Everything under control? The effects of age, gender, and education on trajectories of perceived control in a nationally representative German sample

Bibliographic Data

ID9787213
AuthorsJule Specht (0000-0003-2840-697X, University of Münster, corresponding author), Boris Egloff (0000-0002-5736-9912, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz), Stefan C Schmukle (0000-0002-6279-9618, Leipzig University)
Year2013
Volume49
Issue2
Pages353-364
Publication date2013-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueDevelopmental Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0012-1649 • E-ISSN: 1939-0599
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1037/a0028243
PMID22545833
OpenAlexW2139117491
LanguageEN
Citations received42
References cited2

Perceived control is an important variable for various demands involved in successful aging. However, perceived control is not set in stone but rather changes throughout the life course. The aim of this study was to identify cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal mean-level changes as well as rank-order changes in perceived control with respect to gender and education. Furthermore, changes in income and health were analyzed to explain trajectories of perceived control. In a large and representative sample of Germans across all of adulthood, 9,484 individuals gave information about their perceived control twice over a period of 6 years. Using locally weighted smoothing (LOESS) curves and latent structural equation modeling, four main findings were revealed: (a) Perceived control increased until ages 30-40, then decreased until about age 60, and increased slightly afterwards. (b) The rank order of individuals in perceived control was relatively unstable, especially in young adulthood, and reached a plateau at about age 40. (c) Men perceived that they had more control than did women, but there were no gender differences in the development of perceived control. (d) Individuals with more education perceived that they had more control than those with less education, and there were slight differences in the development of perceived control dependent on education. Taken together, these findings offer important insights into the development of perceived control across the life span

Control (management · Developmental psychology · Geography · German · Longitudinal study · Perceived control · Perception · Sample (material · Sociology · Statistics · Structural equation modeling · Successful aging · Aging and Gerontology Research · Demography · Mathematics · Medicine · Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction · Psychology · Gerontology