Gruber
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 101973 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Gruber |
| APELLIDO | Gruber |
| FIRMA | GRUBER |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Graz |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5513-4020 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 96 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1996 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Tracing Mortality in 19th-Century Albanian Provinces. Parish Registers and Death-Causes in Shkodra and Jubani
Tracing vital events in the 19th century across Albanian provinces is a complex research endeavour related to the organisation of Albanian population into three different communities (Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox) under the Millet system applied in the Ottoman Empire, which grouped population by religion rather than ethnicity. The registration of births, deaths, and marriages was the responsibility of the respective religious communities, and as…
Historical Europe in the Asian “mirror”
Scholars have long argued that the familial, demographic, and sociocultural conditions in historical Europe left little room for patriarchal bias compared to Asia. However, these claims have not been rigorously tested through large-scale, data-driven, comparative analyses and statistical modeling. This paper fills this gap by applying Gruber and Szołtysek (Hist Fam 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2014.1001769 ) Patriarchy Index to IPUMS-in…
The Patriarchy Index ten years after
This article revisits the Patriarchy Index (PI) a decade after its introduction, extending its scope to the United States and situating it within the broader North Atlantic demographic regime. Using harmonized census microdata (IPUMS USA, NAPP, Mosaic), we estimate PI values for the 1880 and 1910 U.S. censuses and compare them with contemporaneous European populations. We map these patterns at county scale and by race, revealing important interna…
Mosaic Database
This paper looks at the progress that the Mosaic database has enabled in the study of family structures in continental Europe in the past. Our main argument is that the combination of comprehensive archival research, digitization and computation, data mining, and open-access dissemination that is at the core of the Mosaic project is bringing about an important shift in the fundamental principles that have driven European family history research t…
Women owning Property in mid-19th Century Serbia
The Serbian census of 1862/63 includes information about the property and income of the census population. Most property was owned by men, but a minority of women had some possession of their own. Most of them were either heirs of their husband or their father. This paper will take a closer look at these propertied women and the characteristics of them and their property
Digital Census Microdata as Sources for the Historical Demography of the Ottoman Empire
Digital Census Microdata as Sources for the Historical Demography of the Ottoman Empire Siegfried Gruber (bio) KEYWORDS Ottoman Empire, southeast Europe, census, digitization, historical demography Microdata is much better suited for detailed analyses than published aggregate data. Microdata contains all the available information for each individual included in a population register, survey, census or other data collection instrument, and it reco…
Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe
Although recent findings suggest that gender-discriminatory practices unduly increased female mortality rates during infancy and childhood in historical Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, there is little research on the conditions that triggered these practices. Relying on child sex ratios (the number of boys per hundred girls in a particular age group) as a cumulative measure of sex-differential mortality around birth, infancy, a…
Inferring “missing girls” from child sex ratios in historical census data
The topic of “missing girls” in historical Europe has not only been mostly neglected, but previous research addressing this issue usually took the available information too lightly, either rejecting or accepting the claims that there was discrimination against female children, without assessing the possibility that the observed child sex ratios could be attributable to chance, mortality differentials, or registration quality. This article contrib…
Global and local correlations of Hajnal’s household formation markers in historical Europe
Previous scholarship has assumed global correlations between premarital service in husbandry, marriage age, the extent to which marriage coincided with the attainment of household headship, and the nuclear household structure. According to John Hajnal, these were the four core principles of historical household formation systems. However, whether such correlations applied universally across Europe remains uncertain. We test this possibility by ap…
Making a Place for Space
Much of the previous scholarship on the historical living arrangements of the aged has taken place without the benefit of large-scale harmonised census microdata and did not embrace even rudimentary forms of spatial modelling. Drawing on the pooled cross-sectional census microdata from the North Atlantic Population and Mosaic projects, we derive measures of intergenerational co-residence among the elderly for 277 regional populations from Catalon…
One size does not fit all”
The extent of elderly residential isolation from kin varied considerably between European historical societies, but few attempts have been made to understand these patterns systematically across space. So far, large‐scale accounts of factors underlying these patterns have calibrated a global model based on a single regression equation, thus implicitly assuming that the relationships between elderly living arrangements and their correlates are spa…
Fertility in Rostock and Rural Mecklenburg-Schwerin in the 19th Century
In this paper we first set out to evaluate how much the fertility between Rostock as an urban settlement differed from the surrounding rural area of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in the 19th century. The available microdata allows for a more in-depth analysis compared to previous research based on aggregate data. The censuses of 1819, 1867, and 1900 provide data for using the Own-Children-Method. We analyse the urban-rural difference, the influence of oc…
Age heaping patterns in Mosaic data
This paper analyzes the extent and nature of age-misreporting in the Mosaic data, currently one of the largest historical census microdata infrastructures for continental Europe. We use demographic measures known as the age heaping indexes to explore regional, periodic and sex-specific patterns of age misreporting across 115 Mosaic regional datafiles, from Catalonia to Moscow, during Europe's demographic ancien régime and thereafter. The paper's …
The Patriarchy Index
This article presents a new measure of family-driven age- and gender-related inequalities. This composite measure, which we call the Patriarchy Index, combines a range of variables related to familial behavior that reflect varying degrees of sex- and age-related social inequality across different family settings. We demonstrate the comparative advantages of the index by showing how 266 historical populations from the Atlantic coast of Europe to M…
The patriarchy index
This article stands at the confluence of three streams of historical social science analysis: the sociological study of power relations within the family, the regional demography of historical Europe, and the study of spatial patterning of historical family forms in Europe. It is a first exercise in the design and application of a new 'master variable' for cross-cultural studies of family organization and relations. This indexed composite measure…
Mosaic
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the demand for global data on historical family systems, both in the social sciences and in the humanities. Until lately, however, scholars interested in historical global family variation had to rely on simplified and often ahistorical world-scale classifications of family systems by world geographic regions. This article communicates Mosaic to the scholarly community – one of the largest infr…
Variations spatiales des structures de ménage en Allemagne au xix e siècle
L’Allemagne du xix e siècle est un laboratoire particulièrement intéressant pour l’étude des différences démographiques entre régions, et pourtant les structures de la famille à cette époque dans cette partie de l’Europe restent peu explorées. Cet article analyse la variabilité des situations domestiques avec une mesure agrégée de la complexité des ménages fondée sur les statistiques publiées du recensement allemand de 1885. Des méthodes descript…
Spatial inequalities in infant survival at an early stage of the longevity revolution
Spatial inequalities in human development are of great concern to international organisations and national governments. Demographic indicators like the infant mortality rate are important measures for determining these inequalities. Using demographic indic
Living arrangements and household formation in an industrializing urban setting
Cet article fait le point sur la littérature en démographie historique consacrée à la question des relations entre les processus généralement désignés sous les termes « d’industrialisation » et « d’urbanisation » et les transformations de la famille. Appliquant des méthodologies quantitatives aux recensements de 1867 et 1900, nous examinons l’impact du développement du mode de vie urbain sur le système familial de Rostock, une ville en voie d’ind…
Stem Families, Joint Families, and the European Pattern
[[family systemsliving arrangementsdemographic variationstem familyjoint familyelderly ]] This article makes a new contribution to the discussion of historical European family forms. Its starting points are two recent contributions by Steven Ruggles in which the author discussed the historical appearances of stem and joint families across the globe. Drawing on most recent developments in census microdata infrastructure from historical Eastern, Ce…
Quantifying patriarchy
The notion of 'patriarchy' has pervaded the scholarly descriptions of peasant families in historical Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.The term has often included many different elements, such as the dominance of patrilineal descent, patrilocal or patrivirilocal residence after marriage, power relations that favour the domination of men over women and of the older generation over the younger generation, customary laws that sanctioned these pattern…
Multiple Family Households East of the Hajnal Line
This article uses the Albanian population census of 1918 and the published results of four Serbian censuses of the second half of the 19th century to study the proportion of multiple family households in these countries. During the second half of the 19th century household complexity increased in Serbia despite a widespread notion of the dissolution of the multiple family households there. This confirms research that points to the fact that house…
Real and Synthetic Household Populations and Their Analysis
In this article, the authors describe a validation of methods for dealing with census microdata with no delineated households. The 1819 census of Rostock, Germany, is an enumeration of individuals without household reference. Following a description of this census, the authors test an algorithm that constructs households from individual person records according to a strictly defined set of rules. The rules for assigning people to household units …
Household structures in urban Albania in 1918
This article intends to shed further light on urban household structures in Albania as far less is known about them compared with rural households. The population census of 1918, which was forgotten for decades, is used for this purpose and proves to be a very valuable source. After a look at the theoretical framework of household formation patterns in this region and at comparative studies in other countries of the region, the size and compositi…
Household structures in Albania in the early 20th century
This article attempts to shed light on household structures in Albania based on the census of 1918. Quantitative data enable the investigation of patterns of household formation and marriage in a region where such research previously has been missing. The results confirm eastern European marriage patterns for women but not for men in Albania. Northern Albania lies in the core zone of the Balkan patriarchy and joint family households have prevaile…
Mosaic
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the demand for global data on historical family systems, both in the social sciences and in the humanities. Until lately, however, scholars interested in historical global family variation had to rely on simplified and often ahistorical world-scale classifications of family systems by world geographic regions. This article communicates Mosaic to the scholarly community – one of the largest infr…
The patriarchy index
This article stands at the confluence of three streams of historical social science analysis: the sociological study of power relations within the family, the regional demography of historical Europe, and the study of spatial patterning of historical family forms in Europe. It is a first exercise in the design and application of a new 'master variable' for cross-cultural studies of family organization and relations. This indexed composite measure…
Stem Families, Joint Families, and the European Pattern
[[family systemsliving arrangementsdemographic variationstem familyjoint familyelderly ]] This article makes a new contribution to the discussion of historical European family forms. Its starting points are two recent contributions by Steven Ruggles in which the author discussed the historical appearances of stem and joint families across the globe. Drawing on most recent developments in census microdata infrastructure from historical Eastern, Ce…
The Patriarchy Index
This article presents a new measure of family-driven age- and gender-related inequalities. This composite measure, which we call the Patriarchy Index, combines a range of variables related to familial behavior that reflect varying degrees of sex- and age-related social inequality across different family settings. We demonstrate the comparative advantages of the index by showing how 266 historical populations from the Atlantic coast of Europe to M…
Age heaping patterns in Mosaic data
This paper analyzes the extent and nature of age-misreporting in the Mosaic data, currently one of the largest historical census microdata infrastructures for continental Europe. We use demographic measures known as the age heaping indexes to explore regional, periodic and sex-specific patterns of age misreporting across 115 Mosaic regional datafiles, from Catalonia to Moscow, during Europe's demographic ancien régime and thereafter. The paper's …
Spatial inequalities in infant survival at an early stage of the longevity revolution
Spatial inequalities in human development are of great concern to international organisations and national governments. Demographic indicators like the infant mortality rate are important measures for determining these inequalities. Using demographic indic
Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe
Although recent findings suggest that gender-discriminatory practices unduly increased female mortality rates during infancy and childhood in historical Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, there is little research on the conditions that triggered these practices. Relying on child sex ratios (the number of boys per hundred girls in a particular age group) as a cumulative measure of sex-differential mortality around birth, infancy, a…
Inferring “missing girls” from child sex ratios in historical census data
The topic of “missing girls” in historical Europe has not only been mostly neglected, but previous research addressing this issue usually took the available information too lightly, either rejecting or accepting the claims that there was discrimination against female children, without assessing the possibility that the observed child sex ratios could be attributable to chance, mortality differentials, or registration quality. This article contrib…
Making a Place for Space
Much of the previous scholarship on the historical living arrangements of the aged has taken place without the benefit of large-scale harmonised census microdata and did not embrace even rudimentary forms of spatial modelling. Drawing on the pooled cross-sectional census microdata from the North Atlantic Population and Mosaic projects, we derive measures of intergenerational co-residence among the elderly for 277 regional populations from Catalon…
Quantifying patriarchy
The notion of 'patriarchy' has pervaded the scholarly descriptions of peasant families in historical Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.The term has often included many different elements, such as the dominance of patrilineal descent, patrilocal or patrivirilocal residence after marriage, power relations that favour the domination of men over women and of the older generation over the younger generation, customary laws that sanctioned these pattern…
Global and local correlations of Hajnal’s household formation markers in historical Europe
Previous scholarship has assumed global correlations between premarital service in husbandry, marriage age, the extent to which marriage coincided with the attainment of household headship, and the nuclear household structure. According to John Hajnal, these were the four core principles of historical household formation systems. However, whether such correlations applied universally across Europe remains uncertain. We test this possibility by ap…
Variations spatiales des structures de ménage en Allemagne au xix e siècle
L’Allemagne du xix e siècle est un laboratoire particulièrement intéressant pour l’étude des différences démographiques entre régions, et pourtant les structures de la famille à cette époque dans cette partie de l’Europe restent peu explorées. Cet article analyse la variabilité des situations domestiques avec une mesure agrégée de la complexité des ménages fondée sur les statistiques publiées du recensement allemand de 1885. Des méthodes descript…
Household structures in urban Albania in 1918
This article intends to shed further light on urban household structures in Albania as far less is known about them compared with rural households. The population census of 1918, which was forgotten for decades, is used for this purpose and proves to be a very valuable source. After a look at the theoretical framework of household formation patterns in this region and at comparative studies in other countries of the region, the size and compositi…
One size does not fit all”
The extent of elderly residential isolation from kin varied considerably between European historical societies, but few attempts have been made to understand these patterns systematically across space. So far, large‐scale accounts of factors underlying these patterns have calibrated a global model based on a single regression equation, thus implicitly assuming that the relationships between elderly living arrangements and their correlates are spa…
Household structures in Albania in the early 20th century
This article attempts to shed light on household structures in Albania based on the census of 1918. Quantitative data enable the investigation of patterns of household formation and marriage in a region where such research previously has been missing. The results confirm eastern European marriage patterns for women but not for men in Albania. Northern Albania lies in the core zone of the Balkan patriarchy and joint family households have prevaile…
The dissolution of the large complex households in the Balkans
The article examines three village communities—Lekenik in Civil Croatia, Bobovac in the Croatian Military Border, and Orašac in Serbia—to answer the question of why the inhabitants of these villages experienced radical changes in their collective lives and their household organization during the nineteenth century. Complex households had developed in these villages in previous centuries, but a series of political, social, and economic changes, st…
The dissolution of the large complex households in the Balkans
The article examines three village communities—Lekenik in Civil Croatia, Bobovac in the Croatian Military Border, and Orašac in Serbia—to answer the question of why the inhabitants of these villages experienced radical changes in their collective lives and their household organization during the nineteenth century. Complex households had developed in these villages in previous centuries, but a series of political, social, and economic changes, st…
Household structures in Albania in the early 20th century
This article attempts to shed light on household structures in Albania based on the census of 1918. Quantitative data enable the investigation of patterns of household formation and marriage in a region where such research previously has been missing. The results confirm eastern European marriage patterns for women but not for men in Albania. Northern Albania lies in the core zone of the Balkan patriarchy and joint family households have prevaile…
Household structures in urban Albania in 1918
This article intends to shed further light on urban household structures in Albania as far less is known about them compared with rural households. The population census of 1918, which was forgotten for decades, is used for this purpose and proves to be a very valuable source. After a look at the theoretical framework of household formation patterns in this region and at comparative studies in other countries of the region, the size and compositi…
Real and Synthetic Household Populations and Their Analysis
In this article, the authors describe a validation of methods for dealing with census microdata with no delineated households. The 1819 census of Rostock, Germany, is an enumeration of individuals without household reference. Following a description of this census, the authors test an algorithm that constructs households from individual person records according to a strictly defined set of rules. The rules for assigning people to household units …
Living arrangements and household formation in an industrializing urban setting
Cet article fait le point sur la littérature en démographie historique consacrée à la question des relations entre les processus généralement désignés sous les termes « d’industrialisation » et « d’urbanisation » et les transformations de la famille. Appliquant des méthodologies quantitatives aux recensements de 1867 et 1900, nous examinons l’impact du développement du mode de vie urbain sur le système familial de Rostock, une ville en voie d’ind…
Stem Families, Joint Families, and the European Pattern
[[family systemsliving arrangementsdemographic variationstem familyjoint familyelderly ]] This article makes a new contribution to the discussion of historical European family forms. Its starting points are two recent contributions by Steven Ruggles in which the author discussed the historical appearances of stem and joint families across the globe. Drawing on most recent developments in census microdata infrastructure from historical Eastern, Ce…
Quantifying patriarchy
The notion of 'patriarchy' has pervaded the scholarly descriptions of peasant families in historical Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.The term has often included many different elements, such as the dominance of patrilineal descent, patrilocal or patrivirilocal residence after marriage, power relations that favour the domination of men over women and of the older generation over the younger generation, customary laws that sanctioned these pattern…
Multiple Family Households East of the Hajnal Line
This article uses the Albanian population census of 1918 and the published results of four Serbian censuses of the second half of the 19th century to study the proportion of multiple family households in these countries. During the second half of the 19th century household complexity increased in Serbia despite a widespread notion of the dissolution of the multiple family households there. This confirms research that points to the fact that house…
Variations spatiales des structures de ménage en Allemagne au xix e siècle
L’Allemagne du xix e siècle est un laboratoire particulièrement intéressant pour l’étude des différences démographiques entre régions, et pourtant les structures de la famille à cette époque dans cette partie de l’Europe restent peu explorées. Cet article analyse la variabilité des situations domestiques avec une mesure agrégée de la complexité des ménages fondée sur les statistiques publiées du recensement allemand de 1885. Des méthodes descript…
Spatial inequalities in infant survival at an early stage of the longevity revolution
Spatial inequalities in human development are of great concern to international organisations and national governments. Demographic indicators like the infant mortality rate are important measures for determining these inequalities. Using demographic indic
The patriarchy index
This article stands at the confluence of three streams of historical social science analysis: the sociological study of power relations within the family, the regional demography of historical Europe, and the study of spatial patterning of historical family forms in Europe. It is a first exercise in the design and application of a new 'master variable' for cross-cultural studies of family organization and relations. This indexed composite measure…
Mosaic
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the demand for global data on historical family systems, both in the social sciences and in the humanities. Until lately, however, scholars interested in historical global family variation had to rely on simplified and often ahistorical world-scale classifications of family systems by world geographic regions. This article communicates Mosaic to the scholarly community – one of the largest infr…
The Patriarchy Index
This article presents a new measure of family-driven age- and gender-related inequalities. This composite measure, which we call the Patriarchy Index, combines a range of variables related to familial behavior that reflect varying degrees of sex- and age-related social inequality across different family settings. We demonstrate the comparative advantages of the index by showing how 266 historical populations from the Atlantic coast of Europe to M…
Fertility in Rostock and Rural Mecklenburg-Schwerin in the 19th Century
In this paper we first set out to evaluate how much the fertility between Rostock as an urban settlement differed from the surrounding rural area of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in the 19th century. The available microdata allows for a more in-depth analysis compared to previous research based on aggregate data. The censuses of 1819, 1867, and 1900 provide data for using the Own-Children-Method. We analyse the urban-rural difference, the influence of oc…
Age heaping patterns in Mosaic data
This paper analyzes the extent and nature of age-misreporting in the Mosaic data, currently one of the largest historical census microdata infrastructures for continental Europe. We use demographic measures known as the age heaping indexes to explore regional, periodic and sex-specific patterns of age misreporting across 115 Mosaic regional datafiles, from Catalonia to Moscow, during Europe's demographic ancien régime and thereafter. The paper's …
One size does not fit all”
The extent of elderly residential isolation from kin varied considerably between European historical societies, but few attempts have been made to understand these patterns systematically across space. So far, large‐scale accounts of factors underlying these patterns have calibrated a global model based on a single regression equation, thus implicitly assuming that the relationships between elderly living arrangements and their correlates are spa…
Making a Place for Space
Much of the previous scholarship on the historical living arrangements of the aged has taken place without the benefit of large-scale harmonised census microdata and did not embrace even rudimentary forms of spatial modelling. Drawing on the pooled cross-sectional census microdata from the North Atlantic Population and Mosaic projects, we derive measures of intergenerational co-residence among the elderly for 277 regional populations from Catalon…
Global and local correlations of Hajnal’s household formation markers in historical Europe
Previous scholarship has assumed global correlations between premarital service in husbandry, marriage age, the extent to which marriage coincided with the attainment of household headship, and the nuclear household structure. According to John Hajnal, these were the four core principles of historical household formation systems. However, whether such correlations applied universally across Europe remains uncertain. We test this possibility by ap…
Digital Census Microdata as Sources for the Historical Demography of the Ottoman Empire
Digital Census Microdata as Sources for the Historical Demography of the Ottoman Empire Siegfried Gruber (bio) KEYWORDS Ottoman Empire, southeast Europe, census, digitization, historical demography Microdata is much better suited for detailed analyses than published aggregate data. Microdata contains all the available information for each individual included in a population register, survey, census or other data collection instrument, and it reco…
Family patriarchy and child sex ratios in historical Europe
Although recent findings suggest that gender-discriminatory practices unduly increased female mortality rates during infancy and childhood in historical Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, there is little research on the conditions that triggered these practices. Relying on child sex ratios (the number of boys per hundred girls in a particular age group) as a cumulative measure of sex-differential mortality around birth, infancy, a…
Inferring “missing girls” from child sex ratios in historical census data
The topic of “missing girls” in historical Europe has not only been mostly neglected, but previous research addressing this issue usually took the available information too lightly, either rejecting or accepting the claims that there was discrimination against female children, without assessing the possibility that the observed child sex ratios could be attributable to chance, mortality differentials, or registration quality. This article contrib…
Women owning Property in mid-19th Century Serbia
The Serbian census of 1862/63 includes information about the property and income of the census population. Most property was owned by men, but a minority of women had some possession of their own. Most of them were either heirs of their husband or their father. This paper will take a closer look at these propertied women and the characteristics of them and their property
Mosaic Database
This paper looks at the progress that the Mosaic database has enabled in the study of family structures in continental Europe in the past. Our main argument is that the combination of comprehensive archival research, digitization and computation, data mining, and open-access dissemination that is at the core of the Mosaic project is bringing about an important shift in the fundamental principles that have driven European family history research t…
Tracing Mortality in 19th-Century Albanian Provinces. Parish Registers and Death-Causes in Shkodra and Jubani
Tracing vital events in the 19th century across Albanian provinces is a complex research endeavour related to the organisation of Albanian population into three different communities (Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox) under the Millet system applied in the Ottoman Empire, which grouped population by religion rather than ethnicity. The registration of births, deaths, and marriages was the responsibility of the respective religious communities, and as…
Historical Europe in the Asian “mirror”
Scholars have long argued that the familial, demographic, and sociocultural conditions in historical Europe left little room for patriarchal bias compared to Asia. However, these claims have not been rigorously tested through large-scale, data-driven, comparative analyses and statistical modeling. This paper fills this gap by applying Gruber and Szołtysek (Hist Fam 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2014.1001769 ) Patriarchy Index to IPUMS-in…
Geography (21 obras) · Sociology (21 obras) · Demography (19 obras) · Population (19 obras) · Demography (15 obras) · Census (14 obras) · Economics (11 obras) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (10 obras) · History (8 obras) · Demographic economics (7 obras)