Variation in Institutional Strength
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7635323 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Steven Levitsky (Harvard University), María Victoria Murillo (0000-0001-6972-4750, Columbia University) |
| Year | 2009 |
| Volume | 12 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 115-133 |
| Publication date | 2009-06-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Annual Review of Political Science (BOOK_SERIES) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1094-2939 • E-ISSN: 1545-1577 |
| Publisher | Annual Reviews (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756 |
| OpenAlex | W2125931672 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 199 |
| References cited | 86 |
Comparative research on political institutions has begun to turn from issues of formal institutional design to issues of institutional strength. Rather than assuming a tight fit between formal rules and political behavior, these studies examine how variation in the stability and/or enforcement of formal rules shapes actors' expectations and behavior. This article explores the emerging research agenda on institutional strength. It disaggregates the concept of institutional strength into two dimensions—enforcement and stability—and it argues that institutions vary widely on both dimensions. The article then examines the sources of this variation and its implications for comparative research. It shows how recent research on weak institutions may be used to refine existing theories of institutional effects, design, and development, which should broaden the comparative scope of these theories. The conclusion examines ways of developing comparative measures of institutional strength
Comparative politics · Comparative research · Economics · Enforcement · Institutional analysis · Institutional change · Institutional theory · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Positive economics · Scope (computer science · Social science · Sociology · Stability (learning theory · Variation (astronomy · Computer Science · Corruption and Economic Development · Law · Political Conflict and Governance · Public Administration · Social Policy and Reform Studies
Inhibitory Institutions
Reimagining public understanding
Demographic Structure and Democracy
Capacidades estatais para a promoção de processos participativos
Cómo borrar la letra escrita en piedra? Norma pétrea y reelección presidencial en Honduras
State Capitalism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Political Competition, Partisanship, and Policy Making in Latin American Public Utilities
Backsliding and reversal
Anti-corruption policy-making, discretionary power, and institutional quality
Shocks and Politics
Playing by the Informal Rules
Inclusion without Representation in Latin America
Making Constitutions
The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America
Institutionalizing alienation
Drift and conversion
Critical junctures and institutional change
Measuring and Explaining the Robustness of Party Ethics Self‐Regulation
National Environmental Policies and Corporate Green Innovation
Tensión entre la organización federal argentina y los derechos humanos
Debilidad institucional y atención al desplazamiento forzado en México
Strength in Numbers or Collective Frailty? The Organizational Capacity of Microenterprises
Institutional conditions for building proactive flood management
Informal accountability. Street-level bureaucrats’ tactics to defy bad reputation in agencies of the Argentinian justice system
Urban expansion into native forests in Patagonia, Argentina
Homicidal violence and state capacity in Latin America
Long-term effects of institutional instability
Elections and CSR Engagement
Societal trust, formal institutions, and foreign subsidiary staffing
Political Informality
Business Organisations, Party Systems and Tax Composition in Developing Countries
The Fiscal Politics of Rebellious Grievance in the Arab World
Legal Empowerment and Horizontal Inequalities after Conflict
Technocracy and Democracy in Latin America
Understanding Institutional Weakness
Homicidal Ecologies
Constraining Dictatorship
Hierarchical Capitalism in Latin America
Global environmental change policy priorities from the Americas and opportunities to bridge the science-policy gap
Transformative governance for linking forest and landscape restoration to human well-being in Latin America
The challenges in protecting public health interests in multisectoral governance in the context of small island developing states
The microfoundations of political development
When diaspora representation fails
State Building, Ethnic Land Titling, and Transnational Organized Crime
Continuity by Surprise
The Political Contradictions of Incremental Innovation
Institutional foundations of disaster risk reduction policy
Factors hindering implementation of Angola’s overseas constituency system
Opposition Tactics on the Implementation of Advocacy-Driven Institutional Reforms
Unpacking the extractivist state
Consolidating global governance in nondemocratic countries
Ambiguous citizenship policies
Cooperative control and the governance of cross-border trade in Chinese border cities
White riot
Conflict between Formal and Informal Rules in Policy Coordination
Understanding Institutional Compliance in Floor Risk Management
Democracy, aid, and diffusion
Does Smallness Enhance Power-Sharing? Explaining Suriname’s Multiethnic Democracy
Same Same or Different? Norm Diffusion Between Resistance, Compliance, and Localization in Post-conflict States
Gaining public control on health policy
Popular support for weak institutional enforcement
Party system polarization in developing democracies
Fallacies of Democratic State-Building
Distorted policy transfer and institutional conflicts
Demokratische Muster oder demokratische Defizite
Diplomatic communication and resilient governance
Du clientélisme au contrat
The work to make an experiment work
Power-sharing between adoptability and durability insights from Lebanon and Iraq
Legislative veto players and human rights treaty signature timing
The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America
Integridad institucional, democracia electoral y crimen organizado
Resistance in the Caliphate's Classrooms
Historical Institutionalism in Communication Studies
Informal Institutions and Survey Research in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
The rise and rule of a trade-based strategy
Varieties of localization
Between Autonomy and Central Control
African Rhino Conservation and the Interacting Influences of Property, Prices, and Policy
Pockets of Weakness in Strong Institutions
The Price of Institutional Design
Informal Land Tenure and Livelihood Resilience in the Chaco Salteño, Argentina
External Conditionalities and Institutional Change
Does Colonial Institutional Legacy Fully Explain Why Nations Fail? Theoretical and Empirical Confrontations Using the Case of Haiti
Llegaron para quedarse
Hidden phases of de-Europeanization
The EU and rule of law development in Kosovo
Export Processing Zones in the Dominican Republic
Subnational variation in forest protection in the Argentine Chaco
Organizational and partisan brokerage of social benefits
Temples, travesties, or something else? The developmental state, ecological modernization, and hydroelectric dam construction in India
Weak by design
The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on Domestic Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Divided Power in Ancient Greece
The Index of Identity Group Institutionalization
Power Above and Below the Waterline
The military involvement and extraordinary policymaking in higher education
Currency boards, depoliticization and macroeconomic stability
Más allá de la capacidad estatal
Networks of coercion
Sex and the State
Macroeconomic Policies of Developed Democracies
Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America
Presidents and Assemblies
African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999
Rebuilding Leviathan
The Transformation of European Social Democracy
Institutions and Social Conflict
Making Votes Count
Courts under Constraints
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis
Contesting Citizenship in Latin America
Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America
Race and Regionalism in the Politics of Taxation in Brazil and South Africa
Politician’s Dilemma
Constituting Democracy
Economic growth and judicial independence
Measuring the Independence of Central Banks and Its Effect on Policy Outcomes
Informal Institutions and Democracy
Democracy and the Market
Politics in Time
States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance
Peronism without Peron
Introduction
Political Order in Changing Societies
Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism
How Institutions Evolve
Enhancing the Validity and Cross-Cultural Comparability of Measurement in Survey Research
Democratization in Africa
Income distribution, political instability, and investment
Regime Shift
Of Rule and Revenue
The Independence of Supreme Courts in Latin America
On the state, democratization and some conceptual problems
Gatekeepers of Growth
The Constitution of Tyranny
The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments
The Politics of Policies
Argentine Democracy
The Constitutional Experiment in Pakistan
Mixed Signals
Toward a New Theory of Institutional Change
Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China
Institutional Change and Persistence
Learning from Foreign Models in Latin American Policy Reform
The Rule of Law in Nascent Democracies
A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics
Pakistan's Enduring Experiment
Illusions About Consolidation
Elections Without Democracy
Economic Reform and Democracy
The Case for Radical Reform
African Ambiguities
Delegative Democracy
The Limits of Design
Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy
Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions
Social Protection Around the World
Sovereignty
Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics
Wage Bargaining, Hard Money and Economic Performance
The State and Democratization
Coming to Terms with Judicial Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights
Regime Shift
Do Institutions Cause Growth
Incentives to cultivate a personal vote
Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics
Bureaucracy and Growth
Democratization in Late Twentieth-Century Africa
A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change
Judicial Independence
Setting the Rules of the Game
Privatizing Risk without Privatizing the Welfare State
Politics and Institutionalism
| Unique citing works | 199 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 11,06 |
| Citation span | 2008 - 2026 (19) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 194 |