James K Hammitt
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 1174589 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | James K Hammitt |
| NOMBRES | James K |
| APELLIDO | Hammitt |
| FIRMA | HAMMITT J K |
| AFILIACIONES | Harvard University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4797-8041 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 121 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 32 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1985 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
From Benefit–Cost Analysis to Social Welfare
Conventional benefit–cost analysis is well-established and widely used to assess interventions designed to improve public health and welfare. While it has many advantages, it has well-known limitations. Chief among these is its inattention to the distributional equity of the impacts. To measure individual well-being, the conventional approach relies on individuals’ willingness to exchange their own income for the outcomes they experience. To meas…
The Right Numeraire or the Just Weights? How to Make BCA Rational and Fair
Unweighted benefit–cost analysis (BCA) based on aggregate willingness to pay might be, at long last, falling into disrepute, as it is widely recognized that it exhibits a bias toward the wealthy, and as alternatives are appearing more and more practicable. However, the choice of alternatives is often framed in terms of choosing an alternative metric to willingness to pay in money, such as willingness to pay in healthy life years, or a measure of …
Downside risk aversion vs decreasing absolute risk aversion
Valuing non-marginal changes in mortality and morbidity risk
Valuing Covid-19 Morbidity Risk Reductions
Many economic analyses, including those that address the COVID-19 pandemic, focus on the value of averting deaths and do not include the value of averting nonfatal illnesses. Yet incorporating the value of averting nonfatal cases may change conclusions about the desirability of the policy. While per case values may be small, the number of nonfatal cases is often large, far outstripping the number of fatal cases. The value of averting nonfatal cas…
Accounting for the Distribution of Benefits and Costs in Benefit–Cost Analysis
Benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is often viewed as measuring the efficiency of a policy independent of the distribution of its consequences. The role of distributional effects on policy choice is disputed; either: ( a ) the policy that maximizes net benefits should be selected and distributional concerns should be addressed through other measures, such as tax and transfer programs or ( b ) BCA should be supplemented with distributional analysis and d…
Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global Benefit-Cost Analysis
The estimates used to value mortality risk reductions are a major determinant of the benefits of many public health and environmental policies. These estimates (typically expressed as the value per statistical life, VSL) describe the willingness of those affected by a policy to exchange their own income for the risk reductions they experience. While these values are relatively well studied in high-income countries, less is known about the values …
Valuing Children’s Fatality Risk Reductions
In benefit-cost analysis, fatality risk reductions are usually valued based on estimates of adults’ willingness to pay for changes in their own risks, regardless of whether the risk reduction accrues to adults or children. This approach reflects the relatively large number of valuation studies that address adults; however, the literature on children is growing. We review these studies, focusing on those that estimate values for both adults and ch…
Conducting Benefit-Cost Analysis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Investing in global health and development requires making difficult choices about what policies to pursue and what level of resources to devote to different initiatives. Methods of economic evaluation are well established and widely used to quantify and compare the impacts of alternative investments. However, if not well conducted and clearly reported, these evaluations can lead to erroneous conclusions. Differences in analytic methods and assum…
Consumer’s Guide to Regulatory Impact Analysis
Regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) weigh the benefits of regulations against the burdens they impose and are invaluable tools for informing decision makers. We offer 10 tips for nonspecialist policymakers and interested stakeholders who will be reading RIAs as consumers. 1. Core problem: Determine whether the RIA identifies the core problem (compelling public need) the regulation is intended to address. 2. Alternatives: Look for an objective, poli…
Extrapolating the Value Per Statistical Life Between Populations
Extrapolation of estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL) from high- to low- or middle-income populations requires attention to the possible effects of differences in income, current mortality risk, health, life expectancy, and many other factors. The standard theoretical model of VSL implies that VSL increases with income and decreases with current mortality risk. The effect of mortality risk is likely to be negligible while the effect …
Evaluating Willingness to Pay as a Measure of the Impact of Dyslexia in Adults
While much is known about dyslexia in school-age children and adolescents, less is known about its effects on quality of life in adults. Using data from the Connecticut Longitudinal Study, we provide the first estimates of the monetary value of improving reading, speaking, and cognitive skills to dyslexic and nondyslexic adults. Using a stated-preference survey, we find that dyslexic and nondyslexic individuals value improvements in their skills …
Understanding and improving the one and three times GDP per capita cost-effectiveness thresholds
Researchers and policymakers have long been interested in developing simple decision rules to aid in determining whether an intervention is, or is not, cost-effective. In global health, interventions that impose costs per disability-adjusted life year averted less than three and one times gross domestic product per capita are often considered cost-effective and very cost-effective, respectively. This article explores the conceptual foundation and…
Valuing Non-Fatal Health Risks
Les indicateurs évaluant les politiques environnementales, sanitaires et de prévention doivent être cohérents avec les préférences des individus affectés, mais également avec les préférences sociales quant à la distribution des risques sanitaires dans la population. Deux types de mesures sont largement employées : monétaires (comme le consentement à payer) ou fondées sur des états de santé pondérés par l’utilité (comme les années de vie ajustées …
Insights from mercury stable isotopes into factors affecting the internal body burden of methylmercury in frequent fish consumers
Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure can cause adverse health effects in children and adults and is predominantly from seafood consumption in the United States (U.S.). Here we examine evidence for differences in MeHg uptake and metabolism in U.S. individuals who consume three or more fish meals per week. We hypothesized based on prior research that some individuals have enhanced capacity to demethylate ingested MeHg and this will be reflected by a great…
Economics in “Global Health 2035”
BACKGROUND: Commission on Investing in Health (CIH) adds the value of increased life expectancy to the value of growth in gross domestic product (GDP) when assessing national well-being. To value changes in life expectancy, the CIH relies on several strong assumptions to bridge gaps in the empirical research. It finds that the value of a life year (VLY) averages 2.3 times GDP per capita for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) assuming the ch…
The value of disease prevention vs treatment
Implications of the WTP–WTA Disparity for Benefit–Cost Analysis
Differences between estimated willingness to accept compensation (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) that are larger than can be explained by standard economic theory raise questions about which measures should be used for benefit–cost analysis (BCA). These differences do not create a new problem but accentuate an existing one: the fact that the Kaldor–Hicks compensation test is ambiguous when its two components conflict. This conflict is more lik…
Skills of the trade
Many public policies and private actions affect the risk of injury, illness, or death, yet changes in these risks are not easily valued using market prices. We discuss how to value these risk reductions in the context of benefit-cost analysis. We begin with a pragmatic focus, describing the analytic framework and the approaches currently used for valuation, including estimates of willingness to pay, cost of illness, and monetized quality-adjusted…
Valuing Health and Longevity in Regulatory Analysis
Economic valuation of health risks plays an important role in informing decisions about environmental, health and safety regulations, indicating the extent to which those affected by a policy or program would agree to exchange income for the benefits it provides. For mortality risks, this willingness to pay is typically expressed as the “Value per Statistical Life” or VSL. The VSL is not the value of a particular individual‟s life. Instead, it me…
Behavioral Economics and the Conduct of Benefit-Cost Analysis
As traditionally conducted, benefit-cost analysis is rooted in neoclassical welfare economics, which, in its most simplified form, assumes that individuals act rationally and are primarily motivated by self-interest, making decisions that maximize their welfare. Its conduct is evolving to reflect recent work in behavioral economics, which explores the psychological aspects of decisionmaking. We consider several implications for analyses of social…
The Income Elasticity of the Value per Statistical Life
The income elasticity of the value per statistical life (VSL) is an important parameter for policy analysis. Mortality risk reductions often dominate the quantified benefits of environmental and other policies, and estimates of their value are frequently transferred across countries with significantly different income levels. U.S. regulatory agencies typically assume that a 1.0 percent change in real income over time will lead to a 0.4 to 0.6 per…
Theorizing and Generalizing about Risk Assessment and Regulation through Comparative Nested Analysis of Representative Cases
This article provides a framework and offers strategies for theorizing and generalizing about risk assessment and regulation developed in the context of an on‐going comparative study of regulatory behavior. Construction of a universe of nearly 3,000 risks and study of a random sample of 100 of these risks allowed us to estimate relative U.S. and European regulatory precaution over a thirty‐five‐year period. Comparative nested analysis of cases se…
Exporting and Productivity Growth
This paper uses propensity score matching techniques and ordinary least square regressions to examine the relationship between exporting and productivity growth in the Taiwan electronics industry. Using data from three census years, we find that plants with higher productivity growth tend to enter the export market, supporting the self‐selection mechanism. The evidence of learning‐by‐exporting is mixed, however. While the plants exporting through…
Health Information and Subjective Survival Probability
The effect of new health information on individuals' expectations about their longevity is examined using a Bayesian learning model. Using two‐period panel‐structured survey data from Taiwan, we find that subjective probabilities of living to age 75 and 85 are significantly smaller for respondents with more abnormal medical test outcomes and for those receiving more extensive advice on health behavior from their physicians. The subjective probabi…
The Income Elasticity of the Value per Statistical Life
The income elasticity of the value per statistical life (VSL) is an important parameter for policy analysis. Mortality risk reductions often dominate the quantified benefits of environmental and other policies, and estimates of their value are frequently transferred across countries with significantly different income levels. U.S. regulatory agencies typically assume that a 1.0 percent change in real income over time will lead to a 0.4 to 0.6 per…
Behavioral Economics and the Conduct of Benefit-Cost Analysis
As traditionally conducted, benefit-cost analysis is rooted in neoclassical welfare economics, which, in its most simplified form, assumes that individuals act rationally and are primarily motivated by self-interest, making decisions that maximize their welfare. Its conduct is evolving to reflect recent work in behavioral economics, which explores the psychological aspects of decisionmaking. We consider several implications for analyses of social…
Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global Benefit-Cost Analysis
The estimates used to value mortality risk reductions are a major determinant of the benefits of many public health and environmental policies. These estimates (typically expressed as the value per statistical life, VSL) describe the willingness of those affected by a policy to exchange their own income for the risk reductions they experience. While these values are relatively well studied in high-income countries, less is known about the values …
Theorizing and Generalizing about Risk Assessment and Regulation through Comparative Nested Analysis of Representative Cases
This article provides a framework and offers strategies for theorizing and generalizing about risk assessment and regulation developed in the context of an on‐going comparative study of regulatory behavior. Construction of a universe of nearly 3,000 risks and study of a random sample of 100 of these risks allowed us to estimate relative U.S. and European regulatory precaution over a thirty‐five‐year period. Comparative nested analysis of cases se…
Understanding and improving the one and three times GDP per capita cost-effectiveness thresholds
Researchers and policymakers have long been interested in developing simple decision rules to aid in determining whether an intervention is, or is not, cost-effective. In global health, interventions that impose costs per disability-adjusted life year averted less than three and one times gross domestic product per capita are often considered cost-effective and very cost-effective, respectively. This article explores the conceptual foundation and…
Valuing Children’s Fatality Risk Reductions
In benefit-cost analysis, fatality risk reductions are usually valued based on estimates of adults’ willingness to pay for changes in their own risks, regardless of whether the risk reduction accrues to adults or children. This approach reflects the relatively large number of valuation studies that address adults; however, the literature on children is growing. We review these studies, focusing on those that estimate values for both adults and ch…
Accounting for the Distribution of Benefits and Costs in Benefit–Cost Analysis
Benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is often viewed as measuring the efficiency of a policy independent of the distribution of its consequences. The role of distributional effects on policy choice is disputed; either: ( a ) the policy that maximizes net benefits should be selected and distributional concerns should be addressed through other measures, such as tax and transfer programs or ( b ) BCA should be supplemented with distributional analysis and d…
Conducting Benefit-Cost Analysis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Investing in global health and development requires making difficult choices about what policies to pursue and what level of resources to devote to different initiatives. Methods of economic evaluation are well established and widely used to quantify and compare the impacts of alternative investments. However, if not well conducted and clearly reported, these evaluations can lead to erroneous conclusions. Differences in analytic methods and assum…
Consumer’s Guide to Regulatory Impact Analysis
Regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) weigh the benefits of regulations against the burdens they impose and are invaluable tools for informing decision makers. We offer 10 tips for nonspecialist policymakers and interested stakeholders who will be reading RIAs as consumers. 1. Core problem: Determine whether the RIA identifies the core problem (compelling public need) the regulation is intended to address. 2. Alternatives: Look for an objective, poli…
Extrapolating the Value Per Statistical Life Between Populations
Extrapolation of estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL) from high- to low- or middle-income populations requires attention to the possible effects of differences in income, current mortality risk, health, life expectancy, and many other factors. The standard theoretical model of VSL implies that VSL increases with income and decreases with current mortality risk. The effect of mortality risk is likely to be negligible while the effect …
Valuing Non-Fatal Health Risks
Les indicateurs évaluant les politiques environnementales, sanitaires et de prévention doivent être cohérents avec les préférences des individus affectés, mais également avec les préférences sociales quant à la distribution des risques sanitaires dans la population. Deux types de mesures sont largement employées : monétaires (comme le consentement à payer) ou fondées sur des états de santé pondérés par l’utilité (comme les années de vie ajustées …
Skills of the trade
Many public policies and private actions affect the risk of injury, illness, or death, yet changes in these risks are not easily valued using market prices. We discuss how to value these risk reductions in the context of benefit-cost analysis. We begin with a pragmatic focus, describing the analytic framework and the approaches currently used for valuation, including estimates of willingness to pay, cost of illness, and monetized quality-adjusted…
Health Information and Subjective Survival Probability
The effect of new health information on individuals' expectations about their longevity is examined using a Bayesian learning model. Using two‐period panel‐structured survey data from Taiwan, we find that subjective probabilities of living to age 75 and 85 are significantly smaller for respondents with more abnormal medical test outcomes and for those receiving more extensive advice on health behavior from their physicians. The subjective probabi…
Implications of the WTP–WTA Disparity for Benefit–Cost Analysis
Differences between estimated willingness to accept compensation (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) that are larger than can be explained by standard economic theory raise questions about which measures should be used for benefit–cost analysis (BCA). These differences do not create a new problem but accentuate an existing one: the fact that the Kaldor–Hicks compensation test is ambiguous when its two components conflict. This conflict is more lik…
Perceived risk and value of workplace safety in a developing country
We examine the relationship between wages and perceived occupational health risks for petrochemical workers in Taiwan. We estimate hedonic wage functions to compare workers' wages to their perceived risks of fatal and disabling accidents. The results indicate that workers in risky jobs receive a compensating wage differential, after controlling for education, job tenure, and occupational classification. The values of mitigating health risks are e…
The Right Numeraire or the Just Weights? How to Make BCA Rational and Fair
Unweighted benefit–cost analysis (BCA) based on aggregate willingness to pay might be, at long last, falling into disrepute, as it is widely recognized that it exhibits a bias toward the wealthy, and as alternatives are appearing more and more practicable. However, the choice of alternatives is often framed in terms of choosing an alternative metric to willingness to pay in money, such as willingness to pay in healthy life years, or a measure of …
Understanding differences in estimates of the value of mortality risk
Limiting Liability for Automobile Accidents
No‐fault” automobile insurance plans are designed to supplant the tort system by requiring motorists to purchase no‐fault insurance and allowing victims to file liability insurance claims and tort suits only if their injuries exceed a legislated “tort threshold.” While thresholds vary among states, many are satisfied if the victim incurs medical expenses as low as a few hundred dollars. Using insurance claims data, we estimate the effectiveness o…
Perceived risk and value of workplace safety in a developing country
We examine the relationship between wages and perceived occupational health risks for petrochemical workers in Taiwan. We estimate hedonic wage functions to compare workers' wages to their perceived risks of fatal and disabling accidents. The results indicate that workers in risky jobs receive a compensating wage differential, after controlling for education, job tenure, and occupational classification. The values of mitigating health risks are e…
A Theoretical Foundation for Life‐Cycle Assessment
The presence of value judgments in life‐cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has been a constant source of controversy. According to a common interpretation, the international standard on LCIA requires that the assessment methods used in published comparisons be “value free.” Epistemologists argue that even natural science rests on “constitutive” and “contextual” value judgments. The example of the equivalency potential for climate change, the global w…
Sensitivity of willingness to pay to the magnitude of risk reduction
Estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) for health, environmental, and other goods obtained using contingent valuation (CV) have been criticized as inadequately sensitive to the scope or magnitude of the good. We investigate the sensitivity of WTP to variation in the magnitude of reductions in health risk using survey data collected in two countries, Taiwan and the United States, that differ dramatically with respect to economic development and cul…
Perceived Risks of Conventional and Organic Produce
Public risk perceptions and demand for safer food are important factors shaping agricultural production practices in the United States. Despite documented food safety concerns, little attempt has been made to elicit consumers' subjective risk judgments for a range of food safety hazards or to identify factors most predictive of perceived food safety risks. In this study, over 700 conventional and organic fresh produce buyers in the Boston area we…
The Impact of Advanced Technology Adoption on Wage Structures
We examine the impact of advanced technology adoption on wage and employment structures in Taiwan. Using a survey of manufacturing firms that provides direct information on the use of advanced technologies, we find that firms using more advanced technologies pay higher wages to both non‐production and production workers and employ higher fractions of non‐production workers. Controlling for the possible endogeneity of technology adoption suggests …
Understanding differences in estimates of the value of mortality risk
Health Information and Subjective Survival Probability
The effect of new health information on individuals' expectations about their longevity is examined using a Bayesian learning model. Using two‐period panel‐structured survey data from Taiwan, we find that subjective probabilities of living to age 75 and 85 are significantly smaller for respondents with more abnormal medical test outcomes and for those receiving more extensive advice on health behavior from their physicians. The subjective probabi…
Exporting and Productivity Growth
This paper uses propensity score matching techniques and ordinary least square regressions to examine the relationship between exporting and productivity growth in the Taiwan electronics industry. Using data from three census years, we find that plants with higher productivity growth tend to enter the export market, supporting the self‐selection mechanism. The evidence of learning‐by‐exporting is mixed, however. While the plants exporting through…
Theorizing and Generalizing about Risk Assessment and Regulation through Comparative Nested Analysis of Representative Cases
This article provides a framework and offers strategies for theorizing and generalizing about risk assessment and regulation developed in the context of an on‐going comparative study of regulatory behavior. Construction of a universe of nearly 3,000 risks and study of a random sample of 100 of these risks allowed us to estimate relative U.S. and European regulatory precaution over a thirty‐five‐year period. Comparative nested analysis of cases se…
Valuing Health and Longevity in Regulatory Analysis
Economic valuation of health risks plays an important role in informing decisions about environmental, health and safety regulations, indicating the extent to which those affected by a policy or program would agree to exchange income for the benefits it provides. For mortality risks, this willingness to pay is typically expressed as the “Value per Statistical Life” or VSL. The VSL is not the value of a particular individual‟s life. Instead, it me…
Behavioral Economics and the Conduct of Benefit-Cost Analysis
As traditionally conducted, benefit-cost analysis is rooted in neoclassical welfare economics, which, in its most simplified form, assumes that individuals act rationally and are primarily motivated by self-interest, making decisions that maximize their welfare. Its conduct is evolving to reflect recent work in behavioral economics, which explores the psychological aspects of decisionmaking. We consider several implications for analyses of social…
The Income Elasticity of the Value per Statistical Life
The income elasticity of the value per statistical life (VSL) is an important parameter for policy analysis. Mortality risk reductions often dominate the quantified benefits of environmental and other policies, and estimates of their value are frequently transferred across countries with significantly different income levels. U.S. regulatory agencies typically assume that a 1.0 percent change in real income over time will lead to a 0.4 to 0.6 per…
Skills of the trade
Many public policies and private actions affect the risk of injury, illness, or death, yet changes in these risks are not easily valued using market prices. We discuss how to value these risk reductions in the context of benefit-cost analysis. We begin with a pragmatic focus, describing the analytic framework and the approaches currently used for valuation, including estimates of willingness to pay, cost of illness, and monetized quality-adjusted…
Implications of the WTP–WTA Disparity for Benefit–Cost Analysis
Differences between estimated willingness to accept compensation (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) that are larger than can be explained by standard economic theory raise questions about which measures should be used for benefit–cost analysis (BCA). These differences do not create a new problem but accentuate an existing one: the fact that the Kaldor–Hicks compensation test is ambiguous when its two components conflict. This conflict is more lik…
Insights from mercury stable isotopes into factors affecting the internal body burden of methylmercury in frequent fish consumers
Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure can cause adverse health effects in children and adults and is predominantly from seafood consumption in the United States (U.S.). Here we examine evidence for differences in MeHg uptake and metabolism in U.S. individuals who consume three or more fish meals per week. We hypothesized based on prior research that some individuals have enhanced capacity to demethylate ingested MeHg and this will be reflected by a great…
Economics in “Global Health 2035”
BACKGROUND: Commission on Investing in Health (CIH) adds the value of increased life expectancy to the value of growth in gross domestic product (GDP) when assessing national well-being. To value changes in life expectancy, the CIH relies on several strong assumptions to bridge gaps in the empirical research. It finds that the value of a life year (VLY) averages 2.3 times GDP per capita for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) assuming the ch…
The value of disease prevention vs treatment
Consumer’s Guide to Regulatory Impact Analysis
Regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) weigh the benefits of regulations against the burdens they impose and are invaluable tools for informing decision makers. We offer 10 tips for nonspecialist policymakers and interested stakeholders who will be reading RIAs as consumers. 1. Core problem: Determine whether the RIA identifies the core problem (compelling public need) the regulation is intended to address. 2. Alternatives: Look for an objective, poli…
Extrapolating the Value Per Statistical Life Between Populations
Extrapolation of estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL) from high- to low- or middle-income populations requires attention to the possible effects of differences in income, current mortality risk, health, life expectancy, and many other factors. The standard theoretical model of VSL implies that VSL increases with income and decreases with current mortality risk. The effect of mortality risk is likely to be negligible while the effect …
Evaluating Willingness to Pay as a Measure of the Impact of Dyslexia in Adults
While much is known about dyslexia in school-age children and adolescents, less is known about its effects on quality of life in adults. Using data from the Connecticut Longitudinal Study, we provide the first estimates of the monetary value of improving reading, speaking, and cognitive skills to dyslexic and nondyslexic adults. Using a stated-preference survey, we find that dyslexic and nondyslexic individuals value improvements in their skills …
Understanding and improving the one and three times GDP per capita cost-effectiveness thresholds
Researchers and policymakers have long been interested in developing simple decision rules to aid in determining whether an intervention is, or is not, cost-effective. In global health, interventions that impose costs per disability-adjusted life year averted less than three and one times gross domestic product per capita are often considered cost-effective and very cost-effective, respectively. This article explores the conceptual foundation and…
Valuing Non-Fatal Health Risks
Les indicateurs évaluant les politiques environnementales, sanitaires et de prévention doivent être cohérents avec les préférences des individus affectés, mais également avec les préférences sociales quant à la distribution des risques sanitaires dans la population. Deux types de mesures sont largement employées : monétaires (comme le consentement à payer) ou fondées sur des états de santé pondérés par l’utilité (comme les années de vie ajustées …
Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global Benefit-Cost Analysis
The estimates used to value mortality risk reductions are a major determinant of the benefits of many public health and environmental policies. These estimates (typically expressed as the value per statistical life, VSL) describe the willingness of those affected by a policy to exchange their own income for the risk reductions they experience. While these values are relatively well studied in high-income countries, less is known about the values …
Valuing Children’s Fatality Risk Reductions
In benefit-cost analysis, fatality risk reductions are usually valued based on estimates of adults’ willingness to pay for changes in their own risks, regardless of whether the risk reduction accrues to adults or children. This approach reflects the relatively large number of valuation studies that address adults; however, the literature on children is growing. We review these studies, focusing on those that estimate values for both adults and ch…
Economics (26 obras) · Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life (18 obras) · Economic and Environmental Valuation (16 obras) · Actuarial science (14 obras) · Psychology (13 obras) · Medicine (11 obras) · Business (10 obras) · Microeconomics (10 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Econometrics (9 obras)