Systemic And Structural Racism
Definitions, Examples, Health Damages, And Approaches To Dismantling
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 8066037 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Paula A Braveman (Paula A. Braveman (), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.), Paula Braveman (0000-0001-9917-2360), Elaine Bratic Arkin, Elaine Arkin (Elaine Arkin, independent consultant, Arlington, Virginia.), Dwayne Proctor (Dwayne Proctor, Missouri Foundation for Health, Princeton, New Jersey.), Tina Kauh (Tina Kauh, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey.), Tina J Kauh, Nicole Holm (0009-0001-2480-3903, Nicole Holm, University of California San Francisco.) |
| Year | 2022 |
| Volume | 41 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 171-178 |
| Publication date | 2022-02-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Health Affairs (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0278-2715 • E-ISSN: 2694-233X |
| Publisher | Project HOPE (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01394 |
| PMID | 35130057 |
| OpenAlex | W4210826913 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 244 |
| References cited | 37 |
Racism is not always conscious, explicit, or readily visible-often it is systemic and structural. Systemic and structural racism are forms of racism that are pervasively and deeply embedded in systems, laws, written or unwritten policies, and entrenched practices and beliefs that produce, condone, and perpetuate widespread unfair treatment and oppression of people of color, with adverse health consequences. Examples include residential segregation, unfair lending practices and other barriers to home ownership and accumulating wealth, schools' dependence on local property taxes, environmental injustice, biased policing and sentencing of men and boys of color, and voter suppression policies. This article defines systemic and structural racism , using examples; explains how they damage health through many causal pathways; and suggests approaches to dismantling them. Because systemic and structural racism permeate all sectors and areas, addressing them will require mutually reinforcing actions in multiple sectors and places; acknowledging their existence is a crucial first step
Business · Criminology · Damages · Economics · Injustice · Law and economics · Oppression · Political science · Public relations · Racism · Sociology · Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations · Gender Studies · Homelessness and Social Issues · Law · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
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Development and Integration of Community Advisory Boards to Inform Research on the Impact of Structural Racism on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in End‐Stage Kidney Disease
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Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex
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Racism and Health
Structural racism and health inequities in the USA
Racist America
The Sum of Us
Racial Formation in the United States
Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health
System Failure
The Critical Role of Racial/Ethnic Data Disaggregation for Health Equity
Do wealth disparities contribute to health disparities within racial/ethnic groups
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Cumulative Environmental Health Impacts in California
The Web of Institutional Racism
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| Unique citing works | 244 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 61 |
| Citation span | 2022 - 2026 (5) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 240 |