Polarization Without Poles

Machiavellian Conflicts and the Philippines' Lost Decade of Democracy, 2000-2010

Bibliographic Data

ID5742096
AuthorsAries A Arugay (0000-0002-5839-9590, corresponding author), Dan Slater (0000-0002-1079-7952)
Year2019
Volume681
Issue1
Pages122-136
Publication date2019-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-7162 • E-ISSN: 1552-3349
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0002716218810385
OpenAlexW2906623863
LanguageEN
Citations received20
References cited25

The Philippines' long democratic experience has been remarkably free of deeply politicized cleavages. Roman Catholicism as a hegemonic religion prevents religious polarization, ethnic identity fragmentation limits ethnic polarization, and weak parties forestall ideological or class polarization. Nevertheless, the country suffered a crisis of polarization during the short-lived Estrada presidency (1998-2001) and that of his successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010). The severe conflict was a product of power maneuvers by anti-Estrada forces, followed by anti-Arroyo actors returning the favor, given her gross abuses of power. Echoing Machiavelli's famous distinction, the conflict pitted Estrada's popoli (the many) against Arroyo's oligarchic grandi (the few). This Machiavellian conflict ended with an oligarchic reassertion of Madisonian democratic rule through the electoral victory of Benigno Simeon Aquino III in 2010. We conclude the article by considering whether the populist challenge of current president Rodrigo Duterte (2016- ) might spark a similarly destabilizing conflict in the years to come

Constitution · Democracy · Ethnic group · Hegemony · Ideology · Polarization (electrochemistry · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Presidency · Sociology · Successor cardinal · Victory · Asian Studies and History · Hong Kong and Taiwan Politics · Law · Philippine History and Culture