Albert N Katz
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 1180945 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Albert N Katz |
| NOMBRES | Albert N |
| APELLIDO | Katz |
| FIRMA | KATZ A N |
| AFILIACIONES | Western University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7494-4096 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 52 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 154 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 51 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1924 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Selective View of the Last 50 Years of the Experimental Psycholinguistics of Idiom, Metaphor, and Irony
The aim of this commentary is to situate and comment on the four excellent articles in this special issue within the arc of the last 50 years of experimental psycholinguistic research on idioms, metaphors, and irony/sarcasm. The arc is one in which figurative language is of an increasingly multifaceted nature requiring the rapid activation and integration of pragmatic, sociocultural, and semantic sources of information. Future avenues for researc…
On Poetry and the Science(s) of Meaning
Cognitive Factors Related to Metaphor Goodness in Poetic and Non-literary Metaphor
In this paper we examine the effect of two cognitive variables, Semantic Neighborhood Density and Interpretive Diversity, in first, distinguishing between literary (poetic) and nonliterary metaphor, and second, in determining what makes for a good metaphor. Analyses of items taken from a widely used set ofmetaphor norms indicated that while literary and nonliterary metaphor did not differ in many ways, the poetic items tended to 1) contain concep…
Back to the Poem
On January 1, 2020, I (the first author), started my term as the new Editor in Chief of Metaphor and Symbol. I wanted to inaugurate that moment with a short editorial piece in the journal seeking t
The Embodiment of Power as Forward/Backward Movement in Chinese and English Speakers
In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “power…
Something false about conceptual metaphors
Although Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory has been influential across many disciplines, little research has tested the psychological reality of conceptual metaphors (CMs) using established experimental memory paradigms. Here we employ an episodic memory task based on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm to explore this possibility. We find that after reading lists of sentences based on underlying conceptual meta…
Vector Space Applications in Metaphor Comprehension
Although vector space models of word meaning have been successful in modeling many aspects of human semantic knowledge, little research has explored figurative language, such as metaphor, using word vector representations. This article reviews the small body of research that has applied such representations to computational models of metaphor. After providing a short review of vector space models, a detailed overview of metaphor models that make …
Do People Hear a Sarcastic Tone of Voice When Silently Reading Sarcastic Text
The received wisdom is that people can mentally invoke a sarcastic tone of voice during silent reading although there is no direct evidence for this claim. We provide an empirical demonstration. In Study 1, participants silently read a set of ambiguous phrases as either being sarcastic or sincere, and chose from a set of adjectives those that best describe the tone of voice that was invoked. Sarcasm-discriminating and sincere-discriminating adjec…
Gender Differences in Being Thanked for Performing a Favor
Allan Urho Paivio (1925–2016)
Presents an obituary for Allan Urho Paivio, who passed away on June 19, 2016. One of his many accomplishments was the development of a dual-coding theory. Dual-coding theory, while very influential, has, unfortunately, been discussed all too often as a theory of mental imagery, and not within its larger context wherein mental imagery and verbal processes are separable but interconnected representational systems, an academic battle in clarificatio…
Principles That Promote Bidirectionality in Verbal Metaphor
Received wisdom holds that there is a basic and intrinsic directionality in metaphor, wherein switching the target and source of a metaphor either leads to a loss of meaning or, if meaningful, is based on different sets of features. Here the authors review experimental literature based on the notion that semantic memory can be conceptualized in a manner similar to Euclidean space, and that properties of this space provide boundary conditions that…
Gendered Language in Interactive Discourse
Ironic Expression Can Simultaneously Enhance and Dilute Perception of Criticism
In the context of texts that depicted either a minimally confrontational conversation (study 1) or a more confrontational argument (study 2) with a close friend, the use of ironic criticism was rated as being more humorous, polite, and positive, yet also as more sarcastic and mocking than direct criticism. Although our results were consistent with those reported previously, the results of both studies did not support two theoretical explanations …
Are There Necessary Conditions for Inducing a Sense of Sarcastic Irony
This article investigates the contextual components utilized to convey sarcastic verbal irony, testing whether theoretical components deemed as necessary for creating a sense of irony are, in fact, necessary. A novel task was employed: Given a set of statements that out of context were not rated as sarcastic, participants were instructed to either generate discourse context that would make the statements sarcastic or meaningful (without further s…
When Sarcasm Stings
The use of sarcasm sometimes lessens and sometimes enhances the negativity inherent in a sarcastic statement. Using a realistic conversational format, participants read either a sarcastic or a non-sarcastic aggressive argument between same-gendered interlocutors, and rated the pragmatic goals being expressed using a range of measures taken from previous studies. A factor analysis meaningfully grouped the dependent variables into separate factors,…
Experimental Support for Conceptual Metaphors with an Episodic Memory Task
The psychological reality of conceptual metaphor theory was tested with a standard episodic memory task unused in the metaphor literature. Presentation of items from the same conceptual structure over n trials leads to a buildup of proactive interference that is released (leading to increased recall) on trial n+1 if a new conceptual structure is engaged. This pattern was seen when the conceptual structures were putative conceptual metaphors and c…
Perception of the Use of Metaphor by an Interlocutor in Discourse
In 4 experiments, we examine the perceptions of metaphor use in interactive communication (e‐mails or chat transcriptions). We find metaphor use, especially novel metaphor, serves as a cue that the interlocutor is male. This effect is not based on knowledge of interlocutor gender per se but is driven by metaphor use. The findings were most robust when participants were directly asked about interlocutor gender but also were found in indirect quest…
The Journeys of Life
In four studies, we examine the “LIFE IS A JOURNEY” conceptual metaphor using as data output from semantic and episodic memory. In the first three studies output from semantic memory indicates that undergraduate samples, when primed to think in “LIFE” in terms of a course followed until one's 70th year, provided a set of events output in a sequential order and when compared to a second sample, showed high agreement on the ages in which the events…
On Acknowledging Thanks for Performing a Favor
In the reported studies the cost of the favor was manipulated (in terms of effort, resources or time needed to perform the favor) and whether the gender of the person performing the favor was the same or opposite as that for whom the favor was done. In a more general way, these data indicate the importance of considering social knowledge in nonliteral language usage
On Reversing the Topics and Vehicles of Metaphor
Class inclusion theory asserts that one cannot reverse the topic and vehicle of a meta-phor and produce a new, meaningful metaphor that is based on the same interpretive ground. In 2 experiments we test that claim. In Study 1 we replicate the procedures employed by Glucksberg, McGlone, & Manfredi (1997) that provided support for the assertion. However we now add experimental conditions in which the target meta-phors, either with the topic and veh…
A Hitchhiker's Guide to Human Evolution, the Brain, and the Processing of Language When It Is "Stretched" From the Literal or Expected Usage
This article introduces the special issue on the brain and processing of nonliteral and other forms of language in which meaning is "stretched" or deviates from expectations. The introduction consists of 2 sections meant to orient the reader to the articles that follow. The first section is a brief review and commentary on recent research and theorizing into the evolution of the human brain, selected brain structures, and implications that arise …
Metaphor Production in Online Conversation
This article details a study of metaphor production by 64 same-gender dyads engaged in 2 persuasive conversations over chat software. Dyads were comprised of friends or strangers. Overall, men produced more metaphor than women, especially slang. Metaphor production differed by gender as a function of friendship status: Men produced the same amount of metaphor when chatting with a friend or a stranger whereas women produced more metaphor when talk…
Reading Proverbs in Context
We examined how explicit markers or "introductory formulae," which are used for signaling that statements should be interpreted literally or nonliterally, influence the online processing of proverbs. Familiar or unfamiliar proverbial statements were presented in contexts that were biased toward either their literal and nonliteral meanings, and were always preceded immediately by either proverbially speaking, in a manner of speaking, literally spe…
Moment-By-Moment Reading of Proverbs in Literal and Nonliteral Contexts
To date there has been very little research that has examined on-line reading of proverbs. This is surprising given that proverbs offer a unique opportunity to examine how different sources of information combine to constrain the resolution of statements that are ambiguous between a literal and nonliteral interpretation. The purpose of this research was to examine whether context plays an immediate role in constraining the meaning of a proverbial…
Introduction to the Special Issue
Idioms
On the uses of sarcastic irony
Discourse Factors That Influence Online Reading of Metaphor and Irony
Statements such as "children are precious gems" can be interpreted as either a metaphor (children are valuable) or as a sarcastic comment on the metaphor (children are a burden). Katz and Pexman (1997) identified several constraints that biased readers toward either the metaphoric or the sarcastic-ironic interpretation: nature (occupation) of the person making the statement, whether the statement was counterfactual to information in the preceding…
When Sarcasm Stings
The use of sarcasm sometimes lessens and sometimes enhances the negativity inherent in a sarcastic statement. Using a realistic conversational format, participants read either a sarcastic or a non-sarcastic aggressive argument between same-gendered interlocutors, and rated the pragmatic goals being expressed using a range of measures taken from previous studies. A factor analysis meaningfully grouped the dependent variables into separate factors,…
Dimensions of metaphor
Metaphor Production in Online Conversation
This article details a study of metaphor production by 64 same-gender dyads engaged in 2 persuasive conversations over chat software. Dyads were comprised of friends or strangers. Overall, men produced more metaphor than women, especially slang. Metaphor production differed by gender as a function of friendship status: Men produced the same amount of metaphor when chatting with a friend or a stranger whereas women produced more metaphor when talk…
Poetic comparisons
Are There Necessary Conditions for Inducing a Sense of Sarcastic Irony
This article investigates the contextual components utilized to convey sarcastic verbal irony, testing whether theoretical components deemed as necessary for creating a sense of irony are, in fact, necessary. A novel task was employed: Given a set of statements that out of context were not rated as sarcastic, participants were instructed to either generate discourse context that would make the statements sarcastic or meaningful (without further s…
Ironic Expression Can Simultaneously Enhance and Dilute Perception of Criticism
In the context of texts that depicted either a minimally confrontational conversation (study 1) or a more confrontational argument (study 2) with a close friend, the use of ironic criticism was rated as being more humorous, polite, and positive, yet also as more sarcastic and mocking than direct criticism. Although our results were consistent with those reported previously, the results of both studies did not support two theoretical explanations …
Reading Proverbs in Context
We examined how explicit markers or "introductory formulae," which are used for signaling that statements should be interpreted literally or nonliterally, influence the online processing of proverbs. Familiar or unfamiliar proverbial statements were presented in contexts that were biased toward either their literal and nonliteral meanings, and were always preceded immediately by either proverbially speaking, in a manner of speaking, literally spe…
Metaphoric relationships
Principles That Promote Bidirectionality in Verbal Metaphor
Received wisdom holds that there is a basic and intrinsic directionality in metaphor, wherein switching the target and source of a metaphor either leads to a loss of meaning or, if meaningful, is based on different sets of features. Here the authors review experimental literature based on the notion that semantic memory can be conceptualized in a manner similar to Euclidean space, and that properties of this space provide boundary conditions that…
Psychological Studies in Metaphor Processing
Albert N. Katz, Psychological Studies in Metaphor Processing: Extensions to the Placement of Terms in Semantic Space, Poetics Today, Vol. 13, No. 4, Aspects of Metaphor Comprehension (Winter, 1992), pp. 607-632
Selective View of the Last 50 Years of the Experimental Psycholinguistics of Idiom, Metaphor, and Irony
The aim of this commentary is to situate and comment on the four excellent articles in this special issue within the arc of the last 50 years of experimental psycholinguistic research on idioms, metaphors, and irony/sarcasm. The arc is one in which figurative language is of an increasingly multifaceted nature requiring the rapid activation and integration of pragmatic, sociocultural, and semantic sources of information. Future avenues for researc…
Gendered Language in Interactive Discourse
Albert Katz's Homiletic Essays
Sex differences in instructions to “be creative” on divergent and nondivergent test scores
A bstract Harrington (1975) found that both the magnitude and meaning of male subject scores on the Alternate Uses Test were altered by explicit instructions to “be creative,” and argued for the necessity of such instructions, plus qualitative scoring criteria, in the employment of tests of creativity. The present study elaborated upon this study by including female subjects, more than one test of divergent thinking and a test of nondivergent thi…
Creativity and the cerebral hemispheres
Creativity and the cerebral hemispheres
Metaphoric relationships
Relationship of the Ammons' Quick Test of Intelligence to Verbal and Nonverbal Tests of Creativity
100 participants were administered three forms of the Quick Test, both the Verbal and Figural Torrance Tests of creativity, the Remote Associates Test of creativity, and the Revised Art Scale. In addition two non-creative tests were administered, the Hidden Words Test, a test of closure and the Deciphering Language Test, a test of logical reasoning. The Quick Test correlated significantly and low to moderately with all scales of Torrance's Verbal…
Dimensions of metaphor
Poetic comparisons
The Domain Interaction Approach to Metaphor Processing
Tourangeau and Sternberg (1981) proposed a sophisticated model to explain how people comprehend and appreciate metaphors of the form "Robert Redford is the peacock of actors." Out study conceptually extended this work by incorporating methodological improvements that permit the examination of individual differences. It was discovered that metaphors comparing terms with high dissimilarity between respective categories (between-domain distance) wer…
Poetic comparisons
A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Book)
Self‐Reference in the Encoding of Creative‐Relevant Traits
Participants ( N = 103) engaged in an incidental memory study in which they made one of three decisions about trait terms i e, regarding its physical nature (upper or lower case), semantic meaning (synonymity) or self‐reference (i e, does the word describe you?) In each condition, one‐half of the trait terms were relevant descriptors of creative persons, chosen from the creative personality scale of Domino (1970), whereas the other traits were ir…
Norms for 204 Literary and 260 Nonliterary Metaphors on 10 Psychological Dimensions
Norms on 464 metaphors are presented for 10 dimensions representing ratings of comprehensibility, some perceived metaphoric qualities, imagery values, familiarity, and tenor-vehicle relatedness. The items were either literary metaphors selected from works of poetry (N = 204) or nonliterary metaphors generated by the experimenters (N = 260). Analyses of the normative data indicated that (a) the mean ratings of the metaphors were reliable (average …
The Point of Words
Cognition and Symbolic Structures
Psychological Studies in Metaphor Processing
Albert N. Katz, Psychological Studies in Metaphor Processing: Extensions to the Placement of Terms in Semantic Space, Poetics Today, Vol. 13, No. 4, Aspects of Metaphor Comprehension (Winter, 1992), pp. 607-632
The Role of Authorial Intent in Determining Verbal Irony and Metaphor
Three groups of participants rated the authorial intent to endorse or reject the truth-value, the degree of irony, or metaphoricity of target utterances contained in brief anecdotes. Target utterances could be interpreted either literally or figuratively; a figurative resemblance was suggested by having the utterance echo an earlier usage. The anecdotes manipulated (a) congruence of the utterance with observational fact and (b) audience type. Typ…
Pragmatics and the processing of metaphors
A model of metaphor processing is suggested based on the application of pragmatic principles to the type of semantic information easy to access. It is argued that, with metaphor, higher-order categorical knowledge is given processing preference over instance-specific knowledge in an attempt to recover likely intended meaning. Instance-specific information is used more often when the higher-order knowledge is taken to violate conversational postul…
Experimental Psycholinguistics and Figurative Language
This article is a review of the methodology employed and of selected research questions found in the current experimental psycholinguistic literature on figurative language. A contrast is made between methodologies based on memory for language and those based on moment-by-moment (online) measures of processing. Research questions examined include (a) why people might use figurative language instead of a literal translation, (b) the nature of the …
The availability of conventional and of literal meaning during the comprehension of proverbs
The confusion between sentential figurativeness and conventionality found in many of the experiments on figurative language comprehension is here disentangled by factorially crossing the figurativeness of a proverb (determined by discourse context) with conventionality (determined by familiarity of use). Familiar proverbs are conventionally used in their figurative (and not literal) sense whereas for unfamiliar proverbs the literal meaning (and n…
Interpreting Figurative Statements
Quintilian (35-100 AD; trans. 1959) pointed out that we use knowledge of the speaker in attributing ironic intent. We examine this possibility by studying the interpretation given to statements of the form "Children are precious gems," in which the speaker could intend to make either a metaphor or a sarcastic-ironic comment on the metaphor. In two studies, we show that the speaker's occupation can influence our interpretation of a figurative stat…
Figurative language and thought
The Differential Role of Ridicule in Sarcasm and Irony
Kreuz and Glucksberg (1989) argued that sarcasm and irony are similar in that both are forms of reminder, yet different in that sarcasm conveys ridicule of a specific victim whereas irony does not. This article reports two experiments that provide empirical evidence of this relation. In both experiments, undergraduates read a series of passages. One group rated a target utterance in terms of the extent to which it was a good example of sarcasm, a…
Idioms
Introduction to the Special Issue
Psychology (49 obras) · Linguistics (44 obras) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (40 obras) · Cognitive psychology (30 obras) · Computer Science (30 obras) · Philosophy (30 obras) · Metaphor (25 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Cognition (17 obras) · Action Observation and Synchronization (13 obras)