw material, and lithic procurement in the central Mojave Desert

    Open Access•D B Bamforth•Journal of Anthropological…•1990

  • The Record of Dogs in Traditional Villages of the Mid-Fraser Canyon, British Columbia

    Open Access•A M Prenti, M J Walsh et al.•Human Ecology•2021

  • La transformation des industries durant le Mésolithique en Irlande

    Open Access•Laurent-Jacques Costa, Farina Sternke•L Anthropologie•2007

  • An optimal foraging-based model of hunter-gatherer population dynamics

    Open Access•Gary E Belovsky•Journal of Anthropological…•1988

  • Raw material economies and mobility patterns in the Late Paleolithic at Shuidonggou locality 2, north China

    Open Access•Feng Li, L Kuhn et al.•Journal of Anthropological…•2016

  • Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artefact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand

    Open Access•Ben Marwick•Journal of Anthropological…•2013

  • “Unpacking” reduction

    Open Access•L Kuhn, Steven L Kuhn•Journal of Anthropological…•1991

  • The Initial Magdalenian mosaic

    Open Access•Lisa M Fontes•Journal of Anthropological…•2016

  • Discontinuities in hunter-gatherer prehistory in southern African drylands

    Open Access•Peter Mitchell•Journal of Anthropological…•2016

  • Stone tool analysis and human origins research

    Open Access•John J Shea•Evolutionary Anthropology Issues…•2011

  • Missing the boat in lithic procurement

    Open Access•Susan E Blair, Susan Blair•Journal of Anthropological…•2010

  • Biology, Behavior, and Borrowing

    Open Access•Arthur S Keene•Archaeological hammers and theories•1983

  • Optimal Foraging

    Eric L Charnov•The American Naturalist•1976

  • Hunter-gatherer economy in prehistory

    G N Bailey•Hunter-gatherer economy in…•1983

  • Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology

    Lewis R Binford•Nunamiut ethnoarchaeology•2012

  • An anthropological analysis of food-getting technology

    Wendell H Oswalt•An anthropological analysis of…•1976

  • Symbolic and Structural Archaeology

    Open Access•Ian Hodder•Symbolic and Structural Archaeology•1982

  • Archaeological Hammers and Theories

    Arthur S Keene•Archaeological hammers and theories•1983

  • A comparison of the efficiencies of the shotgun and the bow in neotropical forest hunting

    Open Access•R Hames, Raymond B Hames•Human Ecology•1979

  • Hunter-Gatherer economy in prehistory

    Open Access•Caroline Grigson•Journal of Archaeological Science•1984

  • Resource Managers

    Nancy M Williams, Eugene S Hunn•Resource Managers•2019

  • Resource Managers

    George W Wenzel, Nancy M Williams et al.•The American Indian Quarterly•1986

  • Organization and Formation Processes

    Lewis R Binford•Journal of Anthropological Research•1979

  • Modelling Change in Prehistoric Subsistence Economies

    Thomas F Lynch, Timothy Earle et al.•Man•1981

  • Towards a Functional Analysis of Handaxes and Cleavers

    Maxine R Kleindienst, Charles M Keller•Man•1976

  • Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails

    Open Access•Lewis R Binford•American Antiquity•1980

  • Dimensional Analysis of Behavior and Site Structure

    Open Access•Lewis R Binford•American Antiquity•1978

Unique citing works407
Citations per year10,44
Citation span1987 - 2026 (40)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 396
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae