Markus Kemmelmeier
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 127770 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Markus Kemmelmeier |
| NOMBRES | Markus |
| APELLIDO | Kemmelmeier |
| FIRMA | KEMMELMEIER M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Nevada, Reno |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1612-5903 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 66 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 371 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 66 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1996 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Predictors of attitudes toward LGBTQ + students and school climate in English secondary schools
You’re just not real”. LGBTQ+ youth and the struggle for identity in school
This study explores the challenges of students who identify as LGBTQ+ in six secondary schools in the south of England. Drawing on survey data from five schools (n = 257), and focus groups in six schools with 33 students, this study looks at the way that school culture and school climate operate and how these impact on the experiences of LGBTQ+ youngsters. This paper examines how school culture and climate serve to challenge, and occasionally aff…
Plenty of blame to go around
A Brief Intervention on E-Cigarette, Regular Cigarette, and Marijuana Use Results in Generalization Effects
Objective We hypothesized (1) perceived harm beliefs and intention to use e-cigarette attitudes will become more negative post-exposure to the intervention (2) this change will generalize to more negative beliefs and intention toward regular cigarettes and marijuana. Methods MANOVAs of students’ perceptions of harm beliefs and intention toward the use of e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes, and marijuana were performed to ascertain change in harm…
Culture and Democracy
Authoritarian leaders and parties are challenging the foundations of democracy across the world. We argue that this authoritarian upsurge is systematically linked to culturally shared beliefs about the world. Study 1 linked social axioms to authoritarianism and ethnonationalism in a US college sample. Study 2 replicated these findings with a multi-national dataset and predicted authoritarianism with country-level social axioms. Results from these…
The changing association between political ideology and closed-mindedness
Evidence suggests that politically right-leaning individuals are more likely to be closed-minded. Whether this association is inherent or subject to change has been the subject of debate, yet has not been formally tested. Through a meta-analysis, we find evidence of a changing association between conservatism and facets of closed-mindedness in the U.S. and international context using 341 unique samples, over 200,000 participants, and 920 estimate…
Recommendations to disclose sexual assault are motivated by retribution among women who endorse honor values
Rape arrests are higher in US states wherein residents more typically endorse honor values. Because honor values reflect an association between reputation and self‐worth, which is based on one's ability to uphold traditional gender norms, one should expect that women who endorse honor values are motivated to conceal a sexual assault. However, honor values also engender the expectation that women defend their reputations if threatened. Thus, women…
Getting A’s in B-School
Skin tone bias and the US presidency
Across cultures, darker skin tone is associated with lower social status. We propose that Black politicians are subject to skin tone biases in US newspapers, with hostile biases resulting in them being portrayed as more dark‐skinned. We hypothesized that such biases occur as a function of negative racial attitudes. We contrast this with an ingroup bias hypothesis, according to which partisans denigrate Black politicians of the other side, but not…
The social axioms of populism
Populism is on the rise with various movements having electoral breakthroughs. Most social-science research on populism has focused primarily on party tactics and rhetoric, and a definition for the term itself; only recently has populism emerged as a psychological construct. We contribute to this growing literature with two studies (n = 456 and n = 5,837) that investigated the cultural worldviews underpinned in populist attitudes. Using the socia…
Cultural change through niche construction
Researchers theorize cultural change as societal adaptation to the environment. But where does the environment come from? Here we advance conceptual and analytical tools for a more dynamic framework of cultural change and emphasize that people create their own environment, to which they adapt through cultural change. First, we draw on the theory of niche construction to argue that organisms modify their environments in ways that impact their own …
Remnants of Communism and Present-Day Inequality
Communism substantially shaped the values and beliefs of those who grew up under its regime. We argue that, after the Soviet Union’s collapse and the rapid transition to democracy and capitalism, many older people in post-communist countries continued to abide by an “ethos of equality” that was part of their socialization. These individuals continue to believe that it is the government’s responsibility to establish social equality; hence, they sh…
Youth Perceptions of Voting Participation in the Midst of Catalonia's Active Struggle for Independence
Focusing on youth attitudes during a time of political upheaval in Catalonia, we study 1,438 high school students, aged 15 to 16, nested within 30 high schools. Using multilevel analyses, we examine their perceptions of the importance of voting across different election types (independence referendum, local, subnational, national, supernational) and intent to vote regularly upon turning 18. Results show a matching effect of perceived voting impor…
Who is on our side? complexities of national identification among native and immigrant youth in Catalonia
Youth in Catalonia are caught in the middle of a hotly contested political conflict over the region’s possible independence from Spain. Focusing on a large sample of secondary school students (n = 1550; 24.6% immigrants) from 30 schools, we use multilevel modelling to investigate identification with competing national identities and their implications for xenophobia. The larger social context is reflected in native students viewing Catalan and Sp…
Free speech as a cultural value in the United States
Political orientation influences support for free speech, with liberals often reporting greater support for free speech than conservatives. We hypothesized that this effect should be moderated by cultural context: individualist cultures value individual self-expression and self-determination, and collectivist cultures value group harmony and conformity. These different foci should differently influence liberals and conservatives’ support for free…
Intergroup contact versus conflict in Catalan high schools
To honor and obey
The overwhelming majority of rapes goes unreported. To better understand the sociocultural mechanisms behind why underreporting may occur, three studies (total n = 1,481) examine how women's endorsement of honor values influence the perceptions of rape. Using vignettes that varied the closeness of the perpetrator of a sexual assault (i.e., stranger, acquaintance, or husband), we found that women who endorse honor values of womanhood were less lik…
System Justification Theory
System justification theory (SJT) is a social‐psychological theory proposed by John Jost and collaborators to explain why members of disadvantaged groups often actively embrace and even promote existing inequalities. SJT assumes three distinct psychological motives or justification tendencies. In line with previous theorizing, SJT proposes a self‐justification and an in‐group justification motive, referring to the need for a favorable self‐image …
Zimbardo Prison Experiment
Social psychologist Philip Zimbardo (b. 1933) conducted a well‐known prison study known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. Funded by the US Navy to investigate conflict in military prisons, Zimbardo and his graduate students, Craig Haney and W. Curtis Banks, rejected the idea that the personality characteristics of prisoners and guards in the prison system were primarily responsible for conflicts as they occurred in the prison system. Broadly con…
Milgram, Stanley (1933–1984)
Stanley Milgram was one of the most influential social psychologists of the twentieth century. Born in 1933 in New York, he obtained a BA from Queen's College, and went on to receive a PhD in psychology from Harvard. Subsequently, Milgram held faculty positions in psychology at Yale University and the City University of New York until his untimely death in 1984. Although Milgram never held a formal appointment in sociology, his work was centrally…
Cultural Differences in Shame and Guilt as Understandable Reasons for Suicide
According to the World Health Organization, a major barrier to suicide prevention work is the social stigma surrounding suicide. Since clinical research has long shown that shame and guilt are often involved in suicide and suicide ideation, the present two studies explore the extent to which individuals associate shame and guilt with suicide ideation and behavior according to their cultural background. Using a scenario approach, 1,147 Americans i…
New Insights on Cultural Patterns of Suicide in the United States
Cultural differences in suicide can be indicative of varying social pressures placed on individuals. High suicide rates in U.S. honor cultures have been proposed to reflect pressures associated with maintaining one's reputation. We extend this argument by highlighting that honor concerns differentially impact individuals based on gender, ethnicity, and age. Controlling for relevant confounds, we show that suicide rates were highest among older Eu…
Can deception be desirable
Critics of deception in research allege harm to society, the discipline of psychology, the researchers and participants. However, neither empirical findings nor a 'reasonable-person' test seem to support those allegations. By and large, researchers who use deception consider its costs and benefits, and the kind and degree of deceit that is typically used in psychology is of a benevolent type. Moreover, participants prefer to participate in decept…
Authoritarianism
Rethinking individualism and collectivism
Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups?The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), metaanalyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality.European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independe…
Sowing Patriotism, But Reaping Nationalism? Consequences of Exposure to the American Flag
The American flag is a frequently displayed national symbol in the United States. Given its high visibility and importance, the present research examines the consequences of exposure to the flag on Americans' sense of national attachment. We hypothesized that the flag would increase patriotism, defined as love and commitment to one's country, and nationalism, defined as a sense of superiority over others. Two experimental studies supported the id…
Cultural Orientations in the United States
The authors investigate differences in individualism and collectivism between the four largest ethnic groups in the United States (African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans). It has been asserted that U.S. minorities score higher in collectivism compared to European Americans, whereas European Americans score higher in individualism than minorities. The authors reexamined these assumptions using meta-analytic te…
Racial-Ethnic Self-Schemas
Daphna Oyserman, Markus Kemmelmeier, Stephanie Fryberg, Hezi Brosh, Tamera Hart-Johnson, Racial-Ethnic Self-Schemas, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 4, Special Issue: Race, Racism, and Discrimination (Dec., 2003), pp. 333-347
Individualism and Good Works
Building on previous research by Allik and Realo and Conway, Ryder, Tweed, and Sokol, the present study investigates whether cultural individualism is related to greater levels of prosocial behavior toward strangers. Focusing on regional variations within the United States, the authors found individualism to be positively related to charitable giving and volunteerism such that both were more likely to occur in more individualist states. Different…
Values, Economics, and Proenvironmental Attitudes in 22 Societies
Using data provided by the 1993 International Social Survey Programme, the authors examine the relationship between economic factors, values, and environmental attitudes both at the societal level and the individual level. They tested the hypothesis derived from Inglehart that postmaterialist values mediate the relationship between economics and support for the environment. In a multilevel analysis, they also explored whether the relationship bet…
Cultural psychology, a new look
M. H. Bond (2002), A. P. Fiske (2002), S. Kitayama (2002), and J. G. Miller (2002) joined D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, and M. Kemmelmeier (2002) in highlighting limitations of the individualism-collectivism model of culture. Concern is warranted; nevertheless, individualism-collectivism helps structure discourse on the influence of culture on the mind. To avoid level-of-analysis entanglements, Oyserman et al. propose an integrative model that include…
"Cross-Cultural Differences in a Global "Survey of World Views
We know that there are cross-cultural differences in psychological variables, such as individualism/collectivism. But it has not been clear which of these variables show relatively the greatest differences. The Survey of World Views project operated from the premise that such issues are best addressed in a diverse sampling of countries representing a majority of the world's population, with a very large range of item-content. Data were collected …
Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies
Building on Hofstede's finding that individualism and social hierarchy are incompatible at the societal level, the authors examined the relationship between individualism-collectivism and orientations toward authority at the individual level. In Study 1, authoritarianism was related to three measures of collectivism but unrelated to three measures of individualism in a U.S. sample ( N = 382). Study 2 used Triandis's horizontal-vertical individual…
What Predicts Loneliness? Cultural Difference Between Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies in Europe
Using two multilevel analyses of residents in 12 (1992 Eurobarometer; N = 3,902) and 22 (2006 European Social Survey, N = 38,867) European societies, respectively, we examined loneliness as a function of dominant cultural values. Levels of loneliness were higher in collectivistic compared with individualistic societies, but societies differed in terms of their predictors of loneliness. In collectivistic societies, the absence of interactions with…
Ethnicity and Contemporary American Culture
The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertic…
Weber Revisited
Weber's Protestant Ethic hypothesis holds that elements of theology gave Protestants a cultural affinity with the economic demands of early market capitalism, particularly compared with their Catholic neighbors, which led to more rapid economic development in nations where Protestant culture was dominant. Previous research has found inconsistent support for a Protestant inclination toward pro-market attitudes, depending on whether the level of an…
The ups and downs of thinking about a successful other
We hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self‐construals. Independent self‐construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self‐evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self‐construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be ab…
Intergroup contact versus conflict in Catalan high schools
Opposite Ends of the Same Stick? Multi-Method Test of the Dimensionality of Individualism and Collectivism
The construct of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL) has become the definitive standard in cross-cultural psychology, management, and related fields. It is also among the most controversial, in particular, with regard to the ambiguity of its dimensionality: Some view IND and COL as the opposites of a single continuum, whereas others argue that the two are independent constructs. We explored the issue through seven different tests using original …
Divorce Attitudes Around the World
This article examines the link between culture and divorce attitudes using country-level data of the International Social Survey Programme 1994. Outside of examining the favorability of attitudes, we distinguish different types of attitudes based on whether the consequences of marital dissolution on children were considered when evaluating the acceptability of divorce. Testing competing hypotheses derived from attitude research and cross-cultural…
Language and Self-Construal Priming
Previous research has argued that language serves as a cognitive cue to reinforce culturally normative self-construals. We hypothesize that language-priming effects would be stronger for women than men and that they would primarily occur for self-construals that are not already latently salient in the respondents' culture. Also, in contrast to earlier research on language priming of self-construals, we rely on Singelis's independent and interdepe…
New Insights on Cultural Patterns of Suicide in the United States
Cultural differences in suicide can be indicative of varying social pressures placed on individuals. High suicide rates in U.S. honor cultures have been proposed to reflect pressures associated with maintaining one's reputation. We extend this argument by highlighting that honor concerns differentially impact individuals based on gender, ethnicity, and age. Controlling for relevant confounds, we show that suicide rates were highest among older Eu…
Separating the wheat from the chaff
The dilution effect refers to the finding that judgments are often unduly influenced by nondiagnostic information, producing regressive judgment. Because the dilution effect is a problem in various domains, strategies to control the impact of nondiagnostic information were explored by drawing on a perceptual and a conversational account of the dilution effect. Three experiments ( n = 259) demonstrate that explicit instructions to discriminate bet…
Gendered Influence of Downward Social Comparisons on Current and Possible Selves
Because men and women differ with regard to independent and interdependent self‐construals, we propose that downward comparisons are more likely to lower women's achievement‐related self‐evaluations compared to men's. We also hypothesize that gendered self‐schemas provide men with advantages in the processing of self‐related dispositional information and women with advantages in the processing of self‐related social‐contextual information. To the…
Untreated Depression Predicts Higher Suicide Rates in U.S. Honor Cultures
Osterman and Brown demonstrated that U.S. honor states had higher rates of suicide than non-honor states and related this phenomenon to the higher incidence of depression and a reduced readiness to seek antidepression treatment in honor states. The present study critiques their research and re-examines the origin of the association between honor culture and suicide using a more expansive multi-year data set and controlling for culturally relevant…
Quoting Practices, Path Dependency and the Birth of Modern Journalism
Using Hallin's (1994) analysis of soundbites in network television news coverage as a model, we track the quoting practices of five American newspapers during the transition to modern news (1876–1916). We find that despite variation in the size, geographic location, and partisan orientation of these newspapers, trends in their quoting practices moved in relative lockstep. Drawing on the institutionalist concept of path dependency, we argue that t…
How Competition Is Viewed Across Cultures
Competition is a pervasive aspect of human life. Yet the values and attitudes that people have concerning competition vary widely, from the belief that it underpins the social order to the belief that it corrodes positive social ties. This research examines the structural and cultural roots of these attitudes across societies. Contrasting predictions from five social theories (Marxism, system justification, Protestant ethic, postmaterialism, and …
The changing association between political ideology and closed-mindedness
Evidence suggests that politically right-leaning individuals are more likely to be closed-minded. Whether this association is inherent or subject to change has been the subject of debate, yet has not been formally tested. Through a meta-analysis, we find evidence of a changing association between conservatism and facets of closed-mindedness in the U.S. and international context using 341 unique samples, over 200,000 participants, and 920 estimate…
Cultural change through niche construction
Researchers theorize cultural change as societal adaptation to the environment. But where does the environment come from? Here we advance conceptual and analytical tools for a more dynamic framework of cultural change and emphasize that people create their own environment, to which they adapt through cultural change. First, we draw on the theory of niche construction to argue that organisms modify their environments in ways that impact their own …
Youth Perceptions of Voting Participation in the Midst of Catalonia's Active Struggle for Independence
Focusing on youth attitudes during a time of political upheaval in Catalonia, we study 1,438 high school students, aged 15 to 16, nested within 30 high schools. Using multilevel analyses, we examine their perceptions of the importance of voting across different election types (independence referendum, local, subnational, national, supernational) and intent to vote regularly upon turning 18. Results show a matching effect of perceived voting impor…
Mood and Stereotyping
We review how affective states moderate the impact of stereotypes in social judgment. The reported evidence suggests that stereotypes have more impact on judgments formed by individuals in a happy mood rather than sad mood, whereas the reverse holds for individuating information. We trace these effects to mood-dependent differences in processing style. Extending previous theorizing, we suggest that individuals are more likely to process new infor…
Explaining Asymmetric Intergroup Judgments through Differential Aggregation
Outgroups are often judged to be less differentiated, more homogeneous, and more polarized than ingroups. Theoretical accounts of this outgroup homogeneity effect (OHE) emphasize impoverished knowledge of outgroups, qualitatively different memory representations, or the motivational impact of group membership. A parsimonious explanation for all these findings is proposed, based on the assumption that most operational variants of the OHE can be un…
Parental Sociopathy as a Predictor of Childhood Sexual Abuse
The ups and downs of thinking about a successful other
We hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self‐construals. Independent self‐construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self‐evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self‐construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be ab…
The ups and downs of thinking about a successful other
We hypothesized that the consequences of upward social comparisons are mediated by independent versus interdependent content of self-construals. Independent self-construals emphasize personal uniqueness; thus comparison to an outstanding other should undermine one's sense of uniqueness and lower current self-evaluations. Conversely, interdependent self-construals focus on interpersonal connectedness. Hence, interdependent individuals should be ab…
Gendered Influence of Downward Social Comparisons on Current and Possible Selves
Because men and women differ with regard to independent and interdependent self‐construals, we propose that downward comparisons are more likely to lower women's achievement‐related self‐evaluations compared to men's. We also hypothesize that gendered self‐schemas provide men with advantages in the processing of self‐related dispositional information and women with advantages in the processing of self‐related social‐contextual information. To the…
Cultural Orientations in the United States
The authors investigate differences in individualism and collectivism between the four largest ethnic groups in the United States (African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans). It has been asserted that U.S. minorities score higher in collectivism compared to European Americans, whereas European Americans score higher in individualism than minorities. The authors reexamined these assumptions using meta-analytic te…
Rethinking individualism and collectivism
Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal indepe…
Life Task Pursuit in Social Groups
Personal well-being and resilience are contingent on the ability to negotiate and successfully pursue personal goals through life tasks and opportunities afforded by one's social environment. Our research addresses these processes by examining college students' participation in campus groups. We investigated simultaneous strivings toward the development of a distinct personal identity and toward social integration. Specifically, we argue that gro…
Cultural psychology, a new look
M. H. Bond (2002), A. P. Fiske (2002), S. Kitayama (2002), and J. G. Miller (2002) joined D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, and M. Kemmelmeier (2002) in highlighting limitations of the individualism-collectivism model of culture. Concern is warranted; nevertheless, individualism-collectivism helps structure discourse on the influence of culture on the mind. To avoid level-of-analysis entanglements, Oyserman et al. propose an integrative model that include…
Cultural psychology, a new look
Values, Economics, and Proenvironmental Attitudes in 22 Societies
Using data provided by the 1993 International Social Survey Programme, the authors examine the relationship between economic factors, values, and environmental attitudes both at the societal level and the individual level. They tested the hypothesis derived from Inglehart that postmaterialist values mediate the relationship between economics and support for the environment. In a multilevel analysis, they also explored whether the relationship bet…
Racial-Ethnic Self-Schemas
Daphna Oyserman, Markus Kemmelmeier, Stephanie Fryberg, Hezi Brosh, Tamera Hart-Johnson, Racial-Ethnic Self-Schemas, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 4, Special Issue: Race, Racism, and Discrimination (Dec., 2003), pp. 333-347
Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies
Building on Hofstede's finding that individualism and social hierarchy are incompatible at the societal level, the authors examined the relationship between individualism-collectivism and orientations toward authority at the individual level. In Study 1, authoritarianism was related to three measures of collectivism but unrelated to three measures of individualism in a U.S. sample ( N = 382). Study 2 used Triandis's horizontal-vertical individual…
Separating the wheat from the chaff
The dilution effect refers to the finding that judgments are often unduly influenced by nondiagnostic information, producing regressive judgment. Because the dilution effect is a problem in various domains, strategies to control the impact of nondiagnostic information were explored by drawing on a perceptual and a conversational account of the dilution effect. Three experiments ( n = 259) demonstrate that explicit instructions to discriminate bet…
Language and Self-Construal Priming
Previous research has argued that language serves as a cognitive cue to reinforce culturally normative self-construals. We hypothesize that language-priming effects would be stronger for women than men and that they would primarily occur for self-construals that are not already latently salient in the respondents' culture. Also, in contrast to earlier research on language priming of self-construals, we rely on Singelis's independent and interdepe…
Individualism and Good Works
Building on previous research by Allik and Realo and Conway, Ryder, Tweed, and Sokol, the present study investigates whether cultural individualism is related to greater levels of prosocial behavior toward strangers. Focusing on regional variations within the United States, the authors found individualism to be positively related to charitable giving and volunteerism such that both were more likely to occur in more individualist states. Different…
Milgram, Stanley (Experiments)
Stanley Milgram was one of the most influential social psychologists of the twentieth century. Born in 1933 in New York, he obtained a BA from Queen's College, and went on to receive a PhD in psychology from Harvard. Subsequently, Milgram held faculty positions in psychology at Yale University and the City University of New York until his untimely death in 1984. Although Milgram never held a formal appointment in sociology, his work was centrally…
Is Diagnostic Evidence on the Dilution Effect Weakened When Nondiagnostic Objections Are Added? A Response to Igou (2007)
Kemmelmeier (2007) challenges the notion of conversational basis of the dilution effect by providing a reanalysis of Igou and Bless (2005), new data, and a metaanalysis. Responding to this evidence, Igou (2007) raises a number of objections that are demonstrated to be without merit against the conclusion that the dilution effect is not the result of the applicable conversational norms. However, Igou points to an unanswered question concerning the…
How Competition Is Viewed Across Cultures
Competition is a pervasive aspect of human life. Yet the values and attitudes that people have concerning competition vary widely, from the belief that it underpins the social order to the belief that it corrodes positive social ties. This research examines the structural and cultural roots of these attitudes across societies. Contrasting predictions from five social theories (Marxism, system justification, Protestant ethic, postmaterialism, and …
Does the Dilution Effect Have a Conversational Basis
The dilution effect refers to the finding that judgments are often unduly influenced by nondiagnostic information, producing regressive judgment. The hypothesis of a conversational basis of the dilution effect, advanced in a recent study by Igou and Bless, holds that the effect reflects the operation of the conversational norm of relevance. A critique and reanalysis of their data yields only weak, if any, support for this conversational explanati…
Social Dominance Theory
Social dominance theory (SDT) is a conflict‐type theory developed by political psychologists Jim Sidanius, Felicia Pratto, and their students since the early 1990s. It is rooted in Blumer's group position theory, Marxian theory (Marx, Engels, Gramsci), and neoclassical elite theory (e.g., Mosca, Pareto), but also draws importantly on assumptions from sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. Further, it makes use of insights from Tajfel's social …
Sowing Patriotism, But Reaping Nationalism? Consequences of Exposure to the American Flag
The American flag is a frequently displayed national symbol in the United States. Given its high visibility and importance, the present research examines the consequences of exposure to the flag on Americans' sense of national attachment. We hypothesized that the flag would increase patriotism, defined as love and commitment to one's country, and nationalism, defined as a sense of superiority over others. Two experimental studies supported the id…
System justification theory
System justification theory was first proposed by social psychologists John Jost and Mahzarin Banaji (1994). Along with Jackman's (1994) paternalism theory, which emerged around the same time, system justification theory was inspired by the observation that in many cases status relations within unequal and oppressive societies are rather non‐conflictual. This notable absence of strife between unequal groups challenges traditional notions of group…
Effects of Islamist terror in Muslim students
Following the November 2003 attacks in Turkey by Turkish Islamist extremists, we designed an experiment to assess the religious identification of Turkish Muslim students using the inclusion/exclusion model of social judgment and social identity theory as general frameworks. Students (n = 193) were randomly assigned to experimental groups and then completed a questionnaire about religious identification. Groups varied in terms of the religious lab…
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