Educational Gender Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa
A Long-Term Perspective
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 4120636 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Joerg Baten (0000-0001-5029-501X, University of Tübingen), Mary De Haas (0000-0002-0830-7803, University of Tübingen), Elisabeth Kempter (University of Tübingen), Felix Meier Zu Selhausen (0000-0001-8593-7983, University of Tübingen) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 47 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 813-849 |
| Publication date | 2021-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Population and Development Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0098-7921 • E-ISSN: 1728-4457 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/padr.12430 |
| OpenAlex | W3080821883 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 44 |
| References cited | 88 |
To what extent did sub-Saharan Africa's twentieth century schooling revolution benefit boys and girls equally? Using census data and a cohort approach, we examine gender gaps in years of education over the twentieth century at world region, country and district levels. First, we find that compared to other developing regions, Africa had a small initial educational gender gap but subsequently made the least progress in closing the gap. Second, in most of the 21 African countries studied, gender gaps increased during most of the colonial era (ca. 1880-1960) and declined, albeit at different rates, after independence. At the world region and country level, the expansion of men's education was initially associated with a growing gender gap, and subsequently a decline, a pattern we refer to as "educational gender Kuznets curve." Third, using data from six decadal cohorts across 1,177 birth districts, we explore subnational correlates of educational gender inequality. This confirms the inverse-U relationship between the gender gap and male education. We also find that districts with railroads, more urbanization and early twentieth century Christian missions witnessed lower attainment gaps. We find no evidence that cash crop cultivation, agricultural division of labor or family systems were linked to gender gaps
Agriculture · Cash crop · Demographic economics · Development economics · Economic growth · Economics · Educational attainment · Gender gap · Geography · Inequality · Political science · Sociology · Urbanization · Culture, Economy, and Development Studies · Demography · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies · Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
Introduction
Infrastructure development, informal economy, and gender inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa
Predictors of the gender gap in household educational spending among school and college-going children in India
Fee-free education in Tanzania (2016–2025)
Economic growth through gender parity
How female principals in Ethiopia fight for gender justice
Correspondence Heuristic and Filter-Empowerment Heuristic
Structural change and gender sectoral segregation in sub‐Saharan African countries
Girls' schooling is important but insufficient to promote equality for boys and girls in childhood and across the life course
Unveiling Inequalities
Relationship between educational assortative mating and reproductive healthcare utilization in Nigeria
Assessing different implementation modalities of an EdTech intervention for lower‐primary learners
Private supplementary tutoring expenditures and children’s learning outcomes
Oil Palm Production and Educational Outcomes
Exploring gender stereotypes and norms among peri-urban very young adolescents in Zimbabwe using participatory and qualitative approaches
Measuring Gender Disparity in Educational Attainment Worldwide, 1950–2015
Gender gaps in education
Racial disparities in human capital
Fertility and faith
Protective factors for adolescent sexual risk behaviours and experiences linked to HIV infection in South Africa
Labor demands and gender inequality in education
Inequality of education in colonial Ghana
The sins of the church
An Example of Gender Construction of Children From Different Socio‐Economic Levels Through the Phenomenon of Parenting
How co-production contributes to urban equality
The deeper roots of human capital formation and economic development in Southeast Asia, 1900–2000
Holy cows and spilled milk
The history of African development
The classification of world countries in terms of Global Gender Gap with using cluster analysis
Prevalence and Drivers of Stalls and Reversals in Age at First Marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa
From Religious Conversion to Political Revolution
Gender inequality in urban British Africa
Africa's Migration Transition
Examining the effects of gender representation on student academic performance in STEM subjects
The uneven expansion of education in developing regions
Age heaping based numeracy estimates in African regions, 1950–1999
School as sanctuary
Gender-Based Discrimination and Organizational Development
Educational Expansion Regimes and Wealth Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa
Female Labor Force Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa
Is Kenya's gender wealth gap narrowing? New insights from probate records
Spousal Agreement on Sex Preferences for Children and Gender Gaps in Children's Education
What about the race between education and technology in the Global South? Comparing skill premiums in colonial Africa and Asia
A U-shaped curve of female entrepreneurs? The development of women's entrepreneurship in the Netherlands, 1899-2020
The Political Economy of Hunger
Africa in the World
The Guardians
Intergenerational Mobility in Africa
Education, HIV, and Early Fertility
Religious Conversion in Colonial Africa
Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development
Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – Hyde 3.2
Effect of mother’s education on child’s nutritional status in the slums of Nairobi
Education and Human Capital Externalities
The origins of formal education in sub-Saharan Africa
Christian Missionaries and Education in Former African Colonies
Culture, openness, and finance
Women Empowerment and Economic Development
Missions, Education and Conversion in Colonial Africa
African polygamy
The unpublished manuscript
Education Matters
Gender Differences in Completed Schooling
The Permanent Effects of Transportation Revolutions in Poor Countries
Gender gaps in education
Associations between quantitative measures of women's empowerment and access to care and health status for mothers and their children
Missionaries and female empowerment in colonial Uganda
Mind The Gap! The Influence of Family Systems on The Gender Education Gap in Developing Countries, 1950–2005
The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth
African girls, nineteenth‐century mission education and the patriarchal imperative
Why are boys falling behind? Explaining gender gaps in school attainment in Sri Lanka
Colonialism and female empowerment
Women's schooling, fertility, and child health outcomes
A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010
Numeracy development in Africa
Human capital in the long run
Income shocks and gender gaps in education
Gender Equality and Inequality in Numeracy
The Causal Effect of Maternal Education on Child Mortality
Bride Price and Female Education
The Education of Women and Girls
Global trends in numeracy 1820–1949 and its implications for long-term growth
The development and inequality of heights in North, West, and East India 1915–1944
Openness, Productivity and Growth
History, Path Dependence and Development
Migrants and Proletarians. Urban Labour in the Economic Development of Uganda
Gender, ethnicity, and unequal opportunity in colonial Uganda
Mission or Empire, Word or Sword? The Human Capital Legacy in Postcolonial Democratic Development
Muslim Education in Africa
African Women
Africa in the world
On the Origins of Gender Roles
Borders That Divide
European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770-1900
The causal effect of increased primary schooling on child mortality in Malawi
Women's Education in the Muslim World
The Spread of Primary Schooling in sub-Saharan Africa
French and British Colonial Legacies in Education
Source Areas of Export Production in Tropical Africa
Gender Gaps in Educational Attainment in Less Developed Countries
Measuring Gender Equality in Education
The Homecoming of American College Women
Cities as Catalysts of Gendered Social Change? Reflections from Zambia
Social mobility among Christian Africans
A colonial legacy of African gender inequality? Evidence from Christian Kampala, 1895-2011
Africa and the World Economy
Strangers in African Societies
The Division of Work according to Sex in African Hoe Culture
Colonial Legacy of Gender Inequality
The Role of Women as 'Agents Religieux' in Sokoto
| Unique citing works | 44 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 8,8 |
| Citation span | 2021 - 2026 (6) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 43 |