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Carolyn Steedman

Datos Biográficos

ID110689
NOMBRECarolyn Steedman
NOMBRESCarolyn
APELLIDOSteedman
FIRMASTEEDMAN C
AFILIACIONESUniversity of Warwick
ORCID0000-0001-8175-1161
VERIFICADOSí
TOTAL DE OBRAS58
TOTAL DE CITAS156
TOTAL COMO AUTOR57
TOTAL COMO EDITOR1
PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN1980
AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN2025
ÍNDICE H6
  • Buying People Is Wrong

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of British Studies•2025

    In 1805, during a lull in hostilities between England and France, minor Warwickshire landowner and slaveholder Bertie Greatheed was on a European tour with his family when his son died, leaving behind an illegitimate child. Greatheed acquired his granddaughter from her Dresden-based mother and brought the child up as his own. This article revisits Steedman's earlier scholarship on Greatheed, which focused on questions of domestic service, through…

  • Up the Workers

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2025

    Up the Workers by Carolyn SteedmanI just can't remember; there's so much I can't recall; all my dates are off kilter.It was a very long time ago.I have made inquiries about when I joined the HWJ editorial collective, and according to Anna Davin it was in 1986, and I left it in 1994.But is this true?(I just can't remember ) I have very clear memories of the first History Workshop I attended -HW 13, 'People's History and Socialist Theory', held at …

  • So What

    Carolyn Steedman, Ninon Vinsonneau•ARTICLE•Écrire l histoire•2024

    Les développements d’après-guerre dans la théorie et la pratique de l’écriture du soi au Royaume-Uni sont explorés à travers un compte rendu de l’un de ses textes clés, Landscape for a Good Woman (1986). L’autobiographie est abordée en relation avec les « mémoires » (de langue anglaise) et leur histoire

  • Who reads Renan

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•2024•Referencias: 6

    This article claims Virginia Woolf as a historian of the period 1880–1937 in Britain. In her 1937 novel The Years, Woolf employed the religious and cultural history of Ernest Renan, most likely his Vie de Jésus (1863), to produce her own. By unravelling what Renan wrote, what Woolf read and wrote, and what Renan meant, in his own terms and to a contemporary British audience, we can begin to consider the role of religious criticism in the making o…

  • Sad Historian

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2023

    William Godwin's history writing and Oliver Goldsmith's poetry are used to explore the visual turn in history writing and the historian's project of "rescuing" the poor and dispossessed of the past

  • Age Relations and Cultural Change in Eighteenth-Century England

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The Journal of Modern History•2023

  • The notes, the markings

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Rethinking History•2022•Referencias: 5

    The focus is the historiography of Virginia Woolf’s The Years (1937) and her intention to produce a ‘history-novel’ that contained ‘everything’. Modern English-language novelists (popular and literary) also invent characters that embody a preoccupation with the philosophy of history, with the idea of time and duration; sometimes these characters are historians, who are used to inscribe method in social history. The ideas of the marginal note, of …

  • N adja D urbach . Many Mouths

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2022

    Nadja Durbach’s Many Mouths: The Politics of Food from the Workhouse to the Welfare State is an account of the British state’s provision of food to the indigenous population, and to some colonial subjects, from the 1830s to the 1960s. This is done through a series of case studies, or “a close reading of several key moments” (4). The “moments” are: pauper feeding and protest against it under the New Poor Law (1834); the provisioning of Indian pris…

  • About a Play

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2022

    A school play about the Pentrich Revolution (1817) and Jeremiah Brandreth its 'leader', scripted in 1970-71 by teacher and novelist Stanley Middleton, reveals the history of teaching about Pentrich, to adults and children, over the previous century. Middleton's use of the Nottinghamshire dialect to write history, in the play and his many novels, is a focus of the article

  • And She Did

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2021

    And She Did by

  • The Tidy House

    Carolyn Steedman•CHAPTER•The Children's Culture Reader•2020

  • Waiting

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Social History•2020

    Arnold Wesker’s 1962 musical play about Jeremiah Brandreth and the Pentrich Uprising (1817), presented at a series of Centre 42/Trade Union festivals held around the Midlands and the South of England, focuses questions of class, cultural consumption and the education of ‘the people’ in their own history, in the postwar years. The article considers dissemination of ideas about the Luddites in postwar history broadcasting, including schools broadca…

  • Francis Green and David Kynaston, Engines of Privilege

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2020

    It was a fateful conjunction – maybe a bit uncanny – reading Engines of Privilege in the week that Boris Johnson was elected leader of the Conservative Party and thus became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (23 July 2019). One of the explanations Green and Kynaston propose for a 150-year history of stalled, delayed, abandoned and half-hearted attempts to change Britain’s peculiar system of private schooling is that most people just can’t be b…

  • Out of Somerset

    Carolyn Steedman•CHAPTER•Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Centu…•2019

    This chapter disputes the notion that city satire is exclusively a metropolitan—London—form of writing, arguing that it was also a cultural form, a disposition, a way of thinking, available to all manner of late eighteenth-century people including the two working-class, provincial writers considered here. Two workers—a domestic servant and a stocking maker—raise questions about the uses of satire in class analysis and about satire’s audiences and…

  • Służba i milczenie

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Praktyka Teoretyczna•2017•Referencias: 5

    A translated chapter of Carolyn Steedman’s book Master and Servant. Love and Labour in the English Industrial Age. This text reconstructs the experience of a 18th-century servant, Phoebe Beatson, on the basis of a diary of John Murgatroyd, her employer. Confronting this testimony with other documents of social life, Steedman constructs a history of a class overlooked by traditional Marxist historiography – female domestic servants

  • Fatherhood and the British Working Class, 1865–1914, by Julie-Marie Strange

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The English Historical Review•2016

    Julie-Marie Strange has done it Her Way, and the result is terrific: subtle, imaginative and innovative. This is the first reading of British working-class autobiography (reading in the literal sense; actual reading of autobiography as text and historical document) since David Vincent’s resonant work of the 1980s. Some social survey material from the early twentieth century is also discussed. One of Rowntree’s and Lasker’s interviewers (for Unemp…

  • The Radical Soldier's Tale

    Carolyn Steedman•BOOK•Radical Soldier's Tale•2016

    First published in 1988, The Radical Soldier’s Tale is both an introduction to and a transcript of his ‘Memoirs’, written after his retirement in 1881. In this autobiography he presents his life as a soldier during the Sikh Wars, his life as a policeman, and the ideologies which divided people from each other in the societies he had known and read about. Carolyn Steedman introduces the ‘Memoirs’ by placing the document in its textual context, as …

  • Threatening Letters

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2016

    Ernest Dodd was E. P. Thompson's research assistant during the 1960s and 1970s. Their correspondence, about the archives of eighteenth-century threatening letters and other forms of popular protest, is used to discuss letter-writing as a social practice, and the making and writing of social history.

  • A Lawyer's Letter

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2016•Citada por: 1

    Ordinary working-people had the means and the knowledge to pay a local attorney to write a letter on their behalf to those who had offended them, or owed them money. This article relates ‘the lawyer's letter’ to other informal law practices of the early English nineteenth century and discusses the letters themselves as part of the multi-faceted epistolary culture they inhabited.

  • On a Bridge

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Changing English•2015

    The sources and motives for children writing are discussed in the context of 1950s Britain. The images and objects that furnish the story-making imagination are related to Charles Lamb’s account of looking at old china (teacups and plates) as a child in the 1790s. A focus of this essay is the little-discussed topic of a writer’s failure to write what he or she means

  • Policing the Victorian Community

    Carolyn Steedman•BOOK•Policing the Victorian Community•2015

    The year 1856 saw the first compulsory Police Act in England (and Wales). Over the next thirty years a class society came to be policed by a largely working-class police. This book, first published in 1984, traces the process by which men made themselves into policemen, translating ideas about work and servitude, about local government and local community, servitude and the ideologies of law and central government, into sets of personal beliefs. …

  • Mayhew

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Victorian Culture•2014

    Charting recent ‘turns’ in history, towards empathy and ethics, this paper proposes reading Mayhew as a writer. The entry point proposed is Mayhew's What to Teach and How to Teach It: So that the Child may become a Wise and Good Man (1842), a book that charts Mayhew's theories of literacy and language, and of voice and writing

  • Bodies, Figures and Physiology

    Carolyn Steedman•CHAPTER•In the Name of the Child•2013

    As for the history of the physiology of growth, it is soon written. We still know lamentably little about the mechanisms by which human growth is so precisely controlled. We do not know why the velocity of growth gets steadily less from birth to puberty. We do not know what causes a fast tempo, what a slow one.

  • The Radical Soldier's Tale

    Carolyn Steedman

    Autobiography of John Peerman, working-class radical and republican, also soldier and policeman. Carolyn Steedman introduces the 'Memoirs' by placing the document in its textual historical and political context.

  • The Useful Knowledge of William Hutton

    Carolyn Steedman

    William Hutton (1723–1815) achieved his first entry in The Dictionary of National Biography in 1891; the modern one is dated 2004. The first drew on many nineteenth-century collections of ‘notable

Siguiente
  • Language, gender, and childhood

    Carolyn Steedman, Cathy Urwin et al.•BOOK•Language, gender, and childhood•1985•Citada por: 53

  • The space of memory

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•1998•Citada por: 20•Referencias: 18

    By considering the experience of historians in national and regional archives, the relationship of memory to history and historical practice is discussed. The professional experience of historians is connected to wider social and psychological uses of the past, and of history in Euro pean societies, over the 200 years since official archives were inaugur ated

  • The servant's labour

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Social History•2004•Citada por: 13•Referencias: 2

    Taxation of domestic servants' labour was inaugurated under Act of Parliament in 1777. A pragmatic measure, designed to increase revenue to fund a war economy, it established right of appeal to the higher courts, and local commissioners and employers to seek the opinion of the judges as to whether or not a man or woman was truly a domestic servant and a master or mistress liable to the tax. These records are used here to discuss the kind of work …

  • After the Archive

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Comparative Critical Studies•2011•Citada por: 8•Referencias: 11

    Sometime soon, historians may well begin to account for the latetwentieth-century ‘archival turn’ across the humanities and social sciences. Perhaps some of these historical assessments will be able to determine what that ‘turn’ actually is (or was), and why it was not taken by many historians. Because it was unnecessary, is a short and simple answer to the question; or because historians were always already there, in the archive. The establishme…

  • Servants and Their Relationship to the Unconscious

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of British Studies•2003•Citada por: 8•Referencias: 8

    An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content

  • Police Performance and State Rule

    Otwin Marenin, Walter L Ames et al.•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1985•Citada por: 7

  • Intimacy in research

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•2008•Citada por: 6•Referencias: 9

    Historical practice is described in terms of the intimacies involved in reading archival material and the fashioning of it into historical argument. Research into the domestic service relationship in 18th-century England, using household account books, underpins the historian's construction of imaginary relationships with the dead and gone. Other readers intervene in the writing process, and shape the history that is produced out of archival rese…

  • A Boiling Copper and Some Arsenic

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Critical Inquiry•2007•Citada por: 5•Referencias: 10

  • What a Rag Rug Means

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Material Culture•1998•Citada por: 5•Referencias: 9

    A variety of approaches to the material object - primarily, psycho-analytic approaches - are employed, in order to give an account of historians' relationship to the past. In particular, the history of one domestic craft, rag rug making, is explored in its relation to the development of the textile industries and paper manufacture, from the end of the 18th century onwards. The strange absence of the rag rug from Elizabeth Gaskell's indus trial no…

  • About ends

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•1996•Citada por: 4•Referencias: 3

  • Inside, outside, Other

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•1995•Citada por: 4•Referencias: 3

    ’By not being Others we define ourselves. We have always done so ’ (Barkan, 1994:180). Historians have started to use the idea of the Other in their accounts of national identity, quietly commandeering an idea originally connected with literary studies through the work of Edward Said, and later elaborated in post-colonial theory. By means of this body of work historians have appropri-ated the idea of Othering. Their serene disinterest in the orig…

  • The Mother Made Conscious

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•1985•Citada por: 4

    The dictum - that the ideal teacher of young children is like 'a mother made conscious' - is Friedrich Froebel's (1782-1852), the educational philosopher and founder of the kindergarten system, and it belongs to the 1840s. But as a piece of educational prescription it has much more recent echoes, particularly in educational advice offered to teachers since the last war, by Donald Winnicott and other members of the British psychoanalytic movement.…

  • Feminist Autobiography in the 1980s

    Regenia Gagnier, Sandra Cisnero et al.•ARTICLE•Feminist Studies•1991•Citada por: 3

  • At Every Bloody Level

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Law and History Review•2012•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 7

    In November 1806, Nottinghamshire magistrate Sir Gervase Clifton was visited at his house by one of his poorer neighbours, “a pauper of the village of Wilford.” (Wilford is about three miles from Clifton village and Clifton Hall.) William Kirwin was attempting to sort out complicated domestic arrangements within the framework of the law that governed his family's life. He told the magistrate about his mother-in-law, a widow, currently living in T…

  • The Politics of Domestic Authority in Britain since 1800

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The English Historical Review•2010•Citada por: 2

    Journal Article The Politics of Domestic Authority in Britain since 1800 Get access The Politics of Domestic Authority in Britain since 1800, ed. Lucy Delap, Ben Griffin and Abigail Wills (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009; pp. 291. £55). Carolyn Steedman Carolyn Steedman University of Warwick Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXXV, Issue 515, August 2010, Pages 1017…

  • Bimbos from hell

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Social History•1994•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 4

    There is a letter written in i856 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Howitt. The Brownings were in London for the summer, and Mrs Howitt had asked for an interview, hoping for some copy for a popular biography of the literary pair, something that might look like her husband's earlier Homes and Haunts of the Most Eminent British Poets, something that certainly would have been at home in the by-now defunct, radical, eclectic, interested-in-every…

  • Public' and 'Private' in Women's Lives

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Historical Sociology•1990•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 2

  • Prisonhouses

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Feminist Review•1985•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 3

    Those who live in retirement, whose lives have fallen amid the seclusion of schools and other walled-in and guarded dwellings, are liable to be suddenly and for a long while dropped out of the memory of their friends, the denizens of a freer world ... there falls a stilly pause, a wordless silence, a long blank of oblivion. Unbroken always is this blank, alike entire and unexplained. The letter, the message once frequent, are cut off, the visit, …

  • A Lawyer's Letter

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•2016•Citada por: 1

    Ordinary working-people had the means and the knowledge to pay a local attorney to write a letter on their behalf to those who had offended them, or owed them money. This article relates ‘the lawyer's letter’ to other informal law practices of the early English nineteenth century and discusses the letters themselves as part of the multi-faceted epistolary culture they inhabited.

  • Cries Unheard, Sights Unseen

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Representations•2012•Citada por: 1•Referencias: 1

    A single, anonymous, compendious (and very strange) text from mid-eighteen-thcentury England is used to discuss historians' uses of literary evidence, and whether or not writing-from the past or from the historian's own time-can represent past reality

  • Lord Mansfield's Women

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Past & Present•2002•Citada por: 1

    Journal Article Lord Mansfield's Women Get access Carolyn Steedman Carolyn Steedman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Past & Present, Volume 176, Issue 1, August 2002, Pages 105–143, https://doi.org/10.1093/past/176.1.105 Published: 01 August 2002

  • Linguistic Encounters of the Fourth Kind

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Victorian Culture•1996•Citada por: 1•Referencias: 4

  • Difficult Stories

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Gender & History•1995•Citada por: 1

  • The Price of Experience

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Radical History Review•1994•Citada por: 1

  • The Tidy House

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Feminist Review•1980

    This is an account of three working class eight-year-old girls writing a story. They wrote the story during one week in the summer term of a social priority school classroom, four years ago. The children's first and second drafts were kept, as were the typed and edited versions that were bound and displayed, in three volumes, for classroom use. Drawings and illustrations were also kept. Altogether, the writing produced by the children amounts to …

  • Battlegrounds

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•1984

    for most children; but these beliefs have also been nourished by the long flight from curriculum boundaries that was made practicable by the events of 1926 described at the beginning of this article. The integrated project, or theme, which in various guises has been the practical face of the official ideology of progressive primary education for the last half century, was encouraged by the Plowden Committee in 1967. Here the 'difficulties' of his…

  • Language, gender, and childhood

    Carolyn Steedman, Cathy Urwin et al.•BOOK•Language, gender, and childhood•1985•Citada por: 53

  • Police Performance and State Rule

    Otwin Marenin, Walter L Ames et al.•ARTICLE•Comparative Politics•1985•Citada por: 7

  • Prisonhouses

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Feminist Review•1985•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 3

    Those who live in retirement, whose lives have fallen amid the seclusion of schools and other walled-in and guarded dwellings, are liable to be suddenly and for a long while dropped out of the memory of their friends, the denizens of a freer world ... there falls a stilly pause, a wordless silence, a long blank of oblivion. Unbroken always is this blank, alike entire and unexplained. The letter, the message once frequent, are cut off, the visit, …

  • Policing the Victorian Community

    Victor Bailey, Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The Economic History Review•1985

  • The Mother Made Conscious

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History Workshop Journal•1985•Citada por: 4

    The dictum - that the ideal teacher of young children is like 'a mother made conscious' - is Friedrich Froebel's (1782-1852), the educational philosopher and founder of the kindergarten system, and it belongs to the 1840s. But as a piece of educational prescription it has much more recent echoes, particularly in educational advice offered to teachers since the last war, by Donald Winnicott and other members of the British psychoanalytic movement.…

  • Language, Gender and Childhood

    Carolyn Steedman, Cathy Urwin et al.•REVIEW•Labour / Le Travail•1987

  • Public' and 'Private' in Women's Lives

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Historical Sociology•1990•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 2

  • Feminist Autobiography in the 1980s

    Regenia Gagnier, Sandra Cisnero et al.•ARTICLE•Feminist Studies•1991•Citada por: 3

  • La Theorie qui n'en est pas une, or, Why Clio doesn't Care

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History and Theory•1992

    This article considers the practice of women's history in Britain over the last quarter century in relation to general historical practice in the society, to the teaching and learning of history at all educational levels, and to recent theoretical developments within feminism, particularly those developments framed by postmodernist thought. It makes suggestions about the common processes of imagining--or figuring--the past, and advances the view …

  • Reconstructing the Criminal

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•The Journal of Modern History•1993

  • Respectable Lives

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•American Journal of Sociology•1993

  • Bimbos from hell

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Social History•1994•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 4

    There is a letter written in i856 by Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Howitt. The Brownings were in London for the summer, and Mrs Howitt had asked for an interview, hoping for some copy for a popular biography of the literary pair, something that might look like her husband's earlier Homes and Haunts of the Most Eminent British Poets, something that certainly would have been at home in the by-now defunct, radical, eclectic, interested-in-every…

  • The Price of Experience

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Radical History Review•1994•Citada por: 1

  • Difficult Stories

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Gender & History•1995•Citada por: 1

  • Inside, outside, Other

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•1995•Citada por: 4•Referencias: 3

    ’By not being Others we define ourselves. We have always done so ’ (Barkan, 1994:180). Historians have started to use the idea of the Other in their accounts of national identity, quietly commandeering an idea originally connected with literary studies through the work of Edward Said, and later elaborated in post-colonial theory. By means of this body of work historians have appropri-ated the idea of Othering. Their serene disinterest in the orig…

  • Linguistic Encounters of the Fourth Kind

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Victorian Culture•1996•Citada por: 1•Referencias: 4

  • About ends

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•1996•Citada por: 4•Referencias: 3

  • Writing the Self

    Carolyn Steedman•CHAPTER•Cultural Methodologies•1997

  • The space of memory

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•History of the Human Sciences•1998•Citada por: 20•Referencias: 18

    By considering the experience of historians in national and regional archives, the relationship of memory to history and historical practice is discussed. The professional experience of historians is connected to wider social and psychological uses of the past, and of history in Euro pean societies, over the 200 years since official archives were inaugur ated

  • What a Rag Rug Means

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of Material Culture•1998•Citada por: 5•Referencias: 9

    A variety of approaches to the material object - primarily, psycho-analytic approaches - are employed, in order to give an account of historians' relationship to the past. In particular, the history of one domestic craft, rag rug making, is explored in its relation to the development of the textile industries and paper manufacture, from the end of the 18th century onwards. The strange absence of the rag rug from Elizabeth Gaskell's indus trial no…

  • Lord Mansfield's Women

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Past & Present•2002•Citada por: 1

    Journal Article Lord Mansfield's Women Get access Carolyn Steedman Carolyn Steedman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Past & Present, Volume 176, Issue 1, August 2002, Pages 105–143, https://doi.org/10.1093/past/176.1.105 Published: 01 August 2002

  • Servants and Their Relationship to the Unconscious

    Open Access•Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Journal of British Studies•2003•Citada por: 8•Referencias: 8

    An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content

  • The servant's labour

    Carolyn Steedman•ARTICLE•Social History•2004•Citada por: 13•Referencias: 2

    Taxation of domestic servants' labour was inaugurated under Act of Parliament in 1777. A pragmatic measure, designed to increase revenue to fund a war economy, it established right of appeal to the higher courts, and local commissioners and employers to seek the opinion of the judges as to whether or not a man or woman was truly a domestic servant and a master or mistress liable to the tax. These records are used here to discuss the kind of work …

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