Brief Communication

Orphaned male Chimpanzees die young even after weaning

Bibliographic Data

ID8317284
AuthorsMichio Nakamura (0000-0001-9147-1331, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan, corresponding author), Hitoshige Hayaki (Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University Kobe Japan), Kazuhiko Hosaka (Faculty of child studies, Kamakura Women's University Kamakura Japan), Noriko Itoh (0000-0002-0994-4855, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan), Koichiro Zamma (Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto Japan)
Year2014
Volume153
Issue1
Pages139-143
Publication date2014-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0002-9483 • E-ISSN: 1096-8644
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/ajpa.22411
PMID24318948
OpenAlexW1847486315
LanguageEN
Citations received10
References cited23

If a social‐living animal has a long life span, permitting different generations to co‐exist within a social group, as is the case in many primate species, it can be beneficial for a parent to continue to support its weaned offspring to increase the latter's survival and/or reproductive success. Chimpanzees have an even longer period of dependence on their mothers' milk than do humans, and consequently, offspring younger than 4.5–5 years old cannot survive if the mother dies. Most direct maternal investments, such as maternal transportation of infants and sharing of night shelters (beds or nests), end with nutritional weaning. Thus, it had been assumed that a mother's death was no longer critical to the survival of weaned offspring, in contrast to human children, who continue to depend on parental care long after weaning. However, in theory at least, maternal investment in a chimpanzee son after weaning could be beneficial because in chimpanzees' male‐philopatric society, mother and son co‐exist for a long time after the offspring's weaning. Using long‐term demographic data for a wild chimpanzee population in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, we show the first empirical evidence that orphaned chimpanzee sons die younger than expected even if they lose their mothers after weaning. This suggests that long‐lasting, but indirect, maternal investment in sons continues several years after weaning and is vital to the survival of the sons. The maternal influence on males in the male‐philopatric societies of hominids may be greater than previously believed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 153:139–143, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Animal science · Biology · Offspring · Parental investment · Philopatry · Population · Pregnancy · Socioeconomics · Sociology · Tanzania · Weaning · Demography · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior · Primate Behavior and Ecology