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Déjà vu? Polarization and Endangered Democracies in the 21st Century

Bibliographic Data

ID4932151
AuthorsMurat Somer (0000-0003-1053-3751, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey, corresponding author), Jennifer Mccoy (0000-0001-5844-2504, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA)
Year2018
Volume62
Issue1
Pages3-15
Publication date2018-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Behavioral Scientist (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-7642 • E-ISSN: 1552-3381
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0002764218760371
OpenAlexW2794379458
LanguageEN
Citations received61
References cited30

As political and societal polarization deepens, democracies are under stress around the world. This article examines the complex relationship and causal direction between democracy and polarization and posits three theoretical possibilities: (1) polarization contributes to democratic backsliding and decay, (2) polarization results from democratic crisis, and (3) polarization contributes to democratic deepening. We argue "politics" is central to polarization and identify as a key feature of the process of polarization the manner in which it simplifies the normal complexity of politics and social relations. Polarization does so by aligning otherwise unrelated divisions, emasculating cross-cutting cleavages, and dividing society and politics into two separate, opposing, and unyielding blocks. As such, it often has pernicious consequences for democracy, emerging as an intended or unintended consequence of political interest-based and purposeful political mobilization. Polarization over the very concept of democracy may also be the product of democratic crisis. Finally, in certain circumstances, polarization may strengthen democratic institutions and citizen choice. The article then introduces the articles in this issue that address these three theoretical and empirical possibilities

Democracy · Development economics · Economic system · Economics · Polarization (electrochemistry) · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Chemistry · Electoral Systems and Political Participation · Law · Political Conflict and Governance · Populism, Right-Wing Movements

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    Open Access•Jennifer Mccoy, Murat Somer•Journal of democracy•2021

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    Open Access•Milan W Svolik•Journal of democracy•2019

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    Eve Warburton, Edward Aspinall•Contemporary Southeast Asia•2018

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    Nathan Brack, Ramona Coman et al.•European Politics and Society•2025

  • Deliberation, Polarization, and Emotion

    Open Access•Juliana Montenegro Brasileiro, Patricia García-Leiva et al.•Child Indicators Research•2024

  • Education for deliberative democracy through the long-term view

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  • Between a liberal and a hard place

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  • The Discursive Dimensions of Pernicious Polarization. Analysis of Right-Wing Populists in Western Europe on Twitter

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  • Polarizing transition? Opposition strategies and the rise of Péter Magyar and the respect and freedom party (Tisza) in Hungary

    Open Access•István Benedek•Comparative European Politics•2026

  • Mobilizing for what? Polarized citizens and electoral turnout in transitioning Tunisia

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  • Why Populism is the Sugar, Salt, and Fat of Our Politics. . . with Variations

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  • Frozen discourse

    Open Access•Tal Orian Harel•Information Communication & Society•2025

  • The political communication of polarizing leaders. Evidence from Italy

    Claudia Mariotti, Anna Stanziano•Contemporary Italian Politics•2024

  • Patriarchal (Dis)orders

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  • People underestimate how receptive other people are to different political opinions

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  • "King Bibi" and Israeli Illiberalism

    Neta Oren, Dov Waxman•The Middle East Journal•2022

  • To polarize or not to polarize? Unveiling 2024 European election communication strategies

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  • Populist polarization in postcolonial Philippines

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  • From critical to hypocritical

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  • Opponents, not enemies

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  • Tweeting Beyond Tahrir

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  • Curb EU enthusiasm

    Open Access•Nikoleta Yordanova, Aleksandra Khokhlova et al.•West European Politics•2025

  • Defeating Populists

    Seda Demiralp, Evren Balta•South European Society & Politics•2021

  • Political Polarisation on Social Media

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  • Affective Polarisation in Times of Political Instability and Conflict. Spain from a Comparative Perspective

    Mariano Torcal, Josep M Comellas•South European Society & Politics•2022

  • Economic Hardship Increases Justification of Political Violence

    Sebastian Jungkunz•Representation•2025

  • Mapping Contentious Collective Emotions in a Populist Democracy

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  • Asymmetry in political polarization at multiple levels of bias

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  • Populist attitudes and conspiratorial thinking

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  • How Far Can Populist Governments Go? The Impact of the Populist Government on the Hungarian Parliament

    Open Access•Gabriella Ilonszki, Adrienn Vajda•Parliamentary Affairs•2021

  • Gender Wars? Diplomacy as a Depolarizing Practice in International Politics of Gender and Sexuality

    Open Access•Monika De Silva•International Studies Quarterly•2024

  • A new regime divide? Democratic backsliding, attitudes towards democracy and affective polarization

    Open Access•Theresa Gessler, Natasha Wunsch•European Journal of Political…•2025

  • Elite capture, civil society and democratic backsliding in Bangladesh, Thailand and the Philippines

    Open Access•Jasmin Lorch•Democratization•2021

  • Authoritarian innovations and democratic reform in the “New Malaysia

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  • Intentional polarization

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  • Institutional design and polarization. Do consensus democracies fare better in fighting polarization than majoritarian democracies

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  • Civil society, public support, and democratic recession in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines

    Open Access•Jasmin Lorch, Marlene Mauk•Democratization•2025

  • A Closer Look at the Limits of Consociationalism

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  • Populism, Nationalism, and Civilizationism

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  • When elites polarize over polarization

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  • When elites polarize over polarization

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  • The University Under Threat

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  • Polarization, Participatory Democracy, and Democratic Erosion in Venezuela's Twenty-First Century Socialism

    Open Access•María Pilar García‐guadilla, María Pilar García-Guadilla et al.•The Annals of the American…•2019

  • Turkey

    Open Access•Murat Somer•The Annals of the American…•2019

  • Transformations through Polarizations and Global Threats to Democracy

    Open Access•Murat Somer, Jennifer Mccoy•The Annals of the American…•2019

  • Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies

    Open Access•Jennifer Mccoy, Murat Somer•The Annals of the American…•2019

  • Social trust and affective polarization in Spain (2014-19)

    Open Access•Mariano Torcal, Zoe A Thomson•Electoral Studies•2023

  • Climate change and right-wing populism in the United States

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  • Insights From The 2022 South Korean Presidential Election

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  • Introduction

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  • Polarization Perception and Support for Democracy

    Open Access•Yi-Ching Hsiao, Eric Chen-Hua Yu•Journal of Asian and African…•2020

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    Alfred Stepan, Alfred C Stepan et al.•Democracies in danger•2009

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  • Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe

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  • The Global Rise of Populism

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  • The Politics of Authoritarian Rule

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  • Contention and democracy in Europe, 1650-2000

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  • Why Dominant Parties Lose

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  • From Protest to Parties

    Adrienne Lebas•From protest to parties•2011

  • Competitive Authoritarianism

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  • Moderate Islam and secularist opposition in Turkey

    Murat Somer•Third World Quarterly•2007

  • Cascades of Ethnic Polarization

    Open Access•Murat Somer•The Annals of the American…•2001

  • Defending Democracy

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  • It’s Personal

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  • What Is Populism

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  • Democratic Careening

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  • Years After The USSR

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  • Conquering versus democratizing the state

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  • Malaysia – towards a topology of an electoral one-party state

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  • Facing Up to the Democratic Recession

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  • Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy

    Open Access•Jennifer Mccoy, Tahmina Rahman et al.•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

  • Paradoxes of Polarization

    Open Access•Yannis Stavrakakis•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

  • Polarizing Figures

    Open Access•Dan Slater, Aries A Arugay•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

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    Open Access•Adrienne Lebas•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

  • The Logic of Polarizing Populism

    Open Access•Samuel Handlin•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

Unique citing works61
Citations per year7,63
Citation span2018 - 2026 (9)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 58
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