Democratic Leaders and the Democratic Peace
The Operational Codes of Tony Blair and Bill Clinton
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6274001 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Mark Schafer (0000-0001-6296-8832, Louisiana State University), Stephen G Walker (0000-0003-4989-8213, Arizona State University) |
| Year | 2006 |
| Volume | 50 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 561-583 |
| Publication date | 2006-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Studies Quarterly (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0020-8833 • E-ISSN: 1468-2478 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00414.x |
| OpenAlex | W2098501929 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 49 |
| References cited | 69 |
Do the beliefs of leaders make a significant difference in determining if democracies are peaceful and explaining why democracies (almost) never fight one another? Our comparisons of Prime Minister Tony Blair and President Bill Clinton reveal that both leaders view democracies as more friendly than nondemocracies, and they have significantly less cooperative beliefs toward the latter than toward the former, a difference that extends to the behavior of their respective governments during the Kosovo conflict. We also find that individual differences in the operational codes of the two leaders matter in the management of conflict with nondemocracies; the leaders exhibit opposite leadership styles and behavior associated with the domestic political culture of the two states. Overall, these results support the dyadic version of the democratic peace and suggest that the conflict behavior of democratic states depends upon the beliefs and calculations of their leaders in dealing with nondemocracies
Democracy · Political science · Politics · International Relations and Foreign Policy · Law · Political Conflict and Governance · Public Administration · Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
A Foreign Policy Analysis Perspective on the Domestic Politics Turn in IR Theory
Why will China and Russia not form an alliance? The balance of beliefs in peacetime
Prabowo and the shifts in Indonesia’s contemporary foreign policy
Leader’s reaction to exogenous political shocks breaks the path
Hot Contention, Cool Abstention
The microfoundations of normative democratic peace theory. Experiments in the US, Russia and China
A new measure of the ‘democratic peace’
What Makes a Prime Minister Great
Text Annotation and the Cognitive Architecture of Political Leaders
Operasjonell kode som analytisk verktøy
Threats won’t work
Individuals in Securitization
Thinking about the Role of Religion in Foreign Policy
Integrating Strategic Culture and the Operational Code in Foreign Policy Analysis
When Conviction Trumps Domestic Politics
A Rogue Doctrine
Turkey’s Erdoğan
Why Behavioral IR
Back to the Future? Behavioral IR as a Case of Arrested Development
Behavioral IR
The Poliheuristic Research Program
The “I” in BRICS
Foreign policy analysis, globalisation and non-state actors
Britain’s Covid-19 battle
Don't Tread on Me
Policy design as craft
Repression and Dissent
Dialogue instead of mutual neglect? International political economy meets foreign policy analysis
Individuals, Disaggregation of the State, and Negotiation Tactics
Identity and Securitization in the Democratic Peace
Leader Turnover, Regime Type, and Growth Volatility
A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Overbalancing
Understanding New Middle Eastern Leadership
When Public Statements Reveal Private Beliefs
Leaders' Perceptions and Nuclear Proliferation
Theorizing Politics, Politicizing Theory, and the Responsibility That Runs Between
Staying Power
The Rhetorical Capital of Theories
The Personality Traits of Populist Leaders and Their Foreign Policies
Securitization, Social Identity, and Democratic Security
Transcending rationalism and constructivism
Political Psychology in International Relations
Democracy, War and Expansion through Historical Lenses
Psychology and aggregation in International Relations
European populist radical right leaders’ foreign policy beliefs
The democratic peace and the new evolution of an old idea
With friends like these
Prospect theory, operational code analysis, and risk-taking behaviour
Empathizing with Rogue Leaders
Paths to peace
Power kills
In search of global patterns
Designing Social Inquiry
War and Reason
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Analogies at War
Beliefs, attitudes, and values
Bridging the gap
Of paradise and power
The Operational Code of the Politburo
Grasping the Democratic Peace
Perception and Misperception in International Politics
Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics
Comparative Foreign Policy
The ‘Operational Code’
The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics
Origins of Containment
Perpetual Peace
Personality and Politics
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Failure after 1441
Realist and cultural critiques of the democratic peace
TheOperational Code of John F. Kennedy During the Cuban Missile Crisis
The Operational Codes of U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State
The Political Universe of Lyndon B. Johnson and His Advisors
Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics
British Foreign Policy 1945–1973
The novice and the expert
Issues in Assessing Psychological Characteristics at a Distance
Prime Minister Leadership Styles in Foreign Policy Decision‐Making
An Exploratory Study of the Motives of Southern African Political Leaders Measured at a Distance
Idealism or Pragmatism? An Operational Code Analysis of Yitzhak Rabin andShimon Peres
Lasch on Narcissism
ThePrepared and Spontaneous Remarks of Presidents Reagan and Bush
A Defining Presidential Moment
The Personalities of Bush and Gorbachev Measured at a Distance
Psychodynamic Processes and Framing Effects in Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Bill Clinton's Operational Code
The Role of Belief Systems and Schemas in Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Democracy and the Management of International Conflict
Democracy, Disputes, and Negotiated Settlements
A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for Weis Events Data
Presidential Operational Codes and Foreign Policy Conflicts in the Post-Cold War World
Discord and Collaboration between Allies
Serbian Compliance or Defiance in Kosovo
Democracies Really Are More Pacific (in General)
Rethinking Democracy and International Peace
"The "Operational Code
Systematic Procedures for Operational Code Analysis
Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders
The Motivational Foundations of Political Belief Systems
The Foreign Policies of Small States
Unpacking democracy
The Operational Code of Mao Zedong
The Operational Codes of Fidel Castro and Kim Il Sung
The concept of power
Tracking Democracy's Third Wave with the Polity III Data
Democracies as Intervening States
Muddling through
Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict
Liberalism and World Politics
Power and Social Exchange
Powerful Pacifists
The Rise of Illiberal Democracy
| Unique citing works | 49 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2,58 |
| Citation span | 2007 - 2026 (20) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 49 |