Richard Clément
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 101844 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Richard Clément |
| NOMBRES | Richard |
| APELLIDO | Clément |
| FIRMA | CLÉMENT R |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Ottawa |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6481-2273 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 984 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 58 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1974 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Lex erotica? From interpretation to composition
This phrase about infinite regress was popularized by Bertrand Russell who recounts the story of a woman who challenges a cosmologist's explanation of the world during a lecture by stating that the world rests on the back of a giant turtle.When the lecturer asks what the turtle stands on, she retorts: 'Sorry, professor, but it's turtles all the way down.'This idea has been taken up in critical pedagogy to demonstrate the power of interpretation i…
Introduction to the Symposium on International Criminal Law's Critical Aftermaths
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Acculturation and attitudes toward code-switching
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another within a single speech event, is often performed by bilinguals who have mastered a communicative competence in two languages. It is also a social strategy - using linguistic cues as a means to index social categories and group solidarity. Code-switching is, therefore, linked to attitudes, seen as a reflection of the speaker and their values and identities.…
Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Identity and Power
This article concerns the relationship between social context, identity and intergroup relations. It reviews early formulations pertaining to contextual influences and proceeds to examine vitality theory, specifically, ethnolinguistic vitality (EV). The ensuing discussion considers objective aspects of EV such as the demographic representation of a group and delineates multiple influences modulating their impact on intergroup relations. Subjectiv…
Consequences of perceived accent discrimination for psychological adjustment and resilience effects
This study examines whether an element of intergroup communication – perceived accent discrimination – is related to negative psychological outcomes, and whether personal characteristics can moderate this relation. Specifically, the objectives of this study are to explore whether ethnolinguistic identity and perceived legitimacy of discrimination interact to moderate the relation between perceived accent discrimination and daily language hassles …
You’re a Juksing
Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another, shows unique structural and functional patterns in different bilingual communities. Though historically viewed as negative, it has been documented as an acceptable way of speaking in certain contexts, namely multilingual communities. We investigated the implications of code-switching on bilinguals’ language attitudes and identities in Toronto, a distinctly multilingual and mu…
Perceived Accent Discrimination
Prior research has documented that nonstandard ways of speaking can be subject to discrimination, and that nonstandard speakers are aware of the biases toward their accents. However, few studies have investigated the consequences of this for the stigmatized speaker. The objectives of this study are to explore how perceived legitimacy of discrimination moderates the relationship between perceived accent discrimination and the following two variabl…
Intergroup Threat and the Linguistic Intergroup Bias
This study investigates the physiological consequences of derogation. In the face of an ingroup threat, an opportunity to derogate the outgroup is associated with increases in salivary cortisol, a stress biomarker. These findings support the intergroup anxiety model, which suggests that following an anxiety-inducing threatening experience, outgroup evaluations can amplify emotional reactions and stress. In this study, we investigated whether thre…
A qualitative investigation of the experience of accent stigmatisation among native and nonnative French speakers in Canada
Decades of language attitudes research have documented negative evaluations of non-standard speakers. However, fewer studies have investigated the experience of stigmatization from the perspective of the non-standard speakers themselves. The study aims to explore the following questions: (1) What perception do speakers hold of their accent? (2) What does perceived accent discrimination look like? (3) How do stigmatized speakers respond to discrim…
The Effects of Outgroup Threat and Opportunity to Derogate on Salivary Cortisol Levels
Perceptions of intergroup threat have been related to both experiences of physiological stress responses and derogation of the outgroup. In this study, a neuroscience perspective was used to investigate the relationship between stress and opportunity to derogate the outgroup, in a threatening intergroup context. Research from a social identity perspective suggests that engaging in outgroup derogation alleviates stress when perceiving an intergrou…
Bilingualism in minority settings in Canada
Situational variations in ethnic identity across immigration generations
This study examined whether the acculturation of ethnic identity is first evident in more public situations with greater opportunity for intercultural interaction and eventually penetrates more intimate situations. It also investigated whether situational variations in identity are associated with cross-cultural adaptation. First-generation (G1), second-generation (G2) and mixed-parentage second-generation (G2.5) young adult Canadians (n = 137, n…
The Mediterranean
This article is concerned with the nature of the field of Mediterranean Studies
Intercultural Conflict and Mediation
This study investigates the role of components of intercultural competence in the use of intercultural mediation behaviors. Through the use of the Revised Intercultural Mediation Measure, an instrument revised by the authors, 291 Anglophone and 161 Francophone participants in Canada were asked to indicate their likelihood of employing various mediation strategies to reduce a conflict between two linguistic groups. The results demonstrated that in…
Language and Prejudice
In the ever-increasing globalization of the world, there has been a parallel increase in the amount of contact between members of different social groups, and thus, more opportunities than ever before for discrimination based on prejudice. This article is premised on the belief that language plays a central role in prejudice. Taking as a base the 2007 Journal of Language and Social Psychology special issue on language and discrimination, this rev…
In Consideration of Social Context
The role of language in the transmission of prejudice, including the features of the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) paradigm, has received much theoretical attention. This study investigates whether LIB predictions hold true within a relatively harmonious bilingual context. The LIB is examined as a function of several individual and sociocontextual factors, including second language confidence, group identification, and group vitality. Results …
To See Ourselves as Others See Us”
This study examined how immigrants’ feelings of ethnic identity align with their perceptions of how other people see them, and how these reflected appraisals from others contribute to immigrants’ experience of discrimination. First-generation ( N = 94) and second-generation ( N = 140) Chinese Canadians completed a questionnaire which assessed their ethnic identity and the reflected appraisals of members from Chinese and Anglo Canadian communities…
Forging an identity as a linguistic minority
Expressing Prejudice through the Linguistic Intergroup Bias
The role of verbal communication in the transmission of prejudice has received much theoretical attention (Hecht, 1998; Le Couteur & Augoustinos, 2001), including the features of the linguistic intergroup bias (Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989), yet few studies have examined the acquisition of an out-group language as a factor in mitigating prejudicial speech. The conditions under which minority Canadian Francophones use linguistic bias when c…
Becoming a Cultural Intermediary
Much of the research linking language and discrimination has been concerned with first-language practices. Yet an intergroup perspective supports the possibility that prejudice may be communicated between groups not sharing the same first language. This article explores how factors associated with the acquisition and use of a second language contribute to the development of antidiscriminatory behaviours. Data regarding these issues were collected…
Identity and Adaptation Among Minority Indo-Guyanese
The impact of ethnic reference group, situational characteristics, generational status, and gender on ethnic identification in relation to adaptation was studied in Indo-Guyanese immigrants living in Ottawa, Canada. Ninety-eight first-( n= 48) and second-generation ( n= 50) participants completed a questionnaire in reference to their East-Indian ancestral group, their ingroup and the national Canadian group. Results show that identification was t…
Second Language Learning and Cultural Representations
The socio-contextual model of second language (L2) learning proposes that L2 learning is influenced by aspects of contact with the L2 community, L2 confidence, and identification to both the first language and L2 community (Clément, 1980; Noels & Clément, 1996). The present study examines how these aspects are linked to individuals' cultural representations, corresponding to attitudes toward the L2 community (Sperber, 1996). Respondents included …
Media Effects on Ethnic Identity Among Linguistic Majorities and Minorities
Research on media effects has documented the media's influence on beliefs and behavior while cross-cultural psychology has documented the effects of the language used in communication on identification with the ingroup and the outgroup. Media usage in the outgroup language should, therefore, affect identification patterns. This research investigates media effects in the acculturation process through a longitudinal design involving minority and ma…
Media Effects on Ethnic Identity Among Linguistic Majorities and Minorities
Daily hassles, ethnic identity and psychological adjustment among Lebanese‐Canadians
Acculturation, as a process of cultural change, has been related to a number of consequences including psychological distress. While some research has demonstrated how post-migration stressors influence the adjustment of immigrants, it has been proposed that daily hassles—irritants in daily interactions—such as minor chronic problems with the in-group and the out-group have an even greater impact on adjustment than major life events. Furthermore,…
Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2
Why do some students seek, while others avoid, second language (L2) communication? Many language teachers have encountered students high in linguistic competence who are unwilling to use their L2 for communication whereas other students, with only minimal linguistic knowledge, seem to communicate in the L2 whenever possible. Despite excellent communicative competence, spontaneous and sustained use of the L2 is not ensured. A colleague, who teache…
Motivation, Self-confidence, and Group Cohesion in the Foreign Language Classroom
Defining the motivational basis of second and foreign language acquisition has been at the center of much research and controversy for many years. The present study applied social psychological constructs to the acquisition of English in the unicultural Hungarian setting. A total of 301 Grade 11 students from the region of Budapest answered a questionnaire assessing their attitude, anxiety, and motivation toward learning English, as well as their…
Second Language Proficiency and Acculturation
The present study investigates the relationship between language status and individual differences in attitudes and motivation as they relate to proficiency and acculturation in a second language. All respondents were Francophone university students with either a minority ( n = 110) or a majority background ( nn = 183). They were requested to fill out a questionnaire including measures of ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes and motivation as well…
Why Are You Learning a Second Language? Motivational Orientations and Self-Determination Theory
The data for this study were collected in my first year of graduate school for a term paper for a course I was taking from Luc Pelletier. When I began graduate school, Luc also started at the University of Ottawa as a new faculty member, and he taught a course in motivation. I had worked with Richard Clément for a couple of years already as an honors student and as a research assistant and had conducted research on orientations and motivation und…
Biases in Self-Ratings of Second Language Proficiency
Previous studies have shown a strong link between participants' apprehension about communicating and their perception of communicative competence in both native (L1) and second (L2) languages. This apprehension may intensify when participants communicate in the L2, especially if they believe their level of L2 competence to be very low. This study examines perceived competence in an L2 as a function of actual competence and language anxiety. Thirt…
Language, Identity, and Adjustment
Research in both cross-cultural psychology and the social psychology of language has examined the changes in identity and language behavior that occur when two ethnolinguistic groups come into contact. This study attempted to integrate these two fields of inquiry through an investigation of the relations between identity, interethnic contact, linguistic self-confidence, and psychological adjustment in 179 Chinese university students. The findings…
Sex and Age Effects on Willingness to Communicate, Anxiety, Perceived Competence, and L2 Motivation Among Junior High School French Immersion Students
The students who participate in immersion education are an impressive group. In the present study we looked at students in a junior high school in Nova Scotia. In the local area, English is far and away the dominant language, though there are French-speaking communities within a 2-hr drive and Canada is an officially bilingual country. Therefore, the students are not in a "foreign" language-learning environment, but in all probability, they are n…
Towards a Situated Approach to Ethnolinguistic Identity
Much research has been concerned with the relationship between identity, language and the status of ethnolinguistic groups. Likewise, much attention has been devoted to the acculturative consequences of contact between two cultural groups. The present research was an attempt to bring together these two traditions of research within the context of English-French relations in Canada. Accordingly, Francophone and Anglophone students originating from…
Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language
Past research has focused primarily on second language (L2) acquisition as a tool for promoting intercultural communication. The social context model, for example, stresses the importance of contact, L2 confidence, and identity in acquiring a L2. The willingness to communicate (WTC) model, however, emerged from a concern with the functions of L2 use. This study combines these two models to consider both contextual and individual difference variab…
Aptitude, Attitude and Motivation in Second Language Proficiency
This article presents a test of Clément's model of second language proficiency using the causal modelling technique. Data pertaining to attitudes, aptitude, motivation and second language proficiency were collected from 1,180 francophone students enrolled in grades 7, 9 and 11 in schools of eastern Québec (Canada). The results of the analysis using the LISREL V computer package support the hypothetical constructs and causal sequence posited by Cl…
Interethnic Contact, Identity, and Psychological Adjustment
Social psychological theories of second‐language communication posit a relationship between second‐language competence/usage and social identity. Identity and adaptation outcomes of intercultural contact have also been central issues for cross‐cultural psychology. The studies described here are at the junction of these two research traditions. Based on a situated‐identity approach, they show the mediating and moderating roles of second‐language c…
Orientations in Second Language Acquisition
Studies comparing the relative effectiveness of different orientations to second language acquisition have obtained contradictory results. In the present study, these contradictions are traced to ambiguities pertaining to the definition of orientations and to the influence of the milieu on the acquisition process. This study assessed the influence of ethnicity (French vs. English), milieu (unicultural vs. multicultural). and target second languag…
A Chinese Conceptualisation of Willingness to Communicate in ESL
MacIntyre et al.'s (1998) heuristic model of willingness to communicate (WTC) is based on research principally conducted in the western world. The goal of this paper is to amend the WTC model so as to reflect more closely the situation found in English language Chinese classrooms. We try to extend MacIntyre et al.'s model in two ways: by changing some structural relationships between constructs included in the model and by reinterpreting some of …
Situational variations in ethnic identity across immigration generations
This study examined whether the acculturation of ethnic identity is first evident in more public situations with greater opportunity for intercultural interaction and eventually penetrates more intimate situations. It also investigated whether situational variations in identity are associated with cross-cultural adaptation. First-generation (G1), second-generation (G2) and mixed-parentage second-generation (G2.5) young adult Canadians (n = 137, n…
Ethnolinguistic vitality, self‐confidence and second language proficiency
Past studies of the social‐psychological factors involved in second language acquisition have primarily been focussed on individual determinants of second language competence. Recent theoretical attempts at integrating contextual or environmental determinants have underlined the possible role of ethnolinguistic vitality. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of ethnolinguistic vitality on different constructs of Clément's model …
Language and Prejudice
In the ever-increasing globalization of the world, there has been a parallel increase in the amount of contact between members of different social groups, and thus, more opportunities than ever before for discrimination based on prejudice. This article is premised on the belief that language plays a central role in prejudice. Taking as a base the 2007 Journal of Language and Social Psychology special issue on language and discrimination, this rev…
To See Ourselves as Others See Us”
This study examined how immigrants’ feelings of ethnic identity align with their perceptions of how other people see them, and how these reflected appraisals from others contribute to immigrants’ experience of discrimination. First-generation ( N = 94) and second-generation ( N = 140) Chinese Canadians completed a questionnaire which assessed their ethnic identity and the reflected appraisals of members from Chinese and Anglo Canadian communities…
Explicating ethnicity in theory and communication research
Les As. proposent une evaluation transdisciplinaire des conceptualisations et des operationalisations de l'ethnicite. D'une part, ils examinent les divers fondements definitoires et theoriques de l'ethnicite et de l'identite ethnique, et d'autre part, ils presentent, a partir d'une vaste recherche sur CDROM, une analyse de contenu portant sur les articles de revues qui abordent le theme de l'ethnicite. Ils se concentrent notamment sur : 1) les re…
Forging an identity as a linguistic minority
Second Language Learning and Cultural Representations
The socio-contextual model of second language (L2) learning proposes that L2 learning is influenced by aspects of contact with the L2 community, L2 confidence, and identification to both the first language and L2 community (Clément, 1980; Noels & Clément, 1996). The present study examines how these aspects are linked to individuals' cultural representations, corresponding to attitudes toward the L2 community (Sperber, 1996). Respondents included …
Daily hassles, ethnic identity and psychological adjustment among Lebanese‐Canadians
Acculturation, as a process of cultural change, has been related to a number of consequences including psychological distress. While some research has demonstrated how post-migration stressors influence the adjustment of immigrants, it has been proposed that daily hassles—irritants in daily interactions—such as minor chronic problems with the in-group and the out-group have an even greater impact on adjustment than major life events. Furthermore,…
Perceived vitality of age categories in California and Hong Kong
This paper examines young people's assessments of the subjective vitality (SV) of young, middle‐aged, and elderly targets in Hong Kong and California. This emerged from an interest in the application of the SV framework to age, which is a new development. In addition, we were interested in the relative strength ascribed to the elderly in the two cultures, given western conceptions that the elderly are revered and respected in Asian cultures. The …
Language attitudes
Intensive Second Language Study in a Bicultural Milieu
The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the relation of a series of attitudinal/motivational variables to achievement in French of samples of Canadian and American adult students in an intensive French language program, and to assess the effects of the program on attitudes, motivation, and French proficiency. The results demonstrated an association between an attitudinal/motivational factor, referred to as an integrative motive, and …
You’re a Juksing
Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another, shows unique structural and functional patterns in different bilingual communities. Though historically viewed as negative, it has been documented as an acceptable way of speaking in certain contexts, namely multilingual communities. We investigated the implications of code-switching on bilinguals’ language attitudes and identities in Toronto, a distinctly multilingual and mu…
Evaluational Reactions to Discrepancies Between Social Class and Language
Intensive Second Language Study in a Bicultural Milieu
The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the relation of a series of attitudinal/motivational variables to achievement in French of samples of Canadian and American adult students in an intensive French language program, and to assess the effects of the program on attitudes, motivation, and French proficiency. The results demonstrated an association between an attitudinal/motivational factor, referred to as an integrative motive, and …
Ethnicity, Contact and Communicative Competence in a Second Language11The author is grateful to Dr. R. C. Gardner for his comments on a draft of this paper.
Orientations in Second Language Acquisition
Studies comparing the relative effectiveness of different orientations to second language acquisition have obtained contradictory results. In the present study, these contradictions are traced to ambiguities pertaining to the definition of orientations and to the influence of the milieu on the acquisition process. This study assessed the influence of ethnicity (French vs. English), milieu (unicultural vs. multicultural). and target second languag…
Bilingualité et Bilinguisme
Aptitude, Attitude and Motivation in Second Language Proficiency
This article presents a test of Clément's model of second language proficiency using the causal modelling technique. Data pertaining to attitudes, aptitude, motivation and second language proficiency were collected from 1,180 francophone students enrolled in grades 7, 9 and 11 in schools of eastern Québec (Canada). The results of the analysis using the LISREL V computer package support the hypothetical constructs and causal sequence posited by Cl…
Ethnolinguistic vitality, self‐confidence and second language proficiency
Past studies of the social‐psychological factors involved in second language acquisition have primarily been focussed on individual determinants of second language competence. Recent theoretical attempts at integrating contextual or environmental determinants have underlined the possible role of ethnolinguistic vitality. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of ethnolinguistic vitality on different constructs of Clément's model …
Second Language Proficiency and Acculturation
The present study investigates the relationship between language status and individual differences in attitudes and motivation as they relate to proficiency and acculturation in a second language. All respondents were Francophone university students with either a minority ( n = 110) or a majority background ( nn = 183). They were requested to fill out a questionnaire including measures of ethnolinguistic vitality, attitudes and motivation as well…
A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad 1475-1640
Towards a Situated Approach to Ethnolinguistic Identity
Much research has been concerned with the relationship between identity, language and the status of ethnolinguistic groups. Likewise, much attention has been devoted to the acculturative consequences of contact between two cultural groups. The present research was an attempt to bring together these two traditions of research within the context of English-French relations in Canada. Accordingly, Francophone and Anglophone students originating from…
Printing the Written Word
Deconstructing the “Big Picture”
(1994). Deconstructing the “Big Picture”: Perspectives and Layers of Interethnic Communication. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 17, Communication Yearbook 17, pp. 539-550
Perceived vitality of age categories in California and Hong Kong
This paper examines young people's assessments of the subjective vitality (SV) of young, middle‐aged, and elderly targets in Hong Kong and California. This emerged from an interest in the application of the SV framework to age, which is a new development. In addition, we were interested in the relative strength ascribed to the elderly in the two cultures, given western conceptions that the elderly are revered and respected in Asian cultures. The …
Motivation, Self-confidence, and Group Cohesion in the Foreign Language Classroom
Defining the motivational basis of second and foreign language acquisition has been at the center of much research and controversy for many years. The present study applied social psychological constructs to the acquisition of English in the unicultural Hungarian setting. A total of 301 Grade 11 students from the region of Budapest answered a questionnaire assessing their attitude, anxiety, and motivation toward learning English, as well as their…
Language attitudes
Aldus and His Dream Book
Acculturation Mode, Identity Variation, and Psychosocial Adjustment
The hypothesis that it is the variability of a person's identity--as opposed to the particular combinations of identities--that produces stress during the acculturation process was examined. Two hundred ninety-five native Anglophone students at the University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, provided demographic data and completed the following measures: the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck & Beck, 1972), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965), the Situa…
Explicating ethnicity in theory and communication research
Les As. proposent une evaluation transdisciplinaire des conceptualisations et des operationalisations de l'ethnicite. D'une part, ils examinent les divers fondements definitoires et theoriques de l'ethnicite et de l'identite ethnique, et d'autre part, ils presentent, a partir d'une vaste recherche sur CDROM, une analyse de contenu portant sur les articles de revues qui abordent le theme de l'ethnicite. Ils se concentrent notamment sur : 1) les re…
Language, Identity, and Adjustment
Research in both cross-cultural psychology and the social psychology of language has examined the changes in identity and language behavior that occur when two ethnolinguistic groups come into contact. This study attempted to integrate these two fields of inquiry through an investigation of the relations between identity, interethnic contact, linguistic self-confidence, and psychological adjustment in 179 Chinese university students. The findings…
Social Psychology and Intergroup Communication
As a prologue to this special issue, this article places the study of intergroup communication in the context of the evolution of social psychology. The growing interest in the field is exemplified, historical points of divergence are noted, and two epistemological arguments for a rapprochement are proposed. The articles are then presented, highlighting their wide theoretical and methodological scope
Biases in Self-Ratings of Second Language Proficiency
Previous studies have shown a strong link between participants' apprehension about communicating and their perception of communicative competence in both native (L1) and second (L2) languages. This apprehension may intensify when participants communicate in the L2, especially if they believe their level of L2 competence to be very low. This study examines perceived competence in an L2 as a function of actual competence and language anxiety. Thirt…
Printed Commonplace Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought
Printed Commonplace-Books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought
Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2
Why do some students seek, while others avoid, second language (L2) communication? Many language teachers have encountered students high in linguistic competence who are unwilling to use their L2 for communication whereas other students, with only minimal linguistic knowledge, seem to communicate in the L2 whenever possible. Despite excellent communicative competence, spontaneous and sustained use of the L2 is not ensured. A colleague, who teache…
Perceptions of Teachers’ Communicative Style and Students’ Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
This study considers how students’ perceptions of their teachers’ communicative style, particularly the extent to which teachers are perceived to support students’ autonomy and to provide useful feedback about students’ learning progress, are related to students’ extrinsic and intrinsic motivational orientations. It also examines the link between these variables and various language learning outcomes, including effort, anxiety, and language compe…
Psychology (47 obras) · Social Psychology (40 obras) · Linguistics (31 obras) · Sociology (28 obras) · Multilingual Education and Policy (26 obras) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (22 obras) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (18 obras) · Ethnic group (17 obras) · Social Psychology (15 obras) · Developmental psychology (14 obras)