Caitlin E Kennedy
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 128747 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Caitlin E Kennedy |
| NOMBRES | Caitlin E |
| APELLIDO | Kennedy |
| FIRMA | KENNEDY C E |
| AFILIACIONES | Johns Hopkins University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6820-063X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 102 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 42 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 102 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2008 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Men’s understanding of three different measures of transactional sex
Lack of valid and reliable measures and inconsistent transactional sex measurement has resulted in poor understanding of the practice, particularly among men. To improve transactional sex measurement and facilitate comparison across studies, we examined how men comprehend and respond to three common transactional sex measures. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 25 sexually active adult men in Rakai, Uganda and data were thematically analyse…
Factors shaping understanding and interpretation of sexual practice survey questions in south-central Uganda
BACKGROUND: Accurate interpretation of survey questions about sensitive matters such as sexual practices is crucial for obtaining reliable data to inform effective public health interventions. Describing sexual practices involves reflecting on acts and contextually attributing meanings. However, participants in sexual behaviour studies may struggle to understand questions, affecting the validity of the data. AIM: We investigated factors that shap…
Effectiveness of Integrating HIV Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Family Planning
Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and family planning (FP) share key characteristics. Both are preventive, both have high efficacy but effectiveness which can be diminished by inconsistent use and both are particularly beneficial for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in certain lower- and middle-income countries. When the efficacy of PrEP was proven in field trials, an effort to implement PrEP programs for the populations that would most…
Cognitive interviewing for understanding and adaptation of mental health screening instruments among people living with HIV in rakai, Uganda
Background Mental health is conceptualized differently across cultures, making exploration of the understandability of screening tools for the purpose of adaptation critical. Methods In Uganda, we used cognitive interviewing to understand comprehension of and make adaptations to three scales for measuring psychological distress: the Thinking Too Much (TTM) Questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), and the Hopkins Symptoms Checkli…
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, use, and discontinuation among Lake Victoria fisherfolk in Uganda
There is limited population-level data on the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum in eastern Africa. Here, we assessed the PrEP care continuum following PrEP rollout in a Ugandan community with ~40% HIV seroprevalence. We used cross-sectional population-based data collected between September 3 and December 19, 2018 from a Lake Victoria fishing community in southern Uganda to measure levels of self-reported PrEP awareness, ever-use, and…
Population-level coverage and correlates of enrollment in community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) refill models following differentiated service delivery scale-up in Africa
Community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) distribution is a promising strategy to increase HIV treatment accessibility in Africa, yet population-level coverage and correlates of enrollment are understudied. We pooled data from seven Population-based HIV Impact Assessment surveys (2020–2023) and used survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression with jackknife variance estimation to identify socio-demographic and clinical correlates of enro…
Okweraliikirira and Okwenyamira
Integration of mental health and HIV service delivery in low- and middle-income countries
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mental health have complex, bidirectional impacts. Integrated service delivery, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where resources are most limited and the burden of HIV is heaviest, may help to improve both HIV and mental health outcomes. While the integration of mental health and HIV services has been studied in various settings, previous reviews on this topic have primarily focused on …
Quality of Life among Predominately African Americans with HIV Who Use Drugs
Defining infertility
Intersectional stigma and resilience among female sex workers in Namibia
“You know that we travel a lot”
Female sex workers (FSW) are highly mobile, which may result in reduced access to and use of health services and increased risk for poor health outcomes, particularly for those living with HIV. Mobility includes spatial, temporal, and social elements that are not fully captured by quantitative measures. We conducted two rounds of in-depth interviews with FSW living with HIV in Iringa, Tanzania (n = 20), and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (n = …
Motivational interviewing experiences from a community health worker-led HIV prevention and care intervention in rural Uganda
Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Community Health Workers (CHWs) are increasingly utilized in global settings to improve HIV outcomes, yet research exploring implementation strategies using MI and CHWs is lacking. We examined the experiences of CHWs and their clients in a counseling intervention which used MI-informed counseling to increase engagement in HIV prevention and treatment. This study was nested within the mLAKE cluster-randomized tri…
Dissolution of transactional sex relationships during Covid-19
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent mitigation measures led to social disruption and negative economic shocks for a large proportion of Uganda's population. The social and economic consequences of COVID-19 on Ugandan men's sexual behaviours, including transactional sex relationships, are unclear. We conducted in-depth interviews between November 2021-February 2022 with 26 men in a high HIV prevalence region of Uganda. Data were analysed thematic…
Bridging the gap or widening the divide? Exploring the dual role of social capital in healthcare financing in rural Uttar Pradesh, India
Nearly half of adults with symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) did not seek clinical care
Understanding treatment-seeking behavior is critical to the treatment and control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), yet current data on STI treatment seeking in low-resource settings is rare. This population-based study aimed to describe STI treatment-seeking behavior and identify factors associated with seeking treatment at a clinic among adults with STI-related symptoms in rural Uganda. The STI prevalence study (STIPS) conducted a surv…
Understanding the drivers of preferential migration of people living with HIV to fishing communities of Lake Victoria in Uganda
Fishing communities around Lake Victoria have among the highest burdens of HIV globally. Growing evidence suggests that high HIV prevalence is partially due to selective migration of people living with HIV to fishing communities. However, the reasons for this preferential migration are unclear. We recruited 60 men and women for qualitative in-depth interviews (30% living with HIV; 70% recent migrants of unknown HIV status) from seven Ugandan fish…
Patient-centered Engagement as a Mediator in the Associations of Healthcare Discrimination, Pain Care Denial, and Later Substance Use Among a Sample of Predominately African Americans Living with HIV
From ‘no problem’ to ‘a lot of difficulties’
Migration is increasingly common in Africa, especially for employment. Migrants may face additional barriers to accessing health care, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and treatment, compared with long-term residents. Exploring migrants’ experiences with health services can provide insights to inform the design of health programmes. In this study, we used qualitative methods to understand migrants’ barriers to health servic…
Identifying longitudinal patterns of HIV treatment (dis)engagement and re-engagement from oral histories of virologically unsuppressed persons in Uganda
Sexual partner concurrency
Cardiovascular (Framingham) and type II diabetes (Finnish Diabetes) risk scores
While most items of the FRS and FINDRISC were generally well understood, physical activity needs further clarification. It is important to consider the seasonality of fruits and vegetables, especially in rural resource-poor settings. Current risk scores will need to be locally adapted to estimate the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in this setting
HIV-Related Intersectional Stigma and Discrimination Measurement
Background. Across settings, individuals from populations that are multiply stigmatized are at increased risk of HIV and experience worse HIV treatment outcomes. As evidence expands on how intersecting stigmatized identities and conditions influence HIV outcomes, researchers have used diverse quantitative approaches to measure HIV-related intersectional stigma and discrimination. To date, no clear consensus exists regarding how to best quantitati…
HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening
So hurt and broken’
Emerging data show associations between violence victimisation and negative HIV outcomes among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted in-depth interviews with adolescents and young adults living with HIV (aged 15-24 years) in Ndola, Zambia, to better understand this relationship. We purposively selected 41 youth (24 females, 17 males) with varied experiences of violence and virologic results. Analysis used thematic coding. Two-thirds of partic…
From Doxastic to Epistemic
Qualitative interview styles have been guided by precedent within academic disciplines. The nature of information sought, and the role of interviewer and interviewee are key determinants across styles, which range from doxastic (focused on understanding interviewees' experiences or behaviors) to epistemic (focused on co-constructing knowledge). In this article, we position common interview styles along a doxastic-epistemic continuum, and accordin…
Healthcare providers on the frontlines
Although research on the epidemiology and ecology of Ebola has expanded since the 2014-15 outbreak in West Africa, less attention has been paid to the mental health implications and the psychosocial context of the disease for providers working in primary health facilities (rather than Ebola-specific treatment units). This study draws on 54 qualitative interviews with 35 providers working in eight peripheral health units of Sierra Leone's Bo and K…
Faculty Perspectives on Community-Based Research
ACADEMIC FACULTY MEMBERS ARE increasingly following community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles. We conducted qualitative, in-depth interviews with 22 Johns Hopkins faculty members who conduct community-based research to understand their experiences and perspectives. Respondents engaged the community in numerous ways, ranging from working with community advisory boards to hiring community members as project staff to collaborating wit…
Disclosure Outcomes, Coping Strategies, and Life Changes Among Women Living With HIV in Uganda
An HIV diagnosis is a life-changing event. Disclosure of HIV test results might be related to developing effective coping strategies. We conducted qualitative, in-depth interviews with 30 HIV-infected women in Uganda to explore links between HIV disclosure and coping strategies. Many women experienced an evolution in their ability to cope from initial shame to eventual acceptance. Factors that facilitated adaptive coping included being healthy, f…
HIV-Related Intersectional Stigma and Discrimination Measurement
Background. Across settings, individuals from populations that are multiply stigmatized are at increased risk of HIV and experience worse HIV treatment outcomes. As evidence expands on how intersecting stigmatized identities and conditions influence HIV outcomes, researchers have used diverse quantitative approaches to measure HIV-related intersectional stigma and discrimination. To date, no clear consensus exists regarding how to best quantitati…
Understanding How Solidarity Groups—A Community-Based Economic and Psychosocial Support Intervention—Can Affect Mental Health for Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Democratic Republic o…
Solidarity groups were established in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to provide female survivors of conflict-related sexual violence an opportunity to generate income, establish networks of support, and cope with atrocities. Qualitative data were collected from 12 members of solidarity groups to explore factors that contributed to members' mental health. All women identified some improvement (physiological, psychological, economic, or socia…
Contextual Barriers and Motivators to Adult Male Medical Circumcision in Rakai, Uganda
Medical male circumcision (MMC) is a central component of HIV prevention. In this study we examined barriers to and facilitators of MMC in Rakai, Uganda. Interviews and focus groups with MMC acceptors, decliners, and community members were collected and analyzed iteratively. Themes were developed based on immersion, repeated reading, sorting, and coding of data using grounded theory. Pain, medical complications, infertility, lack of empirical eff…
HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing and Behavioral Risk Reduction in Developing Countries
Faculty Perspectives on Community-Based Research
ACADEMIC FACULTY MEMBERS ARE increasingly following community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles. We conducted qualitative, in-depth interviews with 22 Johns Hopkins faculty members who conduct community-based research to understand their experiences and perspectives. Respondents engaged the community in numerous ways, ranging from working with community advisory boards to hiring community members as project staff to collaborating wit…
Disclosure Outcomes, Coping Strategies, and Life Changes Among Women Living With HIV in Uganda
An HIV diagnosis is a life-changing event. Disclosure of HIV test results might be related to developing effective coping strategies. We conducted qualitative, in-depth interviews with 30 HIV-infected women in Uganda to explore links between HIV disclosure and coping strategies. Many women experienced an evolution in their ability to cope from initial shame to eventual acceptance. Factors that facilitated adaptive coping included being healthy, f…
Developing WHO guidelines with pragmatic, structured, evidence-based processes
Many guidelines, including those produced by the World Health Organisation (WHO), have failed to adhere to rigorous methodological standards. Operational examples of guideline development processes may provide important lessons learned to improve the rigour and quality of future guidelines. To this end, this paper describes the process of developing WHO guidelines on prevention and care interventions for adults and adolescents living with HIV. Us…
Maternal depression and early childhood growth in developing countries
Makerere University College of Health Sciences’ role in addressing challenges in health service provision at Mulago National Referral Hospital
BACKGROUND: Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH), Uganda's primary tertiary and teaching hospital, and Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS) have a close collaborative relationship. MakCHS students complete clinical rotations at MNRH, and MakCHS faculty partner with Mulago staff in clinical care and research. In 2009, as part of a strategic planning process, MakCHS undertook a qualitative study to examine care and service pr…
Sexual and reproductive health services for people living with HIV
No “Magic Bullet”
When a Serious Adverse Event in Research Occurs, How Do Other Volunteers React
Serious adverse events in research involving healthy volunteers are rare, but their impact on other volunteers is unknown. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 healthy volunteers at an institution where a healthy research volunteer died. Most volunteers (85%) had heard of the event, but few said it changed their thoughts about joining research (17%), approach to studies or questions asked (25%), or future participation (4%). Despite kn…
HIV serostatus disclosure and lived experiences of adolescents at the Transition Clinic of the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Kampala, Uganda
Most studies on HIV serostatus disclosure and adolescents focus on whether, how and when to disclose to adolescents their HIV diagnosis. Fewer studies have examined HIV serostatus disclosure by adolescents who know they are infected with HIV. This study presents qualitative data examining HIV serostatus and treatment disclosure practices and concerns of young people living with HIV in Uganda and the extent to which they are satisfied with current…
Ugandan Men's Attitudes Toward Their Partner's Participation in Antenatal HIV Testing
Several authors have shown that women's uptake of antenatal HIV testing is influenced by fear of their partners' reactions. We conducted a qualitative study with 40 Ugandan men to examine their attitudes toward their partners' participation in antenatal HIV testing. Most men believed women should consult their husbands prior to HIV testing to avoid negative consequences and facilitate disclosure. When women tested during routine antenatal care, h…
Sexual stigma and discrimination as barriers to seeking appropriate healthcare among men who have sex with men in Swaziland
INTRODUCTION: Same-sex practices and orientation are both stigmatized and criminalized in many countries across sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess the relationship of fear of seeking healthcare and disclosure of same-sex practices among a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Swaziland with demographic, socio-economic and behavioural determinants. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-three men who reported having had anal sex with…
The changing cultural and economic dynamics of polygyny and concurrent sexual partnerships in Iringa, Tanzania
Polygyny has been identified both as a 'benign' form of concurrency and as the cultural basis of concurrent partnerships that are considered important drivers of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper investigates the changing cultural and economic dynamics of polygyny in concurrency in Iringa, Tanzania, a region with traditions of polygyny and high prevalence of HIV. Our analysis of focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and ke…
Use of Dual Protection Among Female Sex Workers in Swaziland [
CONTEXT: Female sex workers are at heightened risk of both HIV infection and unwanted pregnancy. Nonbarrier modern contraceptives are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, but offer no HIV protection. A better understanding of sex workers' use of condoms and nonbarrier methods is needed to help them meet their contraceptive and STI protection needs. METHODS: A 2011 respondent-driven sampling survey collected reproductive health and contracept…
Community perspectives on parental influence on engagement in multiple concurrent sexual partnerships among youth in Tanzania
Although concurrent sexual partnerships (CPs) have been hypothesized to be an important risk factor for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, the social and cultural factors that encourage CPs are not well understood. This study explored the community's perspectives on the role that parents can play in influencing their children's decision to engage in CPs. We conducted 16 in-depth interviews, 32 focus group discussions, and 16 key informant interviews with…
Understanding the partial protection of male circumcision for HIV prevention among women in Iringa Region, Tanzania
Communicating the partial efficacy of male circumcision for HIV prevention is challenging. Understanding how people conceptualize risk can help programs communicate messages in a way that is understandable to local communities. This article explores women's ethnomedical model of disease transmission related to male circumcision in Iringa Region, Tanzania. We conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 32 female partners of male circumcision clients…
Work-related violence and inconsistent condom use with non-paying partners among female sex workers in Adama City, Ethiopia
Findings suggest violence against establishment-based female sex workers is associated with HIV risk within regular, non-paying partnerships. Qualitative work is needed to better understand the links between a violent work environment and condom use with regular, non-paying partners and how interventions can be implemented in this context to prevent violence against sex workers and reduce HIV transmission
Everything that looks good ain’t good!”
Contextual Barriers and Motivators to Adult Male Medical Circumcision in Rakai, Uganda
Medical male circumcision (MMC) is a central component of HIV prevention. In this study we examined barriers to and facilitators of MMC in Rakai, Uganda. Interviews and focus groups with MMC acceptors, decliners, and community members were collected and analyzed iteratively. Themes were developed based on immersion, repeated reading, sorting, and coding of data using grounded theory. Pain, medical complications, infertility, lack of empirical eff…
School Based Sex Education and HIV Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Barriers and facilitators of retention in HIV care and treatment services in Iringa, Tanzania
Although an increasing number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa are benefiting from the rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART), retention in HIV care and treatment services remains a major concern. We examined socioeconomic and sociocultural barriers and potential facilitators of retention in ART in Iringa, Tanzania, a region with the second highest prevalence of HIV in the country. In 2012, 116 in-depth interviews w…
Exploring the potential of a conditional cash transfer intervention to reduce HIV risk among young women in Iringa, Tanzania
Cash transfer programs seek to alter structural determinants of HIV risk such as poverty and gender inequality. We sought to explore the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a cash transfer intervention for young women as part of combination HIV prevention in Iringa, Tanzania. Qualitative, in-depth interviews were conducted with 116 stakeholders and residents from the region, including key informants, service delivery users, and members of …
A systematic review of income generation interventions, including microfinance and vocational skills training, for HIV prevention
Behavioral Attitudes and Preferences in Cooking Practices with Traditional Open-Fire Stoves in Peru, Nepal, and Kenya
Global efforts are underway to develop and promote improved cookstoves which may reduce the negative health and environmental effects of burning solid fuels on health and the environment. Behavioral studies have considered cookstove user practices, needs and preferences in the design and implementation of cookstove projects; however, these studies have not examined the implications of the traditional stove use and design across multiple resource-…
Love, lust and the emotional context of multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships among young Swazi adults
Men and women in Swaziland who are engaged in multiple or concurrent sexual partnerships, or who have sexual partners with concurrent partners, face a very high risk of HIV infection. Ninety-four in-depth interviews were conducted with 28 Swazi men and women (14 of each sex) between the ages of 20 and 39 to explore participants' sexual partnership histories, including motivations for sexual relationships which carried high HIV risk. Concurrency w…
Medicine (79 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (55 obras) · Sociology (49 obras) · Family medicine (47 obras) · Psychology (46 obras) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (42 obras) · Environmental health (37 obras) · Nursing (35 obras) · Population (31 obras) · Qualitative research (30 obras)