James Trussell
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 122191 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | James Trussell |
| NOMBRES | James |
| APELLIDO | Trussell |
| FIRMA | TRUSSELL J |
| AFILIACIONES | Princeton University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1417-7849 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 68 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 734 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 68 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1977 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 17 |
Modeling the Impacts of Price of an Over-the-Counter Progestin-Only Pill on Use and Unintended Pregnancy among U.S. Women
Effect of Providing Contraception Free of Charge
AffiliationsJames Trussell is with the Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Contraceptive Failure in the United States
These broad-based declines in failure rates reverse a long-term pattern of minimal change. Future research should explore what lies behind these trends, as well as possibilities for further improvements
Anticipated Emotions About Unintended Pregnancy in Relationship Context
This study examined differences in women's anticipated emotional orientations toward unintended pregnancy by relationship status and race and ethnicity. Data from a prospective survey of 437 women aged 18 to 44 years who intended no more children for at least 2 years were analyzed along with 27 in-depth interviews among a diverse subsample. Cohabiting women and women in romantic relationships not living together were less likely to profess happin…
Comparison of a Timing‐Based Measure of Unintended Pregnancy and the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy
U.S. and British measures of unintended pregnancy are not directly comparable, and a measure combining intentions and feelings may better predict pregnancy outcomes
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
Wiley' s Corporate Citizenship initiative seeks to address the environmental, social, economic and ethical challenges faced in our business that are important to our diverse stakeholder groups. Since launching the initiative, we have focused on sharing our content with those in need, enhancing community philanthropy, reducing our carbon impact, creating global guidelines and best practices for paper use, establishing a vendor code of ethics, and …
No Exceptions
Since 1979, US federal appropriations bills have prohibited the use of federal funds from covering abortion care for Peace Corps volunteers. There are no exceptions; unlike other groups that receive health care through US federal funding streams, including Medicaid recipients, federal employees, and women in federal prisons, abortion care is not covered for volunteers even in cases of life endangerment, rape, or incest. We interviewed 433 returne…
Associations Between Sexual and Reproductive Health Communication and Health Service Use Among U.S. Adolescent Women
Further research is needed to assess whether comprehensive sexual and reproductive health communication facilitates adolescents' health care utilization. Examination of how communication sources, quality and content are related to service use is needed to understand adolescents' sexual and reproductive health knowledge and needs
Determinants of and Disparities in Reproductive Health Service Use Among Adolescent and Young Adult Women in the United States, 2002–2008
Objectives. We investigated determinants of and disparities in reproductive health service use among young women in the United States from 2002 to 2008. Methods. Using data on 4421 US women aged 15 to 24 years from the National Survey of Family Growth (2002, n = 2157; 2006–2008, n = 2264), we employed descriptive and univariate statistics and multivariate regression models to examine service use across women's sociodemographic and reproductive ch…
Contraceptive failure in the United States
Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Health Among University Students in the United States
Despite the World Health Organization's definition of sexual health as a state of well-being, virtually no public health research has examined sexual well-being outcomes, including sexual satisfaction. Emerging evidence suggests that sexual well-being indicators are associated with more classic measures of healthy sexual behaviors. We surveyed 2168 university students in the United States and asked them to rate their physiological and psychologic…
Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Health Among University Students in the United States
Despite the World Health Organization's definition of sexual health as a state of well-being, virtually no public health research has examined sexual well-being outcomes, including sexual satisfaction. Emerging evidence suggests that sexual well-being indicators are associated with more classic measures of healthy sexual behaviors. We surveyed 2168 university students in the United States and asked them to rate their physiological and psychologic…
Would you say you had unprotected sex if …? Sexual health language in emails to a reproductive health website
The words and metaphors that people use to describe sexuality and reproductive health reflect experiences with peers, sexual partners, health service providers and public health campaigns. In this paper we analyse 1134 emails sent to an emergency contraception website in the USA over the course of one year. Through an examination of the terminology used by authors to describe contraceptive methods, sexual intercourse and other sexual acts, we ana…
Research Priorities for Preventing Unintended Pregnancy
Virginity Lost, Satisfaction Gained? Physiological and Psychological Sexual Satisfaction at Heterosexual Debut
Despite the literature's focus on (hetero)sexual initiation, little is known about the degree to which young people are satisfied by their first vaginal intercourse experience, let alone the factors that predict satisfaction. This study analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey of 1,986 non-Hispanic White and Black 18- to 25-year-old respondents from four university campuses. Respondents were asked to rate the degree to which their first vagina…
The Effect of Access to Emergency Contraceptive Pills on Women's Use of Highly Effective Contraceptives
We examined changes in contraceptive behaviors after emergency contraception (EC) pill use. A nationally representative cohort of 2863 French women was studied to identify 272 instances of EC pill use. In 71% of the cases, we found no changes in contraceptive practices from the time of EC pill use to 6 months later: 41% of women continued use of highly effective methods and 30% continued less effective methods. Only 8.4% switched from highly effe…
Pleasure, Prophylaxis and Procreation
For some individuals, the perceived emotional and sexual benefits of conception may outweigh the goal of averting conception, even when a child is not wholly intended. Future behavioral studies should collect more nuanced data on pregnancy-related pleasure. Clinicians and patients would benefit from clearer guidelines for assessing ambivalence and for linking ambivalent clients with longer-acting methods that are not coitus-dependent
Harm Reduction or Women's Rights? Debating Access to Emergency Contraceptive Pills in Canada and the United States
This article compares the ethical pivot points in debates over nonprescription access to emergency contraceptive pills in Canada and the United States. These include women's right to be informed about the contraceptive method and its mechanism of action, pharmacists’conscientious objection concerning the dispensing of emergency contraceptive pills, and rights and equality of access to the method, especially for poor women and minorities. In both …
The Social Life of Emergency Contraception in the United States
This article is an examination of the FDA hearing on a proposal to permit nonprescription access to the emergency contraceptive pill Plan B. Participants debated the drug's impact on female and young adult sexuality, illustrating how the rhetoric over disciplining pharmaceutical use in the American public is a displaced language for talking about disciplining women's and girls' sexuality. Debate over Plan B also focused on its mechanism of action…
Are All Contraceptive Failures Unintended Pregnancies? Evidence from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth
CONTEXT: The incidence of unintended pregnancy has long been used as a primary indicator of the state of reproductive health. However, the definition--and therefore the measurement--of this indicator has been elusive. METHODS: Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were used to compare levels of unintended pregnancy among contraceptive users based on two definitions--the standard definition based on women's reports of contrace…
Contraceptive Failure, Method-Related Discontinuation and Resumption of Use
CONTEXT: Half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended. Of these, half occur to women who were practicing contraception in the month they conceived, and others occur when couples stop use because they find their method difficult or inconvenient to use. METHODS: Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth were used to compute life-table probabilities of contraceptive failure for reversible methods of contraception, discontinu…
Preventing unintended pregnancy
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the cost-effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills, minipills, and the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) as emergency contraception. METHODS: Cost savings were modeled for both (1) a single contraceptive treatment following unprotected intercourse and (2) emergency contraceptive pills provided in advance. RESULTS: In a managed care (public payer) setting, a single treatment of emergency contraception after un…
The Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy after Tubal Sterilization
Background Tubal sterilization is an increasingly common method of contraception in the United States. Although pregnancy after sterilization is uncommon, it can occur and may be ectopic. We used data from the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization to estimate the risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who had undergone the common types of tubal sterilization. Methods A total of 10,685 women undergoing tubal sterilization were followed in a multi…
The Risk of Pregnancy after Tubal Sterilization
Using Fertility Surveys to Evaluate an Indirect Method for Detecting Fertility Control
This paper is the latest report from a research project whose overall goal is to evaluate the performance of two indirect methods – Coale and Trussell's model (M&m) and Cohort Parity Analysis (CPA) – used in the study of fertility control in populations for which direct information on the use of birth control is lacking. In this paper we evaluate CPA, using data from 32 countries that participated in the World Fertility Survey. We show that in ac…
A hazards-Model analysis of the covariates of infant and child mortality in Sri Lanka
The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to provide a complete self-contained exposition of estimating life tables with covariates through the use of hazards models, and (b) to illustrate this technique with a substan-tive analysis of child mortality in Sri Lanka, thereby demonstrating that World Fertility Survey data are a valuable source for the study of child mortality. We show that life tables with covariates can be easily estimated with sta…
Marriage Dissolution in Australia
Interest in rising rates of marriage dissolution has been accompanied by curiosity concerning structural as well as temporal predictors of dissolution. Many factors may play a part: characteristics of the bride and groom; the circumstances surrounding the marriage, such as the length of periods of previous cohabitation; and situational factors within the marriage, such as the births of children and wives' employment. We examine the association be…
Proportional Hazards Life Table Models
The proportional hazards life table is a recently developed approach to the analysis of survival data when mortality risks vary among individuals. It assumes that at a given age (or duration since the start of a life) the force of mortality is a constant (specific to that age) multiplied by a proportionality factor which is determined by the characteristics of the individual and does not change unless these covariates do. In this paper, the metho…
The Nutrition Fertility Link
The determinants of age-specific marital fertility rates in non-contracepting populations are discussed and the physiological link between nutrition and reproduction in women who are chronically malnourished rather than famished are examined. Initial attention is directed to menarche and menopause for these set the outer bounds to the time of childbearing. This is followed by a discussion of the determinants of birth interval. Birth interval and …
Virginity Lost, Satisfaction Gained? Physiological and Psychological Sexual Satisfaction at Heterosexual Debut
Despite the literature's focus on (hetero)sexual initiation, little is known about the degree to which young people are satisfied by their first vaginal intercourse experience, let alone the factors that predict satisfaction. This study analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey of 1,986 non-Hispanic White and Black 18- to 25-year-old respondents from four university campuses. Respondents were asked to rate the degree to which their first vagina…
What Do We Know About the Timing of Fertility Transitions in Europe
The Princeton project on the decline of fertility in Europe (the European Fertility Project) suggested that this historical fertility transition occurred virtually simultaneously in a wide variety of economic and social environments. This finding has been cited widely as evidence for an innovation/diffusion view of fertility transitions. We demonstrate that the demographic methods used to date the fertility transition in Europe—primarily Ig, and …
Birth spacing and child mortality in bangladesh and the Philippines
This analysis uses data from Bangladesh and the Philippines to demonstrate that children who are born within 15 months of a preceding birth are 60 to 80% more likely than other children to die in the first two years of life, once the confounding effects of prematurity are removed. The risks associated with short conception intervals are confined to children who are also high birth order; they persist in the presence of controls for prior familial…
What are the determinants of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States
This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rates experienced in the 1970s were due to both delayed …
The Age of Slaves at Menarche and Their First Birth
have been leveled at both the methodology and the interpretation of Fogel and Engerman. In this paper we analyze the biases inherent in their methodological procedure, propose a new method of estimation that avoids these biases, and comment on the substantive issue of whether reproductive behavior was substantially manipulated. We consider only the extent of a particular type of manipulation that is admittedly defined in a very narrow way. Beyond…
Further Developments in Indirect Mortality Estimation
A variety of indirect estimators of mortality; survival of children by marriage duration of mother, survival of first spouse by marriage duration and by age, maternal orphanhood, and survival of siblings, are investigated by the use of a wide range of model fertility and mortality situations. Survival probabilities are then related by regression analysis to the proportions with a particular characteristic, to yield an equation which can then be u…
Trends and Differentials in Breastfeeding Behaviour
In this paper trends and correlates of breastfeeding behaviour are analysed with data from available surveys conducted in conjunction with the World Fertility Surveys (WFS) and the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Both these series of fertility surveys were designed and carried out in similar fashions, and in both, similar information on breastfeeding behaviour and its correlates was collected. Therefore, these data provide the best comparat…
The Economics of Mortality in North America, 1650–1910
(1978). The Economics of Mortality in North America, 1650–1910: A Description of a Research Project. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 75-108
Pleasure, Prophylaxis and Procreation
For some individuals, the perceived emotional and sexual benefits of conception may outweigh the goal of averting conception, even when a child is not wholly intended. Future behavioral studies should collect more nuanced data on pregnancy-related pleasure. Clinicians and patients would benefit from clearer guidelines for assessing ambivalence and for linking ambivalent clients with longer-acting methods that are not coitus-dependent
Contraceptive Failure in the United States
These broad-based declines in failure rates reverse a long-term pattern of minimal change. Future research should explore what lies behind these trends, as well as possibilities for further improvements
Sterility in a Population with Natural Fertility
In this paper we examine the age pattern of sterility in a natural fertility population of 16 English parishes. We examine estimators of sterility proposed by historical demographers. We demonstrate through Monte Carolo simulation of reproductive histories that the estimators proposed earlier work well only if the ages to which the estimates pertain are substantially modified from the original formulation. The new estimates show a much larger pos…
The Potential Impact of Changes in Fertility on Infant, Child and Maternal Mortality
In this paper we explore the relation between changes in reproductive behavior, such as those that might result from an effective family planning program in developing countries, and changes in child and maternal mortality. Specifically, we use the results from recent multivariate studies to estimate the changes in mortality that might result from altering maternal age, birth order, and birth spacing distributions of live births. Our results indi…
Determinants of birth-interval length in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Differences in fertility levels can logically be attributed to differences in exposure to the risk of pregnancy and differences in the length of time between births when women are exposed. Exposure to risk varies primarily because the proportion of women cohabiting differs across populations, although in some populations sterilization removes from exposure a significant fraction of those cohabiting. This paper analyzes the determinants of the oth…
Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Health Among University Students in the United States
Despite the World Health Organization's definition of sexual health as a state of well-being, virtually no public health research has examined sexual well-being outcomes, including sexual satisfaction. Emerging evidence suggests that sexual well-being indicators are associated with more classic measures of healthy sexual behaviors. We surveyed 2168 university students in the United States and asked them to rate their physiological and psychologic…
The economic value of contraception
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the study was to determine the clinical and economic impact of alternative contraceptive methods. METHODS. Direct medical costs (method use, side effects, and unintended pregnancies) associated with 15 contraceptive methods were modeled from the perspectives of a private payer and a publicly funded program. Cost data were drawn from a national claims database and MediCal. The main outcome measures included 1-year and 5-…
The Social Life of Emergency Contraception in the United States
This article is an examination of the FDA hearing on a proposal to permit nonprescription access to the emergency contraceptive pill Plan B. Participants debated the drug's impact on female and young adult sexuality, illustrating how the rhetoric over disciplining pharmaceutical use in the American public is a displaced language for talking about disciplining women's and girls' sexuality. Debate over Plan B also focused on its mechanism of action…
The Development and Use of Demographic Models
In this review, we first examine two classical demographic models - conventional life tables and stable populations - and a modern generalization of stable population theory; we then discuss mathematical models of conception and birth. These models involve purely mathematical relations in formal demography as opposed to empirical regularities. Next we consider model age schedules of mortality, nuptialitiy, marital fertility, fertility, and migrat…
Preventing unintended pregnancy
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the cost-effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills, minipills, and the copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) as emergency contraception. METHODS: Cost savings were modeled for both (1) a single contraceptive treatment following unprotected intercourse and (2) emergency contraceptive pills provided in advance. RESULTS: In a managed care (public payer) setting, a single treatment of emergency contraception after un…
Contraceptive Technology
Commentary
The companion article by Rosenberg and Gollub in this issue summarizes data from 10 observational studies and concludes that female-controlled contraceptive methods, under typical conditions, are comparable to condoms in preventing sexually transmitted diseases and should be merchandized as such. While we agree that chemical and mechanical contraceptives provide protection against some sexually transmitted diseases, we think the authors have over…
Contraceptive Failure in the United States
This report provides an update of the authors' previous estimates of first-year probabilities of contraceptive failure for all methods of contraception. Estimates are provided of failure during typical use (which includes both incorrect and inconsistent use) and during perfect use (correct use at every act of intercourse). The difference between these two probabilities provides a measure of how forgiving of imperfect use each method is. These rev…
Further Developments in Indirect Mortality Estimation
A variety of indirect estimators of mortality; survival of children by marriage duration of mother, survival of first spouse by marriage duration and by age, maternal orphanhood, and survival of siblings, are investigated by the use of a wide range of model fertility and mortality situations. Survival probabilities are then related by regression analysis to the proportions with a particular characteristic, to yield an equation which can then be u…
The Economics of Mortality in North America, 1650–1910
(1978). The Economics of Mortality in North America, 1650–1910: A Description of a Research Project. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 75-108
The Age of Slaves at Menarche and Their First Birth
have been leveled at both the methodology and the interpretation of Fogel and Engerman. In this paper we analyze the biases inherent in their methodological procedure, propose a new method of estimation that avoids these biases, and comment on the substantive issue of whether reproductive behavior was substantially manipulated. We consider only the extent of a particular type of manipulation that is admittedly defined in a very narrow way. Beyond…
A close look at the demography of Afghanistan
The first survey designed to allow estimates of the demographic characteristics of Afghanistan’s sedentary population was conducted during the period 1972–1974. Our analysis of these data, based on recently developed techniques for handling incomplete or inaccurate data, suggests that this population lives under conditions that are extreme when judged by modern standards. Marriage is early, especially for females, and universal. Marital fertility…
Proportional Hazards Life Table Models
The proportional hazards life table is a recently developed approach to the analysis of survival data when mortality risks vary among individuals. It assumes that at a given age (or duration since the start of a life) the force of mortality is a constant (specific to that age) multiplied by a proportionality factor which is determined by the characteristics of the individual and does not change unless these covariates do. In this paper, the metho…
Correcting contraceptive failure rates for sample composition and sample selection bias
In this paper we address two questions about life table estimates of the proportion of women experiencing a contraceptive failure within one year of initiation of use: Is the observed proportion affected by the socioeconomic or demographic composition of the sample? Is there evidence, even when socioeconomic or demographic influences are controlled, that the propensity to choose a particular method is correlated with the woman's underlying propen…
The Nutrition Fertility Link
The determinants of age-specific marital fertility rates in non-contracepting populations are discussed and the physiological link between nutrition and reproduction in women who are chronically malnourished rather than famished are examined. Initial attention is directed to menarche and menopause for these set the outer bounds to the time of childbearing. This is followed by a discussion of the determinants of birth interval. Birth interval and …
Exploring the Uses of Data on Height
Robert W. Fogel, Stanley L. Engerman, James Trussell, Exploring the Uses of Data on Height: The Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Nutrition, Labor Welfare, and Labor Productivity, Social Science History, Vol. 6, No. 4, Trends in Nutrition, Labor, Welfare, and Labor Productivity (Autumn, 1982), pp. 401-421
A specification of marital fertility by parents’ age, age atmarriage and marital duration
The positive association between wife’s age at marriage and fertility experienced at the older reproductive ages, cited in recent natural fertility literature, is explored using Mormon birth cohorts from 1840 to 1879. When this relationship is specified by husband’s age at marriage and marriage duration, the results indicate that older-aged husbands depress marital fertility only at higher marriage durations. The general decomposition of age-spec…
A hazards-Model analysis of the covariates of infant and child mortality in Sri Lanka
The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to provide a complete self-contained exposition of estimating life tables with covariates through the use of hazards models, and (b) to illustrate this technique with a substan-tive analysis of child mortality in Sri Lanka, thereby demonstrating that World Fertility Survey data are a valuable source for the study of child mortality. We show that life tables with covariates can be easily estimated with sta…
Evaluation of the Olsen Technique For Estimating the Fertility Response to Child Mortality
In a previous issue of this journal, Olsen proposed a technique for quantifying the fertility response to child mortality. To estimate the extent of child replacement, one needs data only on the number of children ever born and the number of child deaths for each woman. The technique involves first running a regression of the number of births on the number of deaths and then correcting the regression coefficient in order to obtain a consistent es…
Estimating the co-variates of age at marriage and first birth
The purpose of this paper is to explore how best to estimate the co-variates of age at marriage or age at first birth. Some investigators have approached this problem by estimating separate schedules for different classifications of the population. However, such attempts cannot have a truly multivariate flavour since cell sizes become small as ambitious cross-classification is attempted. We examine two competing models, one an extension of that p…
Co-variates of child mortality in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan
In this paper the co-variates of child mortality in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan are compared using data from the World Fertility Survey. Hazard models are used to estimate the effects of demographic and socio-economic variables on the risk of death in childhood. The importance of multivariate analysis is substantiated by the finding that the effect of most factors on mortality is changed considerably when other influences are simulta…
What are the determinants of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States
This paper presents estimates of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States and the determinants of those phenomena. The estimates are derived by fitting the Coale-McNeil marriage model to survey data on age at first birth and by letting the parameters of the model depend on covariates. Substantively, the results provide evidence that the low first birth fertility rates experienced in the 1970s were due to both delayed …
The Potential Impact of Changes in Fertility on Infant, Child and Maternal Mortality
In this paper we explore the relation between changes in reproductive behavior, such as those that might result from an effective family planning program in developing countries, and changes in child and maternal mortality. Specifically, we use the results from recent multivariate studies to estimate the changes in mortality that might result from altering maternal age, birth order, and birth spacing distributions of live births. Our results indi…
Estimating Levels, Trends, and Determinants of Child Mortality in Countries with Poor Statistics
James Trussell, Jane Menken, Estimating Levels, Trends, and Determinants of Child Mortality in Countries with Poor Statistics, Population and Development Review, Vol. 10, Supplement: Child Survival: Strategies for Research (1984), pp. 325-346
Correcting for Unmeasured Heterogeneity in Hazard Models Using the Heckman - Singer Procedure
A nonparametric strategy for correcting for unobserved heterogeneity in hazard models is described and used examine covariates of child mortality and birth interval length in Republic of Korea. An attempt is also made to discover whether specific allowance for heterogeneity alters covariate effects estimates and conclusions that would have been reached in hazard models that ignore unobserved heterogeneity. In addition authors examine the sensitiv…
Determinants of birth-interval length in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
Differences in fertility levels can logically be attributed to differences in exposure to the risk of pregnancy and differences in the length of time between births when women are exposed. Exposure to risk varies primarily because the proportion of women cohabiting differs across populations, although in some populations sterilization removes from exposure a significant fraction of those cohabiting. This paper analyzes the determinants of the oth…
Sterility in a Population with Natural Fertility
In this paper we examine the age pattern of sterility in a natural fertility population of 16 English parishes. We examine estimators of sterility proposed by historical demographers. We demonstrate through Monte Carolo simulation of reproductive histories that the estimators proposed earlier work well only if the ages to which the estimates pertain are substantially modified from the original formulation. The new estimates show a much larger pos…
Female reproductive development
In this paper we applied a recently developed statistical technique, hazard modelling, to the study of menarche and adolescent subfecundity. Using data collected in Bangladesh in 1976 and 1977, which included anthropometric and socioeconomic status measures, we found that age and weight were significant predictors of menarche; no other measure of growth significantly added explanatory power. Weight was at least as good as other more complex measu…
Contraceptive Failure in the United States
The overall goal of this paper is to provide for the first time a comprehensive critical review of the literature on contraceptive failure in developed countries, primarily the United States. The first two sections of our paper lay the groundwork for a critical assessment of the extensive body of studies on this subject, by systematically exploring the concepts and measurement of contraceptive efficacy and the methodological pitfalls that snare m…
Age and infertility
Direct evidence on age patterns of infecundity and sterility cannot be obtained from contemporary populations because such large fractions of couples use contraception or have been sterilized. Instead, historical data are exploited to yield upper bounds applicable to contemporary populations on the proportions sterile at each age. Examination of recent changes in sexual behavior that may increase infecundity indicates that sexually transmitted in…
Estimating the Distribution of Interval Length
In response to recent questions about the relative merits of sampling from different groups of births when studying the birth interval and its components, we derive analytically the implications of sampling births according to several different schemes and of estimating the distribution of waiting times from both current status and retrospective history measures. Breastfeeding is used as an example to illustrate that the distributions of weaning …
Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange
What is the purpose of HIV antibody testing
Considerable attention, both in the scientific literature and in the popular media, has focused recently on the accuracy of tests for HIV antibodies. Many have pointed to the dangers of falsely identifying persons as being infected, and they have stressed that the predictive power of a positive test result may be small in populations with a low prevalence of HIV infection. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the current testing/counseling …
Population (52 obras) · Demography (43 obras) · Medicine (43 obras) · Sociology (34 obras) · Environmental health (30 obras) · Family planning (26 obras) · Fertility (23 obras) · Demography (22 obras) · Reproductive Health and Contraception (22 obras) · Research methodology (22 obras)