L M Richter
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 138739 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | L M Richter |
| NOMBRES | L M |
| APELLIDO | Richter |
| FIRMA | RICHTER L M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of the Witwatersrand |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3654-3192 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 113 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 147 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 113 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1989 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Global development assistance for early childhood care and education in 134 low- and middle-income countries, 2007–2021
INTRODUCTION: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often dedicate limited domestic funds to expand quality early childhood care and education (ECCE), making complementary international donor support potentially important. However, research on the allocation of international development assistance for ECCE has been limited. METHODS: We analysed data from the Creditor Reporting System on aid projects to assess global development assistance for …
Girls' schooling is important but insufficient to promote equality for boys and girls in childhood and across the life course
Women’s health and well-being in five birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries
Background: Women's health and well-being (WHW) have been receiving growing attention, but limited progress has been made on how to measure its different domains in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We used data from five long-term birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines and South Africa to explore different domains of adult WHW, and how these domains relate to early life exposures. Methods: Based upon an a priori conceptualis…
Marketing of commercial milk formula
Despite proven benefits, less than half of infants and young children globally are breastfed in accordance with the recommendations of WHO. In comparison, commercial milk formula (CMF) sales have increased to about US$55 billion annually, with more infants and young children receiving formula products than ever. This Series paper describes the CMF marketing playbook and its influence on families, health professionals, science, and policy processe…
Breastfeeding
In this Series paper, we examine how mother and baby attributes at the individual level interact with breastfeeding determinants at other levels, how these interactions drive breastfeeding outcomes, and what policies and interventions are necessary to achieve optimal breastfeeding. About one in three neonates in low-income and middle-income countries receive prelacteal feeds, and only one in two neonates are put to the breast within the first hou…
Psychological legacies of intergenerational trauma under South African apartheid
BACKGROUND: South Africa's rates of psychiatric morbidity are among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa and are foregrounded by the country's long history of political violence during apartheid. Growing evidence suggests that in utero stress exposure is a potent developmental risk factor for future mental illness risk, yet the extent to which the psychiatric effects of prenatal stress impact the next generation are unknown. We evaluate the intergen…
Infection, nutritional status, and body composition
INTRODUCTION: The impact of infection on infant nutritional status, body size, and growth is well documented. However, research into the impact of infection on infant body composition is limited. Greater understanding is, therefore, needed on the effects of infection in early life. METHODS: Associations between a composite morbidity index consisting of the sum of the cumulative tallies for a range of symptoms representing infection and morbidity …
Triple Benefit
We conducted a programmatic, observational cohort study with mother-infant pairs (MIPs) enrolled in prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) programs in Malawi to assess the feasibility and potential HIV-related benefits of integrating Early Childhood Development (ECD) services into PMTCT programs. Six health facilities were included in the intervention. We offered ECD counseling from the WHO/UNICEF Care for Child Development package in…
Early life determinants of social disparities among young adults
South Africa has achieved major poverty reductions in the post-Apartheid era, but substantial variations in progress between population groups have been documented, and inequalities between poor Black communities and other parts of South Africa persist. Similarly, life chances and inter-generational mobility vary with proximal early life economic environments. The long-term interrelationships of different aspects of these environments are not wel…
Early predictors of sensory processing sensitivity in members of the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort
The prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety, and associations with adverse childhood experiences and socio-demographics
Objective and methods Mental health problems among adults are a growing public health concern, and middle-income countries such as South Africa are disproportionally affected. Using a large scale nationally representative weighted survey, we assessed the prevalence of probable depression, probable anxiety, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and explored associations between probable depression, probable anxiety, ACEs, socio-economic status…
A psychometric evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale in ethnically and culturally heterogeneous South African samples
Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS) is a personality trait that describes highly neurosensitive individuals who, for better and for worse, are permeable to their environmental context. Recently, these individuals have been noted for their amenability to positive intervention efforts - an observation that may have important psychosocial value. SPS is currently assessed through the 27-item Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS). However, this instru…
Prelacteal feeding and its relationship with exclusive breastfeeding and formula consumption among infants in low- and middle-income countries
Background: Early feeding practices are important determinants of optimal feeding patterns later in life. We aimed to investigate if giving any fluids or foods other than breast milk during the first three days after birth (prelacteal feeds) affects exclusive breastfeeding and consumption of formula among children under six months of age in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from…
Recognizing Early Childhood Education as a Human Right in International Law
There is incontrovertible evidence that early learning opportunities shape long-term development and health. Nevertheless, early childhood care and education (ECCE) is not expressly mentioned as part of the right to education in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This paper argues that the right to education c…
Subjective social status is associated with happiness but not weight status or psychological distress
Subjective social status showed small but consistent associations with happiness in birth cohorts independent of life-course SEP
Rethinking water, sanitation, and hygiene for human growth and development
Life history theory emphasises plasticity in developmental and biological programming where conditions in early life, lead to long-term consequences for health and wellbeing. Studies linking water, sanitation, and hygiene, nutrition, and child growth and development have emphasised the optimisation of linear growth as a key metric for the evaluation of intervention efficacy. Life history characteristics pertaining to human growth and phenotypic p…
The Long-Term Health and Human Capital Consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Birth to Thirty Cohort
Human capital-that is the cumulative abilities, education, social skills, and mental and physical health one possesses-is increasingly recognized as key to the reduction of inequality in societies. Adverse childhood experiences have been linked to a range of human capital indicators, with the majority of research in high-income, western settings. This study aims to examine the link between adverse childhood experiences and adult human capital in …
(Non)Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in South African Parenting Magazines
Although exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months is optimal for child health, it remains low globally. Breastmilk substitutes (BMS) marketing undermines breastfeeding. In 2012, South Africa introduced Regulation 991, which prohibits marketing BMS products for infants below 6 months. Our study aimed to explore if and how BMS products were presented in South African parenting magazines post-R991. We applied a mixed-methods cross-sect…
The Future of Parenting Programs
SYNOPSISThis article focuses on the demand side of parenting programs, in addition to the traditionally studied supply side and argues that a path to scale of parenting programs must align and equally acknowledge supply and demand side domains and characteristics, whereas historically they are addressed in silos. Evidence suggests that a core set of factors such as policy and contextual affordances and personal characteristics, skills, and motiva…
Innovative methods to analyse the impact of gender norms on adolescent health using global health survey data
An Opportunity During Antenatal Services to Strengthen Nurturing Care
Introduction: The Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby study (HPHB) augments a routine service (pregnancy ultrasound) with information about fetal and infant development and the importance of parent wellbeing and infant care, to assess whether it will improve child development and growth, parent-infant attachment, parental wellbeing and routine clinic attendance. This paper outlines the process of intervention development and implementation in a compl…
The principles of Nurturing Care promote human capital and mitigate adversities from preconception through adolescence
A comprehensive evidence-based framework is needed to guide policies and programmes that enable children and adolescents to accrue the human capital required to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper proposes a comprehensive, multisectoral, multilevel life-course conceptualisation of human capital development by building on the Nurturing Care Framework (NCF), originally developed for the foundational period of growth and develo…
Global estimates of the implications of Covid-19-related preprimary school closures for children’s instructional access, development, learning, and economic wellbeing
Observational data collected prior to the pandemic (between 2004 and 2019) were used to simulate the potential consequences of early childhood care and education (ECCE) service closures on the estimated 167 million preprimary-age children in 196 countries who lost ECCE access between March 2020 and February 2021. COVID-19-related ECCE disruptions were estimated to result in 19.01 billion person-days of ECCE instruction lost, 10.75 million additio…
A qualitative study of risks and protective factors against pregnancy among sexually-active adolescents in Soweto, South Africa
Risky sexual behaviors contribute to increased risk of adolescent pregnancy. This qualitative study sought to understand risks and protective factors against pregnancy amongst sexually-active adolescents in Soweto, South Africa. We used purposive sampling to recruit women at age 24 years from Soweto, who self-reported having sexual debut by age 15 years. Twenty women were recruited: (i) women who did not become pregnant before 18 years (n = 10) a…
Double benefit? Integrating an early childhood development programme into HIV PMTCT Option B+ services in Malawi
We investigated the feasibility and acceptability of integrating early childhood development into Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) services in Malawi.We recruited mothers living with HIV in the PMTCT programs who had an infant ≤8 weeks of age. Group ECD sessions were delivered while mothers waited for HIV consultations. Follow up was conducted at 9 months postnatal. A sub-sample of mothers completed in-depth interviews which wer…
Aids orphan tourism
The dominant global perception that sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing an “AIDS orphan crisis”, coupled with growing trends in international voluntourism, has fostered a potentially high-risk situation for already vulnerable young children in the region. This article reviews the current discourse on what is being called a crisis of care for children, as well as literature on out-of-home/family care and its adverse impacts on child development. We…
Aids-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among South African street youth
Father Contact Following Union Dissolution for Low-Income Children in Urban South Africa
Black fathers in South Africa face enormous challenges remaining involved in their children's lives as a result of very high levels of unemployment and union instability. We use data from the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) cohort study to describe trajectories of father contact in the lives of children who have experienced a parental union dissolution and examine the influence of life stage of child at time of union dissolution and mother's entry into ne…
Children's daily travel to school in Johannesburg-Soweto, South Africa
This paper has two aims: to explore approaches to the measurement of children's daily travel to school in a context of limited geospatial data availability and to provide data regarding school choice and distance travelled to school in Soweto-Johannesburg, South Africa. The paper makes use of data from the Birth to Twenty cohort study (n = 1428) to explore three different approaches to estimating school choice and travel to school. First, straigh…
South African-ness Among Adolescents
We assessed the emergence of a South African identity among Black, Colored (mixed ancestral origin), White (predominantly English speaking), and Indian adolescents participating in a birth cohort study called "Birth to Twenty" in Johannesburg, South Africa. We examined young people's certainty of their self-categorization as South African, the centrality of their personal, racial and linguistic, and South African identities in their self-definiti…
II. Women Psychologists in South Africa
Usefulness and Reliability of Tanner Pubertal Self‐Rating to Urban Black Adolescents in South Africa
Self‐rating of pubertal development is the recommended method to assess puberty in large community‐based surveys of adolescent development and behavior. The aim of this study was to validate for the first time pubertal self‐assessment using the sexual maturation scale developed by Tanner among Black South African adolescents ( n =182) aged between 10 and 18 years who were recruited and assessed at public schools in Soweto—Johannesburg. There was …
Economic Status, Community Danger and Psychological Problems Among South African Children
An extensive literature links community violence and poverty in the US to psychological difficulties in children. To test the cross-national generalizability of these relationships, 625 young, South African mothers residing in black townships with different levels of community danger and material hardship rated their 6-year-olds on emotional functioning and behavioral problems. Most mothers were African, employed and of low educational attainment…
Ironic trends in the transition to peace
Data from archival sources, representative national surveys, and a prospective study of the effects of urbanization are used to depict trends in violence and reactions of citizens during South Africa's transition to democracy. Violence has shifted in form from state-sponsored attacks on opponents of apartheid, to politically motivated inter-ethnic conflict, and finally to community violence classified as familial and criminal. Archival data show …
Aids-Risk among Street Children and Youth
With the co-operation of staff and volunteers from non-governmental programmes in nine South African cities, focus group discussions were held with 141 street children and youth, 79 of whom were enrolled in shelter programmes while 62 were still living independently on the streets. The group discussions focused on knowledge about transmission and prevention, attitudes towards AIDS and people with AIDS, and sexual and other behaviours related to A…
Social cash transfers to support children and families affected by HIV/Aids
In response to the critical need of affected children and families, the compelling evidence for their benefits, and the receptive environment on the part of governments and donors, several local and international organizations are piloting cash transfers programmes as a mechanism to mitigate the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on affected communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Few programmes…
In-migration and Living Conditions of Young Adolescents in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa
While migration in South Africa has been studied on a broad canvas, there have been few accounts of children's migration and the effects on living conditions and wellbeing. This article compares the access to services, housing and household amenities, and family characteristics of children born in the Greater Johannesburg metropolis with those of in-migrant children. The article also examines other indicators of child wellbeing related to parenta…
Employment Opportunities for Psychology Graduates in South Africa
The practice of psychology in South Africa currently depends on a high level of qualification and is reserved within professional registration. Apart from the fact that this professionalisation does not produce the human resources necessary to meet the social needs of the country, it is also excluding the potential enlistment of a very large number of graduates in psychology in social practice domains. In order to make an analysis of the current …
Glue sniffing
Twenty-two black South African boys who had histories of prolonged glue sniffing, but who were currently not abusing solvents, were evaluated by means of neuropsychological and neurological procedures. On the neuropsychological procedures the group demonstrated multiple deficits which included visual-spatial difficulties, visual scanning problems, language deficiencies, motor incoordination, memory deficits, and attention and concentration proble…
The Draw-a-Man Test
Human figure drawings done by 415 urban black children were compared with the figures of people drawn by children in 1938 and 1950. Though children from five to eight years of age showed no change in performance over the 50-year time-span, there was a significant improvement in the Goodenough scores obtained by contemporary children of school age in comparison with the historical samples. Whilst it is feasible that betterment of the wider social …
The Future of Parenting Programs
SYNOPSISThis article focuses on the demand side of parenting programs, in addition to the traditionally studied supply side and argues that a path to scale of parenting programs must align and equally acknowledge supply and demand side domains and characteristics, whereas historically they are addressed in silos. Evidence suggests that a core set of factors such as policy and contextual affordances and personal characteristics, skills, and motiva…
Modelling residential mobility
Conceptualisation of child residential mobility has been influenced by developed country contexts; however, trends and models for movement are likely to differ in transitional societies. This paper uses event‐history analysis to model the residential movements of South African urban children in the Birth to Twenty cohort over their first 14 years of life. Associations with mobility of children are tested over a set of domains relating to the chil…
Can and should cash transfers be linked to social welfare
There are proposals that social welfare services be developed in concert with expanding cash transfers to mitigate the impact of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and poverty on children and families in sub-Saharan Africa. However much the target population might benefit from welfare services, the arguments for pairing services with transfers are not convincing. Cash transfers are best implemented as rights-based en…
Using participatory methods and geographic information systems (GIS) to prepare for an hiv community‐based trial in Vulindlela, South Africa (Project Accept–HPTN 043)
Recent attempts to integrate geographic information systems (GIS) and participatory techniques, have given rise to terminologies such as participatory GIS and community‐integrated GIS . Although GIS was initially developed for physical geographic application, it can be used for the management and analysis of health and health care data. Geographic information systems, combined with participatory methodology, have facilitated the analysis of acces…
Professional Psychology
There is much debate at present around changing the professional structure of psychology to better meet the needs of South African society. In this paper this debate is assessed in terms of the requirements of the employment sector. Employment advertisements, for psychology and social and human science graduates appearing in three national weekly newspapers over 21 years, from 1976 to 1996, were analyzed. From the data it appears that the role of…
Innovative methods to analyse the impact of gender norms on adolescent health using global health survey data
Residential mobility, socioeconomic context and body mass index in a cohort of urban South African adolescents
Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to exa…
An analysis of associations between residential and school mobility and educational outcomes in South African urban children
Caesarean section rates in South Africa
Population group' differences in caesarean section rates among South African women are not explained by differences in demographic risk factors for assisted delivery, nor by differences in access to private health care. Instead, the differences in section rates may reflect the effect of bias in clinical decision-making, and/or differences among women from different 'population groups' in their attitude towards assisted delivery, and their capacit…
A Factor Analytic Study of the Home Screening Questionnaire for Infants
In this study some of the dimensions of the home environments of infants as measured by the Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ) were examined. The sample consisted of 305 urban African infants between 2 and 30 months. Because the influence of the environment has been found to increase dramatically during the child's second year, two age groups were defined: 183 infants between 2 and 17 months and 122 between 18 and 30 months. Three factors were ex…
Household Density, Family Size and the Growth and Development of Black Children — A Cross-Sectional Study from Infancy to Middle Childhood
The relationship between household density, family size (number of children) and the physical growth and psychological development of more than 1000 black children between two months and 10 years of age was examined. The results indicated that household density was not linearly related to family size or socioeconomic status, as the housing shortage forces most families to share accommodation. Higher household density was found to be related to sm…
The Draw-a-Man Test
Human figure drawings done by 415 urban black children were compared with the figures of people drawn by children in 1938 and 1950. Though children from five to eight years of age showed no change in performance over the 50-year time-span, there was a significant improvement in the Goodenough scores obtained by contemporary children of school age in comparison with the historical samples. Whilst it is feasible that betterment of the wider social …
A Factor Analytic Study of the Home Screening Questionnaire for Infants
In this study some of the dimensions of the home environments of infants as measured by the Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ) were examined. The sample consisted of 305 urban African infants between 2 and 30 months. Because the influence of the environment has been found to increase dramatically during the child's second year, two age groups were defined: 183 infants between 2 and 17 months and 122 between 18 and 30 months. Three factors were ex…
Glue sniffing
Twenty-two black South African boys who had histories of prolonged glue sniffing, but who were currently not abusing solvents, were evaluated by means of neuropsychological and neurological procedures. On the neuropsychological procedures the group demonstrated multiple deficits which included visual-spatial difficulties, visual scanning problems, language deficiencies, motor incoordination, memory deficits, and attention and concentration proble…
Home environment and cognitive development of black infants in impoverished South African families
This study examined the interrelationships between home environment, mental and psychomotor development, growth, and educational and occupational indices of socioeconomic status among an urban sample of 305 African infants aged 2 to 30 months. The infants were assessed on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Home Screening Questionnaire, and their heights and weights were recorded. Information regarding the family's socioeconomic statu…
Aids-Risk among Street Children and Youth
With the co-operation of staff and volunteers from non-governmental programmes in nine South African cities, focus group discussions were held with 141 street children and youth, 79 of whom were enrolled in shelter programmes while 62 were still living independently on the streets. The group discussions focused on knowledge about transmission and prevention, attitudes towards AIDS and people with AIDS, and sexual and other behaviours related to A…
Aids-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among South African street youth
Caesarean section rates in South Africa
Population group' differences in caesarean section rates among South African women are not explained by differences in demographic risk factors for assisted delivery, nor by differences in access to private health care. Instead, the differences in section rates may reflect the effect of bias in clinical decision-making, and/or differences among women from different 'population groups' in their attitude towards assisted delivery, and their capacit…
Ironic trends in the transition to peace
Data from archival sources, representative national surveys, and a prospective study of the effects of urbanization are used to depict trends in violence and reactions of citizens during South Africa's transition to democracy. Violence has shifted in form from state-sponsored attacks on opponents of apartheid, to politically motivated inter-ethnic conflict, and finally to community violence classified as familial and criminal. Archival data show …
Employment Opportunities for Psychology Graduates in South Africa
The practice of psychology in South Africa currently depends on a high level of qualification and is reserved within professional registration. Apart from the fact that this professionalisation does not produce the human resources necessary to meet the social needs of the country, it is also excluding the potential enlistment of a very large number of graduates in psychology in social practice domains. In order to make an analysis of the current …
II. Women Psychologists in South Africa
Professional Psychology
There is much debate at present around changing the professional structure of psychology to better meet the needs of South African society. In this paper this debate is assessed in terms of the requirements of the employment sector. Employment advertisements, for psychology and social and human science graduates appearing in three national weekly newspapers over 21 years, from 1976 to 1996, were analyzed. From the data it appears that the role of…
Adversity and psychosocial competence of South African children
Black children in South Africa commonly experience low socioeconomic status and community violence. Parents (N = 625) in a longitudinal study of urbanization responded to structured questionnaires related to resilience, affability, maturity, and school readiness of their six-year olds. SES was found to have an inverse and linear relation to competence at age six; the relationship to violence was curvilinear, with children from moderately safe com…
The social practice of psychology and the social sciences in a liberal democratic society
This paper explores the relevance of psychology and the social and human sciences in a changing South Africa. The new South Africa embraces a liberal democratic approach to government. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) is a policy document that articulates the goals of this liberal democratic society and the transformative approach to be followed to achieve it. The RDP policy document advocates massive social change and the steps…
Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children
The effects of exposure to direct and vicarious political, family, and community violence on the adjustment of 625 six-year-old black South African children was examined. Ambient community violence was most consistently related to children's psychosocial outcomes. Resources in the form of individual child resilience, maternal coping, and positive family relationships were found to mitigate the adverse impact in all the assessed domains of childre…
Exposure to parental tobacco and alcohol use
This review examines three ways in which parental tobacco and alcohol use compromises the physical and mental health of children: 1) direct exposure to the substances; 2) living with parents who may become ill from using these substances; and 3) children's modeling of parental substance use. Implications for prevention, intervention, and public education are discussed, and a reframing of the national dialogue on youth substance abuse is called fo…
Economic Status, Community Danger and Psychological Problems Among South African Children
An extensive literature links community violence and poverty in the US to psychological difficulties in children. To test the cross-national generalizability of these relationships, 625 young, South African mothers residing in black townships with different levels of community danger and material hardship rated their 6-year-olds on emotional functioning and behavioral problems. Most mothers were African, employed and of low educational attainment…
Mandela's Children
Poverty, underdevelopment, and infant mental health
Great advances have occurred in disciplinary and professional knowledge of infant development and its influence on subsequent development. This expertise includes the ways in which early experiences affect the capacity of mature individuals for social adjustment and productive competence and promising methods of intervention to promote infant mental health and prevent adverse sequelae of risk conditions. However, very little of this knowledge has…
Usefulness and Reliability of Tanner Pubertal Self‐Rating to Urban Black Adolescents in South Africa
Self‐rating of pubertal development is the recommended method to assess puberty in large community‐based surveys of adolescent development and behavior. The aim of this study was to validate for the first time pubertal self‐assessment using the sexual maturation scale developed by Tanner among Black South African adolescents ( n =182) aged between 10 and 18 years who were recruited and assessed at public schools in Soweto—Johannesburg. There was …
Barriers to conducting a community mobilization intervention among youth in a rural South African community
In the face of extreme poverty and inequality in South Africa, community mobilization interventions represent an important way in which people can be empowered to improve their life. Successfully conducting community mobilization interventions in rural South African communities requires anticipating and addressing a number of potential barriers in order to maximize the chance of success of the intervention. The aim of this article is to discuss s…
Sexual Risk Behavior among South African Adolescents
In-migration and Living Conditions of Young Adolescents in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa
While migration in South Africa has been studied on a broad canvas, there have been few accounts of children's migration and the effects on living conditions and wellbeing. This article compares the access to services, housing and household amenities, and family characteristics of children born in the Greater Johannesburg metropolis with those of in-migrant children. The article also examines other indicators of child wellbeing related to parenta…
Cohort Profile
The late 1980s were a period of profound sociopolitical change in South Africa. It was clear that the Apartheid state was crumbling and amongst acts of civil disobedience which characterized the struggle Black Africansy began to disregard restrictive legislation that constrained where they lived and worked. Very rapid unplanned urbanization began and shanty towns mushroomed around formerly White cities and towns. It was anticipated that this rapi…
Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries
Medicine (86 obras) · Psychology (65 obras) · Demography (48 obras) · Sociology (48 obras) · Environmental health (37 obras) · Population (35 obras) · Economic growth (34 obras) · Economics (34 obras) · Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare (34 obras) · Developmental psychology (33 obras)