Gail Ironson
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 108752 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Gail Ironson |
| NOMBRES | Gail |
| APELLIDO | Ironson |
| FIRMA | IRONSON G |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Miami |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4770-1464 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 100 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 107 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 100 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1987 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Spiritual and Religious Beliefs, Behaviors, and Struggles in Relation to Death Anxiety
Death anxiety is associated with adverse psychological and health outcomes, yet findings regarding the role of religiosity and spirituality (R/S) as protective or risk factors remain mixed. Prior research has relied on convenience samples, combined disparate R/S constructs, and rarely tested nonlinear associations. This study examined associations between death anxiety and multiple R/S facets in a nationwide probability sample of 3,010 U.S. adult…
Religious and spiritual identities
This study has three objectives. First, to assess change in four religious/spiritual identities: religious only, spiritual only, both religious and spiritual, and neither religious nor spiritual. Second, to evaluate whether respondents believe the identities they assumed are salient. Third, to estimate whether the probability of identity change is associated with age. The findings indicate that roughly a quarter of the sample changed their religi…
Linear growth modeling of religious coping and social support among Black women living with HIV in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic
Among Black women living with HIV (BWLWH) the current study aimed to quantitatively assess changes in religious coping and social support over time via linear growth modeling (LGM). BWLWH (N = 276) provided longitudinal survey data on demographics, religious coping, and social support across fourteen study visits (between 2019 and 2024) at three-month intervals in the Southeastern United States. Religious coping and social support mean scores flu…
Testing for Measurement Invariance (MI)
Assessing measurement invariance and the interplay of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience among Black women living with HIV (BWLWH) across time utilizing latent class and repeated measure analysis may provide novel insights. A total of 151 BWLWH in a southeastern U.S. city completed surveys focused on multiple forms of microaggressions and discrimination (race, gender, sexual orientation, or HIV-related) and resilience factors (socia…
Religious hope, but not a general sense of hope, is associated with change in chronic conditions over time
Feeling grateful to God and change in chronic health problems
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between feeling grateful to God and change in chronic health problems. Three sets of findings are provided. First, the data suggest that feeling grateful to God is associated with more chronic health conditions among younger adults while older adults who are grateful to God report fewer chronic conditions. Second, the results reveal that feeling grateful to God is associated with more spir…
Belief in Faith Healing and HbA1c
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between belief in divine healing and HbA1c (a biomarker of blood glucose control). Three major findings emerged from our analysis of data from a nationwide survey. First, a set of descriptive analyses suggest that faith healing beliefs are not the sole province of Conservative Christians. Instead, belief in divine healing is more widely spread in the general population. Second, our analyses…
Frequency of Private Prayer Predicts Survival Over 6 Years in a Nationwide U.S. Sample of Individuals with a Chronic Illness
Prayer is central to religious/spiritual life, and there are many claims for its effectiveness. However, few studies have examined whether frequency of prayer predicts survival in people with a chronic illness. This study follows a nationwide United States sample of people with a chronic illness ( N = 1931) from 2014 to 2020. Those who prayed on a daily basis or more were significantly more likely to survive over 6 years (Hazard Ratio = 1.48; 95%…
Exploring self-esteem during expressive writing about trauma predicts decreased depression in people with HIV
Self-esteem is often negatively impacted by trauma. Low self-esteem has been related to significantly worse depression in people with HIV (PWH). This study explores whether the expression of words related to self-esteem during a 4-session augmented trauma writing intervention predicted post-traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and health outcomes 6-months later. Ninety-five PWH completed four 30-minute augmented trauma writing sessions in the i…
Praying for People You Know Predicts Survival over 17 Years Among People Living with HIV in the U.S
Posttraumatic Cognitions and Condomless Sex Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Neighborhood Characteristics, Intersectional Discrimination, Mental Health, and HIV Outcomes Among Black Women Living With HIV, Southeastern United States, 2019‒2020
Objectives. To examine the effects of within-neighborhood and neighboring characteristics on discrimination, stigma, mental health, and HIV outcomes among Black women living with HIV (BWLWH). Methods. A total of 151 BWLWH in a southeastern US city provided baseline data (October 2019‒January 2020) on experienced microaggressions and discrimination (race-, gender-, sexual orientation-, or HIV-related), mental health (e.g., depression, posttraumati…
Interview-Rated Meaning and Survival Over 17 Years in People Living With HIV
OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether meaning in life predicts survival in people living with HIV (PLWH) over 17 years. This study also examined whether interviewer- and transcript-rated meanings predict survival equivalently. A third purpose of the study was to investigate whether meaning in life adds to the prediction of survival over positive emotional expression. METHODS: A diverse sample of people with HIV (n …
Daily Microaggressions and Related Distress among Black Women Living with HIV during the Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Black Lives Matter Protests
Cognition, Coping, and Psychological Distress in HIV
Religious and spiritual struggles as a mediator of the link between stressful life events and psychological adjustment in a nationwide sample
Effectiveness of three brief treatments for recent traumatic events in a low-SES community setting
This study provides preliminary evidence that any of these 3 approaches may be useful in low-resource community settings. Because it gives the quickest relief, EMDR is the preferred approach, followed by SMT, due its ease of administration. PFA provides a reasonable alternative. Where possible, booster sessions should be planned. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Addressing Syndemics and Self-care in Individuals with Uncontrolled HIV
Do religious and spiritual identity confer risk for hypertension via psychosocial and lifestyle factors
The total and indirect effect of hostility on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was compared as a function of religious and spirituality identity in a nationally representative sample of 2971 adults aged 46.44 years. Structural equation modeling uncovered an indirect path from hostility to diastolic blood pressure via unhealthy behaviors and hostility to unhealthy behaviors via social isolation. Compared to a non-religious/non-spiritual refer…
Impact of stressful death or divorce in people with HIV
This study examined the impact of a stressful death/divorce on psychological and immune outcomes in people with HIV. People with HIV with stressful death/divorce were examined from before the event to up to 12 months later ( n = 45); controls were assessed at similar intervals ( n = 112). Stressful deaths/divorces were associated with increased viral load and anxiety over time ( ps ≤ .014), but not CD4+ or depression. Increased use of religious c…
Stressful events and religious/spiritual struggle
Exploring religious and/or spiritual identities
There is considerable debate about the distinction between being religious and being spiritual. It is time to move beyond this issue to an examination of the health-related implications of being religious and/or spiritual. Three health outcomes are used in this study: self-rated health, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use. The data are from a large nationwide random probability survey of adults of all ages who reside in the United States (N = 2,…
Religious involvement, God images, and life satisfaction
This study addresses two issues. The first is to identify the aspects of religious life that are associated with benevolent images of God including denominational affiliation (Conservative Christians versus others), church attendance, and church-based social support (i.e., spiritual support). Data from a nationwide survey suggests that church-based support appears to be the most consequential. The second issue involves embedding these constructs …
Exploring religious and/or spiritual identities
Previous analysis of the data that are used in this study reveal that compared to people who self-identify as religious and spiritual, spiritual only, and neither religious nor spiritual, study participants who are religious only are more likely to experience physical and mental health problems. The purpose of this study is to conduct a descriptive analyses that is designed to see why this may be so. Differences between the religious only and mem…
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Syndemics Intervention with HIV-Positive, Cocaine-Using Women
Distress and Internalized Homophobia Among Lesbian Women Treated for Early Stage Breast Cancer
A convenience sample of 57 lesbian women who had been recruited for a study of adjustment to breast cancer completed measures of internalized homophobia, degree of disclosure of sexual orientation, social support, self-esteem, and distress. Consistent with our prediction, internalized homophobia related to greater distress. Contrary to our prediction, disclosure did not relate to lower distress. Path models were consistent with the position that …
Benevolent Images of God, Gratitude, and Physical Health Status
Religion and Spirituality in the Face of Illness
This study reports the results of semi-structured interviews conducted with 60 medically ill (cancer, myocardial infarction, HIV/AIDS) people in an attempt to define what people facing a life-threatening illness mean when they say they are 'spiritual' or 'religious'. Questions were asked about beliefs and affective, behavioral, and somatic realms. Subjects initially self-identified as considering themselves to be spiritual, religious, or both. Wh…
Heterosexual bias in the perception of loving relationships of gay males and lesbians
It was hypothesized that a heterosexual bias would emerge in the perception of loving relationships of gay males and lesbians. Specifically, it was predicted that if heterosexual subjects were presented with identical information about a hypothetical heterosexual couple, a lesbian couple, and a gay male couple, that the latter two would be perceived more negatively than the former. Heterosexual subjects (N = 360) were randomly assigned to one of …
Complexity of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Religiosity is Associated with Affective Status in Symptomatic HIV-infected African-American Women
This study examined the relationship between religiosity and the affective and immune status of 33 HIV-seropositive mildly symptomatic African-American women (CDC stage B) in a replication of a prior study that reported an association between religiosity and affective and immune status in HIV-seropositive gay men. All women completed an intake interview, a set of psychosocial questionnaires, and provided a venous blood sample. Consistent with pri…
Neighborhood Characteristics, Intersectional Discrimination, Mental Health, and HIV Outcomes Among Black Women Living With HIV, Southeastern United States, 2019‒2020
Objectives. To examine the effects of within-neighborhood and neighboring characteristics on discrimination, stigma, mental health, and HIV outcomes among Black women living with HIV (BWLWH). Methods. A total of 151 BWLWH in a southeastern US city provided baseline data (October 2019‒January 2020) on experienced microaggressions and discrimination (race-, gender-, sexual orientation-, or HIV-related), mental health (e.g., depression, posttraumati…
Is Involvement in Religion Associated with Better Sleep Quality
Spiritual Struggles and Health
Growing evidence suggests that spiritual struggles may play a major role in explaining the relationship between religion and health. Even so, there are significant gaps in the literature. More specifically, researchers do not know enough about how spiritual struggles arise in the first place. This study has two major goals. The first is to see whether socioeconomic status is associated with spiritual struggles. The second is to see whether spirit…
Decreased Depression Up to One Year Following CBSM+ Intervention in Depressed Women with Aids
This prospective multisite Phase III clinical trial (Miami, New York, New Jersey) investigated the long-term (one year) effects of a 10-week group cognitive-behavioral stress management/expressive supportive therapy (CBSM+) intervention on disadvantaged minority women living with AIDS. The CBSM+ intervention consisted of 10-weekly group session of stress management, cognitive-behavioral skill training, relaxation techniques and expressive-support…
Meaning in Life Moderates the Relationship Between Sacred Loss/Desecration and Health
According to sanctification theory, religious people tend to imbue certain aspects of their lives with spiritual character and significance. Moreover, they take active steps to preserve and protect sacred aspects of their lives that might be threatened. If they are successful, they derive a deep sense of satisfaction and well-being. However, when stressful events arise, some individuals are not able to preserve and protect the facets of their liv…
Relationship satisfaction, communication self-efficacy, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related fatigue
Lifetime Trauma, Praying for Others, and C-Reactive Protein
Research indicates that praying for others may offset the effects of stress on self-rated health and psychological well-being. The purpose of the current study is to extend this literature by seeing whether praying for others moderates the effects of exposure to lifetime trauma on a key marker of inflammation: C-reactive protein. The data come from a recent nationwide survey of adults of all ages (N = 1,589). Levels of C-reactive protein were obt…
The Protective Role of the Family and Social Support Network in a Sample of Hiv-Positive African American Women
This study examined the role of family functioning and social support in protecting HIV-positive African American women from the adverse psychological consequences associated with deterioration in their CD4 cell count. Participants were 38 African American HIV-positive women who had recently given birth. Results demonstrated that changes in CD4 cell counts were inversely predictive of psychological distress and were moderated by family functionin…
Does a Religious Transformation Buffer the Effects of Lifetime Trauma on Happiness
A number of studies have examined religious transformations. But most of this work has been concerned with identifying different types of transformations and steps in the process of transformation. The current study was designed to examine the ways in which religious transformations may be associated with happiness. We take a novel approach toward the evaluation of this relationship. We argue that a religious transformation may be an important re…
Spiritual Struggles and Interleukin-6
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between spiritual struggles and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) with a subsample (N = 943) of participants who took part in a nationwide survey. This study, which was completed in 2014, was conducted in the United States. Spiritual struggles refer to difficulties that a person may encounter with his or her faith and include having a troubled relationship with God, encountering difficulties …
Neighborhood conditions, religious coping, and uncontrolled hypertension
In the Shadow of Death
These findings suggest that a previously unexamined dimension of religion (i.e., religious hope) may help people cope with feelings of death anxiety
The Association between Compassionate Love and Spiritual Coping with Trauma in Men and Women Living with HIV
Our ten-year study examined the association between compassionate love (CL)-other-centered love, as well as compassionate self-love, and spiritual coping (SC)-the use of spirituality (connection to a Higher Presence or God) as a means to cope with trauma, and gender differences in 177 people living with HIV (PLWH). In a secondary data analysis of six-monthly interviews/essays, we coded five criteria of CL and rated the benefit of CL giving, recei…
Being Diagnosed with HIV as a Trigger for Spiritual Transformation
How can the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS result in a positive spiritual transformation (ST)? The purpose of this sub-study is to identify special features of the experiences of individuals in whom HIV/AIDS diagnosis triggered a positive ST. We found ST triggered by HIV/AIDS to develop gradually, with a key adaptation phase after diagnosis in which the patient develops an individualized spirituality. Most participants (92%) expressed having an individual…
Heterosexual bias in the perception of loving relationships of gay males and lesbians
It was hypothesized that a heterosexual bias would emerge in the perception of loving relationships of gay males and lesbians. Specifically, it was predicted that if heterosexual subjects were presented with identical information about a hypothetical heterosexual couple, a lesbian couple, and a gay male couple, that the latter two would be perceived more negatively than the former. Heterosexual subjects (N = 360) were randomly assigned to one of …
Construction of a Job in General scale
We describe the construction of a Job in General (JIG) scale, a global scale to accompany the facet scales of the Job Descriptive Index. We applied both traditional and item response theory procedures for item analysis to data from three large heterogeneous samples (N = 1,149, 3,566, and 4,490). Alpha was.91 and above for the resulting 18-item scale in successive samples. Convergent and dis-criminant validity and differential response to treatmen…
Psychological and neuroendocrine measures related to functional immune changes in anticipation of HIV-1 serostatus notification
Our previous work indicated that gay males ultimately found to be seronegative showed impaired lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) upon entering a study in which they would be notified of their human immunodeficiency virus-Type 1 (HIV-1) antibody status. To examine the degree to which alterations in various neuroendocrine and psychological markers might be related to this phenomenon we measure…
Changes in immune and psychological measures as a function of anticipation and reaction to news of HIV-1 antibody status
We assessed changes in psychological and immunological functioning during 5-week periods preceding and following notification of serostatus among gay males taking the HIV-1 antibody test. Forty-six asymptomatic homosexual men between the ages of 18 and 40 yrs were recruited from a gay men's organization and through advertisements in a local newspaper. Measures of cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte phenotypic markers, mitogen responsivity, and nat…
The Reliability and Specificity of Delta Versus Residualized Change as Measures of Cardiovascular Reactivity to Behavioral Challenges
The statistical parameters that influence the reliability of delta and residualized change were examined in the context of the assessment of cardiovascular reactivity. A comparison of the relative reliabilities of these two quantification methods was performed using systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate data from two samples of 134 and 109 subjects observed during baseline and either two or four behavioral challenges. …
Psychosocial modulation of antibody to Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen and human herpesvirus type-6 in HIV-1-infected and at-risk gay men
We investigated the effects of two behavioral interventions--aerobic exercise and cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM)--on Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen (EBV-VCA) and human herpesvirus type-6 (HHV-6) antibody modulation in 65 asymptomatic gay men measured at several time points in the 5 weeks preceding and following notification of their human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) serostatus. After accounting for potential immu…
The influence of social situations on ambulatory blood pressure
Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) levels were assessed and types of activities were recorded every 20 min for a 12-hr period in 131 normotensive or mild-moderate hypertensive subjects. Systolic (S)BP and diastolic (D)BP levels varied significantly as a function of the social situation (alone, with family, with friends, or with strangers). BP levels were lowest when subjects were with family and were highest when subjects were with strangers
Physical Symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Are Exacerbated By the Stress of Hurricane Andrew
This study examined the effects of Hurricane Andrew on physical symptoms and functional impairments in a sample of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients residing in South Florida. In the months after Hurricane Andrew (September 15-December 31, 1992), 49 CFS patients were assessed for psychosocial and physical functioning with questionnaires, interviews, and physical examinations. This sample was made up of 25 CFS patients living in Dade county,…
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Intrusive Thoughts, Loss, and Immune Function after Hurricane Andrew
OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of and relationship between exposure to Hurricane Andrew, a severe stressor, posttraumatic stress symptoms and immune measures. METHODS: Blood draws and questionnaires were taken from community volunteer subjects living in the damaged neighborhoods between 1 and 4 months after the Hurricane. RESULTS: The sample exhibited high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms by questionnaire (33% overall; 76% with at least …
Stressful Events, Pessimism, Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity, and Cytotoxic/Suppressor T Cells in HIV+ Black Women at Risk for Cervical Cancer
OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether stressful negative life events and pessimism were associated with lower natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and T cytotoxic/suppressor cell (CD8+CD3+) percentage in black women co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and human papillomavirus (HPV), a viral initiator of cervical cancer. METHOD: Psychosocial interviews, immunological evaluations, and cervical swabs for HPV detection an…
Stressful Life Events Are Associated With Higher Levels of Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Hiv+ Black Women
Byrnes, D.; Antoni, M.; Goodkin, K.; Efantis-Potter, J.; Simon, T.; Munajj, J.; Ironson, G.; Asthana, D.; Fletcher, M. Author Information
Changes in Cognitive Coping Skills and Social Support During Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management Intervention and Distress Outcomes in Symptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Seropositive Ga…
OBJECTIVE: We have previously reported decreases in dysphoria, anxiety, and total mood disturbance in symptomatic HIV seropositive gay men after a 10-week cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) group intervention. This structured intervention was designed a) to increase cognitive and behavioral coping skills related to managing the distress of symptomatic HIV, and b) to increase social support among group members. Here we examine the relat…
Psychological Distress, Alcohol Use and Immune Function Among Symptomatic Hiv+ Gay Men
Penedo, F.; Antoni, M.; Ironson, G.; Schneiderman, N.; Malow, R.; Fletcher, M.A.; Hurowitz, B.; LaPerrier, A. Author Information
Hostility and Measures of Immune Function in Hiv+ Gay Men
A General Structural Equation Modelassessing Coping, Psychological Distress, Alcohol Use and Nk Cell Function Among Symptomatic Hiv-1+ Gay Men
s of Papers for 1999 Annual Meeting: Paper Session: Coping, Depression and Quality of Life in Patients with Serious Physical Illness
Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management Effects on Distress and Adrenal Hormones in Hiv-Infected Gay Men
s of Papers for 1999 Annual Meeting: Symposium: The Psychoneuroendocrinology of HIV Infection
Religion and Spirituality in the Face of Illness
This study reports the results of semi-structured interviews conducted with 60 medically ill (cancer, myocardial infarction, HIV/AIDS) people in an attempt to define what people facing a life-threatening illness mean when they say they are 'spiritual' or 'religious'. Questions were asked about beliefs and affective, behavioral, and somatic realms. Subjects initially self-identified as considering themselves to be spiritual, religious, or both. Wh…
Religiosity is Associated with Affective Status in Symptomatic HIV-infected African-American Women
This study examined the relationship between religiosity and the affective and immune status of 33 HIV-seropositive mildly symptomatic African-American women (CDC stage B) in a replication of a prior study that reported an association between religiosity and affective and immune status in HIV-seropositive gay men. All women completed an intake interview, a set of psychosocial questionnaires, and provided a venous blood sample. Consistent with pri…
Reductions in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Antibody Titers After Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management and Relationships With Neuroendocrine Function, Relaxation Skills, and Social Support in HIV-Posi…
OBJECTIVE: Coinfection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is common in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and may have health implications. This study examined the effect of a 10-week cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention on immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers to HSV-2 in a group of mildly symptomatic HIV-infected gay men and the degree to which these effects were mediated by psychosocial an…
A General Measure of Work Stress
The present study focused on the development and validation of scores on the Stress in General scale. Three diverse samples of workers ( n = 4,322, n = 574, n = 34) provided psychometric and validity evidence. All evidence converged on the existence of two distinct subscales, each of which measured a different aspect of general work stress. The studies also resulted in meaningful patterns of correlations with stressor measures, a physiological me…
Distress and Internalized Homophobia Among Lesbian Women Treated for Early Stage Breast Cancer
A convenience sample of 57 lesbian women who had been recruited for a study of adjustment to breast cancer completed measures of internalized homophobia, degree of disclosure of sexual orientation, social support, self-esteem, and distress. Consistent with our prediction, internalized homophobia related to greater distress. Contrary to our prediction, disclosure did not relate to lower distress. Path models were consistent with the position that …
The ironson-woods spirituality/religiousness index is associated with long survival, health behaviors, less distress, and low cortisol in people with HIV/Aids
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures both spirituality and religiousness, to examine the relation between spirituality and religiousness and important health outcomes for people living with HIV and to examine the potential mediators of these relations. One aim was to determine whether subscales of spirituality, religiousness, or both would be independently related to long survival …
The Depression Interview and Structured Hamilton (Dish)
Objective The Depression Interview and Structured Hamilton (DISH) is a semistructured interview developed for the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study, a multicenter clinical trial of treatment for depression and low perceived social support after acute myocardial infarction. The DISH is designed to diagnose depression in medically ill patients and to assess its severity on an embedded version of Williams’ Structured Inter…
A Short Social Support Measure for Patients Recovering From Myocardial Infarction
Mitchell, Pamela H. RN, PhD; Powell, Lynda PhD; Blumenthal, James PhD; Norten, Jennifer PhD; Ironson, Gail MD, PhD; Pitula, Carol Rogers RN, PhD; Froelicher, Erika Sivarajan RN, MPH, PhD; Czajkowski, Susan PhD; Youngblood, Marston MA, MPH; Huber, Marc; Berkman, Lisa F. PhD Author Information
Influencing medication adherence among women with Aids
This study examined the effects of a ten-session cognitive-behavioural stress management/expressive supportive therapy (CBSM+) intervention on adherence to antiretroviral medication. Although the intervention was not designed to influence adherence, it was theorized that improved coping and social support could enhance adherence. Women with AIDS (N = 174) in Miami, New York and New Jersey, USA, were randomized to a group CBSM+ intervention or ind…
Psychology (91 obras) · Medicine (75 obras) · Clinical Psychology (56 obras) · Psychiatry (48 obras) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (45 obras) · Social Psychology (40 obras) · Internal Medicine (31 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (30 obras) · Immunology (23 obras) · Internal Medicine (22 obras)