Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded
A meta-analytic reply to Heine (2005)
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 7887351 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Constantine Sedikides (0000-0002-7563-306X, University of Southampton), Lowell Gaertner (0000-0001-5696-6662, University of Tennessee at Knoxville), Jack L Vevea (University of California, Santa Cruz) |
| Year | 2005 |
| Volume | 89 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 539-551 |
| Publication date | 2005-10-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.539 |
| PMID | 16287417 |
| OpenAlex | W2137518671 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 113 |
| References cited | 74 |
C. Sedikides, L. Gaertner, and Y. Toguchi (2003) reported findings favoring the universality of self-enhancement. S. J. Heine (2005) challenged the authors' research on evidential and logical grounds. In response, the authors carried out 2 meta-analytic investigations. The results backed the C. Sedikides et al. (2003) theory and findings. Both Westerners and Easterners self-enhanced tactically. Westerners self-enhanced on attributes relevant to the cultural ideal of individualism, whereas Easterners self-enhanced on attributes relevant to the cultural ideal of collectivism (in both cases, because of the personal importance of the ideal). Self-enhancement motivation is universal, although its manifestations are strategically sensitive to cultural context. The authors respond to other aspects of Heine's critique by discussing why researchers should empirically validate the comparison dimension (individualistic vs. collectivistic) and defending why the better-than-average effect is a valid measure of self-enhancement
Collectivism · Context (archaeology) · Epistemology · Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory · Ideal (ethics) · Individualism · Self-enhancement · Universality (dynamical systems) · Cultural Differences and Values · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion · Philosophy · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Standing in the glory or shadow of the past self
Cross-cultural generality and specificity in self-regulation
Personal Self-Support, Self-Schema, and Other-Schema
Self‐Worth and Politics
The better-than-average effect in comparative self-evaluation
A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on
Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature
The “me” I claim to be
The religiosity as social value hypothesis
Do collectivists know themselves better than individualists? Cross-cultural studies of the holier than thou phenomenon
Can self-verification strivings fully transcend the self–other barrier? Seeking verification of ingroup identities
The role of semantic self-perceptions in temporal distance perceptions toward autobiographical events
Maybe holier, but definitely less evil, than you
The nonverbal expression of pride
Wanting to maximize the positive and minimize the negative
The impact of negative moods on self-enhancing cognitions
The use of traits and contextual information in free personality descriptions across ethnocultural groups in South Africa
Adjusting to death
Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem
Refining the vulnerability model of low self-esteem and depression
My child is God’s gift to humanity
A four-culture study of self-enhancement and adjustment using the social relations model
European American and Chinese parents' responses to children's success and failure
Grandstanding
Genetics of Personality
The Relational Self
Cultural Psychology
Dynamics of Identity
Self and Identity
The evolution and psychology of self-deception
Exploring Causes of the Self‐serving Bias
At Least Bias Is Bipartisan
Self-Enhancement
Religiosity as Self-Enhancement
Understanding the Better Than Average Effect
In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement
Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory
A Sociocultural Approach to Narcissism
Motivational and Emotional Aspects of the Self
Apparent Universality of Positive Implicit Self-Esteem
Individual Self, Relational Self, Collective Self
Reconsidering Culture and Self
Self-Esteem Among Adolescents Based on Gender, Education and Caste
Toward Parsimony in Bias Research
Don’t Look Up! Individual Income Comparisons and Subjective Well-Being of Students in Thailand
Comparing self‐esteem discrepancies in Pakistan and Canada
Interpersonal distance modulates outcome evaluation in the social comparison of ability
Narcissism and tradition
A psychological-enriched version of Tiberius’ value-fulfillment theory of wellbeing
When the Dark Shines
A Longitudinal Test of Three Theories of Overconfidence
Tactical Self-Enhancement in China
Some Conceptual and Theoretical Challenges for Cross-Cultural Communication Research in the 21st Century
A test of the personality-culture clash hypothesis among college students in an individualistic and collectivistic culture
Is Applied Ethics Morally Problematic
Values congruence, organization-based self-esteem, and employee responses
Verification of ingroup morality promotes willingness to participate in collective action for immigrants’ rights
No need for pedestals
Self-Esteem and Identities
Causal Attributions for Corporate Performance
Obstacles to the spread of unintuitive beliefs
Individual differences in perceived esteem across cultures
Two Sides to Self-protection
Reducing prejudice by enhancing the other rather than the self
The downside of feeling better
Identity lost and found
The Psychology of Strengths and Weaknesses
Culture, Context, and Behavior
The Why's the Limit
Individual Differences in Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection Strategies
Agency‐Communion and Interest in Prosocial Behavior
Agency‐Communion and Self‐Esteem Relations Are Moderated by Culture, Religiosity, Age, and Sex
Does International Status Affect Competence Ratings in Newly Formed Multinational Teams? The Role of Psychological Safety Growth and Verbal Behavior
Exploring the Relationship Between Deaf Identity Verification Processes and Self-Esteem
Where Is the Evidence for Pancultural Self-Enhancement? A Reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Toguchi (2003)
Self-enhancement and self-protection
Culture as situated cognition
Quand se juger meilleur ou moins bon qu’il ne l’est s’avère profitable ou nuisible à l’élève
Re-examining the positivity of self-evaluations among East Asians and European Americans
Culture, method, and the content of self-concepts
Accounting for the evaluative factor in self-ratings provides a more accurate estimate of the relationship between personality traits and well-being
A longitudinal-experimental test of the panculturality of self-enhancement
Importance models of the physical self
Making sense of positive self‐evaluations in China
Social cognition and self‐cognition
Negative attributes are gendered too
Both a curse and a blessing? A social cognitive approach to the paradoxical effects of leader narcissism
Do people want to be flattered or understood? The cross-cultural universality of self-verification
A motivational hierarchy within
Am I doing better than you? That depends on whether you ask me in English or Chinese
Forgotten but not gone
Cultural Variation in the Minimal Group Effect
Self-Enhancement and Self-Stability Predict School Achievement at the National Level
The impact of stigma, experience, and group referent on HIV risk assessments and HIV testing intentions in Namibia
Perspectives of future health in self and others
Why self-deprecating? Achieving 'oneness' in conversation
Vitality, Language Use, and Life Satisfaction
Trait and State Authenticity Across Cultures
Identity in Descriptions of Others Across Ethnic Groups in South Africa
Compassionate and Self-Image Goals in the United States and Japan
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
Publication Bias in Research Synthesis
Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects Meta‐Analysis Models
A General Linear Model for Estimating Effect Size in the Presence of Publication Bias
Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis.
In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement
Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients
On Being Better but not Smarter than Others
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Self-Enhancement
Culture, Self-Discrepancies, and Self-Satisfaction
Implicit Self-Esteem in Japan
Culture, Dissonance, and Self-Affirmation
The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals
Cultural Variation in the Self-Concept
Self-Evaluation
The Self in Social Judgment
Is There a Universal Positivity Bias in Attributions? A Meta-Analytic Review of Individual, Developmental, and Cultural Differences in the Self-Serving Attributional Bias
Where Is the Evidence for Pancultural Self-Enhancement? A Reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Toguchi (2003)
Loyalty Without Conformity
The Self in Relationships
Why Do People Need Self-Esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review
Relationships between Type a Behavior, Narcissism, and Maternal Closeness for College Students in Japan, the United States of America, and the People's Republic of China
Affective consequences of mere ownership
Mastery pleasure versus mere ownership
Converging Toward an Integrated Theory of Self-Esteem
The cultural construction of self-enhancement
Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect
On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management
Explicit self-criticism and implicit self-regard
Two Roads to Positive Regard
Way beyond compare
Gender moderates the relation between implicit and explicit self-esteem
Optimism, Pessimism, and the Direction of Self–Other Comparisons
Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism
Culture and the self
Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America
Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives
The self-serving bias in relational context
Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process
No one in my group can be below the group's average
Are self-enhancing cognitions associated with healthy or unhealthy biological profiles
Portrait of the self-enhancer
Accountability as a deterrent to self-enhancement
Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self
Pancultural self-enhancement
Biases in Social Comparative Judgments
Self-Enhancement, Generality of Self-Evaluation, and Affectivity in Israel and Singapore
Implicit-Explicit Differences in Self-Enhancement for Americans and Japanese
The Self-Enhancement Motive in Collectivistic Cultures
Self-Esteem and Self-Enhancement in Japan and America
An Indirect Self-Enhancement in Relationship among Japanese
Self-Enhancement and Self-Criticism in Japanese Culture
Explicit and Direct Self-Serving Bias in Japan
Why is Self-Enhancement Low in Certain Collectivist Cultures
Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotional Distress Measures
Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation
| Unique citing works | 113 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,38 |
| Citation span | 2005 - 2024 (20) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 90 |