Steven A Wernke
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 150859 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Steven A Wernke |
| NOMBRES | Steven A |
| APELLIDO | Wernke |
| FIRMA | WERNKE S A |
| AFILIACIONES | Vanderbilt University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8180-9896 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 25 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 263 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 25 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2006 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
A new view of hillforts in the Andes
In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly to the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), pukaras are important to archaeological characterisations of a political landscape shaped by conflict but the distribution of these key sites is not well understood. Here, the authors employ systematic satellite imagery survey to provide a contiguous picture of pukara distribution on an inter-regional s…
Modeling Marronage
On the Caribbean island of St. Croix, archival documents reference settlements of runaway enslaved Africans in the mountainous range known as Maroon Ridge. These settlements provide an important record of Afro-Atlantic resistance to enslavement. However, as both intentionally secluded and ephemeral places of refuge, these maroon settlements are difficult to locate in the archaeological record. Geospatial modeling provides one avenue for understan…
Managing pastoral landscapes
Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation. However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes. In this article, the authors utilise large-scale, systematic imagery survey to examine the distribution and enviro…
Late pre-Hispanic fog oasis settlements and long-term human occupation on the Peruvian central coast from satellite imagery
Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean South America and archaeological excavation within some of the oases has revealed a long history of human exploitation of these landscapes. Yet lomas settlements are under-represented in archaeological datasets due to their tendency to be located in remote inter-valley areas. Here, the authors employ satellite imagery survey to map the locations of an…
Eyes of the machine
Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery promise to transform how archaeologists conduct large-scale regional and supra-regional research. However, conducting manual surveys of satellite imagery is labour- and time-intensive, and low target prevalence substantially increases the likelihood of miss-errors (false negatives). In this article, the authors compare the results of an imagery survey con…
Large-scale, collaborative imagery survey in archaeology
Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collected through field-based survey methods, widening the scope of analysis beyond regions. The Geospatial Platform for Andean Culture, History and Archaeology (GeoPACHA) enables systematic registry of imagery survey data through a 'federated' approach. Using GeoPACHA, teams pursue problem-specific research questions through a common data schema and interf…
Augmenting field data with archaeological imagery survey
The north coast of Peru is among the most extensively surveyed regions in the world, yet variation in research questions, sampling strategies and chronological and geospatial controls among survey projects makes comparison of disparate datasets difficult. To contextualise these issues, the authors present a systematic survey of satellite imagery focusing on hilltop fortifications in the Jequetepeque and Santa Valleys. This digital recontextualisa…
Imágenes Aéreas Sistemáticas Y Documentación Del Sitio Arqueológico De Huari
El sitio de Huari, centro una vasta formacin poltica expansionista, se cuenta entre las ciudades ms grandes de Sudamrica precolombina.La ciudad existi durante aproximadamente cuatrocientos aos durante el Horizonte Medio (600-1000 EC)
Thinking through the tool
Thanks to currently available very high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models via photogrammetric techniques as a primary method of archaeological documentation, constructing immersive, high-fidelity simulacra is imminently possible. This paper considers how the scale at which the human body interacts with immersive digital models is especially important for understanding the affordances and ergonomics of past things and places. The implicatio…
Counter-Mapping Maroon Cartographies
Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare in the colonial-era Caribbean have tended to mine historical cartographic sources instrumentally to analyze the distributions and simulate processes driving marronage in St. Croix (Dunnavant 2021b; Ejstrud 2008; Norton and Espenshade, 2007). Through close-in analysis, we compare two Danish maps of St. Croix produced in 1750 and 1799 in relation to mode…
Lithic landscape models and hydraulic imaginaries in the Colca Valley, Peru
Dating to the pre-Hispanic era, carved stone sculptures of terraced landforms -maquetas -found in the south-central Andes evoke topographic models. The purpose of thesemaquetashas eluded archaeologists as the lithic landscapes do not correspond precisely to the terrain and could not have served as maps. By centring irrigation as a fundamental concern among communities of the semi-arid western cordillera of the south-central Andes, we draw from sc…
Interregional Archaeology in the Age of Big Data
Archaeologists study many phenomena that scale beyond even our most geographically expansive field methodologies. The promise of collecting archaeologically relevant data beyond the scale of regional surveys is among the most exciting prospects of the “data revolution.” Yet previous efforts have either struggled to generate high-quality data within expansive regions or to use well-edited interregional datasets to address novel research questions.…
Pathways through the Archaeology of Neighborhoods
For such a ubiquitous urban form, neighborhoods have been subject of relatively sparse systematic archaeological scrutiny or theorization. This collection starts with first principles about social vectors of cooperation, and how neighborhoods emerge not only as durable manifestations of cooperation, but as human-nonhuman assemblages for the production and dissolution of cooperation and community. Much as in the case of "community", neighborhoods …
A GIS of affordances
La producción de poder en el entorno construido a través de la invasión española, valle del Colca (Perú)
Se presenta un estudio de las formas sociopolíticas indígenas de Tarapacá mediante un enfoque histórico y arqueológico para el siglo XV y XVI. Se sistematiza la información correspondiente a los habitantes que residían en forma permanente o estacional entre la franja litoral del océano Pacífico, entre el río Loa y Camarones, un extenso territorio colindante con los cacicazgos de Tacna al norte y las provincias incaicas de Atacama al sur, Caranga …
Conversion and Persistence
Initial Spanish colonization of the Central Andes and efforts to transform indigenous society were highly dependent on local social and geographic conditions. In the Colca Valley of southern Peru, Franciscan friars established a series of doctrinas (settlements for the conversion and doctrinal instruction of the indigenous population) at former Inka imperial outposts during the mid-1540s. The inhabitants of one of thesedoctrinas-the site today kn…
Capturing Complexity
Medium-scale archaeological phenomena (large settlements, landscape features and infrastructural systems, road networks, etc.) pose significant challenges to archaeological documentation. Traditionally, such features are mapped either schematically or via labor-intensive (or otherwise costly) high-resolution methods. The advent of inexpensive, packable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and lighter-than-air platforms, combined with increasingly soph…
Negotiated Settlements
This book presents a spatially integrated archaeological and ethnohistorical examination of how successive colonial Inka and Spanish colonial rule in the Andes was locally experienced and transformed through the sociocultural interfaces of community and landscape. It traces the development of two late prehispanic ethnic polities—the Collaguas and Cabanas—and investigates how their incorporation into the Inka and Spanish empires related to the tra…
Spatial network analysis of a terminal prehispanic and early colonial settlement in highland Peru
Asentamiento, Agricultura Y Pastoralismo Durante El Periodo Formativo en El Valle Del Colca, Perú
Este artculo presenta una visin preliminar de la ocupacin formativa en el valle del Colca, ubicado en la sierra suroccidental peruana. A partir de datos recuperados de una prospeccin sistemtica de la parte central del valle, se define por primera vez el patrn de asentamiento del periodo Formativo. Se presenta un resumen descriptivo de un estilo de cermica local asociada con la ocupacin formativa, y se caracteriza la naturaleza de los asentamiento…
On-Site Recording of Excavation Data Using Mobile GIS
Archaeologists have embraced new technologies in many aspects of research, but reliance on paperbased recording has impeded development of excavation recording methods. The digital recording of spatial provenience for artifacts and features, together with complex attributes during excavation, while not problem-free, provides a streamlined recording process. This article describes a digital interface that links precise spatial provenience with dig…
Agriculture and Inequality in the Colonial Andes
Analogy or Erasure? Dialectics of Religious Transformation in the Early Doctrinas of the Colca Valley, Peru
Negotiating Community and Landscape in the Peruvian Andes
This article explores how constructs of "community" and "landscape" mediate power relations between households and colonial states. I analyze archaeological and documentary data in a common spatial framework to reconstruct the local-scale negotiation of community and land-use organization during successive colonial occupations by the Inka and Spanish states in the Colca Valley of southern highland Peru. Using GIS-based analytical tools, I present…
The Politics of Community and Inka Statecraft in the Colca Valley, Peru
In this paper I investigate the community-level articulation of imperial and local political structures during the Inka occupation of the Collagua Province, located in the Colca Valley of highland southern Peru. Combined ethnohistorical and archaeological analysis document the emergence of a hybrid imperial/local political formation in the shift from autonomous rule during the Late Intermediate period (A.D. 1000-1450) to the Inka occupation durin…
Negotiating Community and Landscape in the Peruvian Andes
This article explores how constructs of "community" and "landscape" mediate power relations between households and colonial states. I analyze archaeological and documentary data in a common spatial framework to reconstruct the local-scale negotiation of community and land-use organization during successive colonial occupations by the Inka and Spanish states in the Colca Valley of southern highland Peru. Using GIS-based analytical tools, I present…
Negotiated Settlements
This book presents a spatially integrated archaeological and ethnohistorical examination of how successive colonial Inka and Spanish colonial rule in the Andes was locally experienced and transformed through the sociocultural interfaces of community and landscape. It traces the development of two late prehispanic ethnic polities—the Collaguas and Cabanas—and investigates how their incorporation into the Inka and Spanish empires related to the tra…
Analogy or Erasure? Dialectics of Religious Transformation in the Early Doctrinas of the Colca Valley, Peru
The Politics of Community and Inka Statecraft in the Colca Valley, Peru
In this paper I investigate the community-level articulation of imperial and local political structures during the Inka occupation of the Collagua Province, located in the Colca Valley of highland southern Peru. Combined ethnohistorical and archaeological analysis document the emergence of a hybrid imperial/local political formation in the shift from autonomous rule during the Late Intermediate period (A.D. 1000-1450) to the Inka occupation durin…
A GIS of affordances
Spatial network analysis of a terminal prehispanic and early colonial settlement in highland Peru
Conversion and Persistence
Initial Spanish colonization of the Central Andes and efforts to transform indigenous society were highly dependent on local social and geographic conditions. In the Colca Valley of southern Peru, Franciscan friars established a series of doctrinas (settlements for the conversion and doctrinal instruction of the indigenous population) at former Inka imperial outposts during the mid-1540s. The inhabitants of one of thesedoctrinas-the site today kn…
Capturing Complexity
Medium-scale archaeological phenomena (large settlements, landscape features and infrastructural systems, road networks, etc.) pose significant challenges to archaeological documentation. Traditionally, such features are mapped either schematically or via labor-intensive (or otherwise costly) high-resolution methods. The advent of inexpensive, packable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and lighter-than-air platforms, combined with increasingly soph…
Large-scale, collaborative imagery survey in archaeology
Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collected through field-based survey methods, widening the scope of analysis beyond regions. The Geospatial Platform for Andean Culture, History and Archaeology (GeoPACHA) enables systematic registry of imagery survey data through a 'federated' approach. Using GeoPACHA, teams pursue problem-specific research questions through a common data schema and interf…
On-Site Recording of Excavation Data Using Mobile GIS
Archaeologists have embraced new technologies in many aspects of research, but reliance on paperbased recording has impeded development of excavation recording methods. The digital recording of spatial provenience for artifacts and features, together with complex attributes during excavation, while not problem-free, provides a streamlined recording process. This article describes a digital interface that links precise spatial provenience with dig…
Interregional Archaeology in the Age of Big Data
Archaeologists study many phenomena that scale beyond even our most geographically expansive field methodologies. The promise of collecting archaeologically relevant data beyond the scale of regional surveys is among the most exciting prospects of the “data revolution.” Yet previous efforts have either struggled to generate high-quality data within expansive regions or to use well-edited interregional datasets to address novel research questions.…
Asentamiento, Agricultura Y Pastoralismo Durante El Periodo Formativo en El Valle Del Colca, Perú
Este artculo presenta una visin preliminar de la ocupacin formativa en el valle del Colca, ubicado en la sierra suroccidental peruana. A partir de datos recuperados de una prospeccin sistemtica de la parte central del valle, se define por primera vez el patrn de asentamiento del periodo Formativo. Se presenta un resumen descriptivo de un estilo de cermica local asociada con la ocupacin formativa, y se caracteriza la naturaleza de los asentamiento…
Eyes of the machine
Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery promise to transform how archaeologists conduct large-scale regional and supra-regional research. However, conducting manual surveys of satellite imagery is labour- and time-intensive, and low target prevalence substantially increases the likelihood of miss-errors (false negatives). In this article, the authors compare the results of an imagery survey con…
Lithic landscape models and hydraulic imaginaries in the Colca Valley, Peru
Dating to the pre-Hispanic era, carved stone sculptures of terraced landforms -maquetas -found in the south-central Andes evoke topographic models. The purpose of thesemaquetashas eluded archaeologists as the lithic landscapes do not correspond precisely to the terrain and could not have served as maps. By centring irrigation as a fundamental concern among communities of the semi-arid western cordillera of the south-central Andes, we draw from sc…
La producción de poder en el entorno construido a través de la invasión española, valle del Colca (Perú)
Se presenta un estudio de las formas sociopolíticas indígenas de Tarapacá mediante un enfoque histórico y arqueológico para el siglo XV y XVI. Se sistematiza la información correspondiente a los habitantes que residían en forma permanente o estacional entre la franja litoral del océano Pacífico, entre el río Loa y Camarones, un extenso territorio colindante con los cacicazgos de Tacna al norte y las provincias incaicas de Atacama al sur, Caranga …
Agriculture and Inequality in the Colonial Andes
A new view of hillforts in the Andes
In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly to the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), pukaras are important to archaeological characterisations of a political landscape shaped by conflict but the distribution of these key sites is not well understood. Here, the authors employ systematic satellite imagery survey to provide a contiguous picture of pukara distribution on an inter-regional s…
Managing pastoral landscapes
Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation. However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes. In this article, the authors utilise large-scale, systematic imagery survey to examine the distribution and enviro…
Late pre-Hispanic fog oasis settlements and long-term human occupation on the Peruvian central coast from satellite imagery
Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean South America and archaeological excavation within some of the oases has revealed a long history of human exploitation of these landscapes. Yet lomas settlements are under-represented in archaeological datasets due to their tendency to be located in remote inter-valley areas. Here, the authors employ satellite imagery survey to map the locations of an…
Counter-Mapping Maroon Cartographies
Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare in the colonial-era Caribbean have tended to mine historical cartographic sources instrumentally to analyze the distributions and simulate processes driving marronage in St. Croix (Dunnavant 2021b; Ejstrud 2008; Norton and Espenshade, 2007). Through close-in analysis, we compare two Danish maps of St. Croix produced in 1750 and 1799 in relation to mode…
The Politics of Community and Inka Statecraft in the Colca Valley, Peru
In this paper I investigate the community-level articulation of imperial and local political structures during the Inka occupation of the Collagua Province, located in the Colca Valley of highland southern Peru. Combined ethnohistorical and archaeological analysis document the emergence of a hybrid imperial/local political formation in the shift from autonomous rule during the Late Intermediate period (A.D. 1000-1450) to the Inka occupation durin…
Analogy or Erasure? Dialectics of Religious Transformation in the Early Doctrinas of the Colca Valley, Peru
Negotiating Community and Landscape in the Peruvian Andes
This article explores how constructs of "community" and "landscape" mediate power relations between households and colonial states. I analyze archaeological and documentary data in a common spatial framework to reconstruct the local-scale negotiation of community and land-use organization during successive colonial occupations by the Inka and Spanish states in the Colca Valley of southern highland Peru. Using GIS-based analytical tools, I present…
Agriculture and Inequality in the Colonial Andes
On-Site Recording of Excavation Data Using Mobile GIS
Archaeologists have embraced new technologies in many aspects of research, but reliance on paperbased recording has impeded development of excavation recording methods. The digital recording of spatial provenience for artifacts and features, together with complex attributes during excavation, while not problem-free, provides a streamlined recording process. This article describes a digital interface that links precise spatial provenience with dig…
Spatial network analysis of a terminal prehispanic and early colonial settlement in highland Peru
Asentamiento, Agricultura Y Pastoralismo Durante El Periodo Formativo en El Valle Del Colca, Perú
Este artculo presenta una visin preliminar de la ocupacin formativa en el valle del Colca, ubicado en la sierra suroccidental peruana. A partir de datos recuperados de una prospeccin sistemtica de la parte central del valle, se define por primera vez el patrn de asentamiento del periodo Formativo. Se presenta un resumen descriptivo de un estilo de cermica local asociada con la ocupacin formativa, y se caracteriza la naturaleza de los asentamiento…
Negotiated Settlements
This book presents a spatially integrated archaeological and ethnohistorical examination of how successive colonial Inka and Spanish colonial rule in the Andes was locally experienced and transformed through the sociocultural interfaces of community and landscape. It traces the development of two late prehispanic ethnic polities—the Collaguas and Cabanas—and investigates how their incorporation into the Inka and Spanish empires related to the tra…
Capturing Complexity
Medium-scale archaeological phenomena (large settlements, landscape features and infrastructural systems, road networks, etc.) pose significant challenges to archaeological documentation. Traditionally, such features are mapped either schematically or via labor-intensive (or otherwise costly) high-resolution methods. The advent of inexpensive, packable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and lighter-than-air platforms, combined with increasingly soph…
La producción de poder en el entorno construido a través de la invasión española, valle del Colca (Perú)
Se presenta un estudio de las formas sociopolíticas indígenas de Tarapacá mediante un enfoque histórico y arqueológico para el siglo XV y XVI. Se sistematiza la información correspondiente a los habitantes que residían en forma permanente o estacional entre la franja litoral del océano Pacífico, entre el río Loa y Camarones, un extenso territorio colindante con los cacicazgos de Tacna al norte y las provincias incaicas de Atacama al sur, Caranga …
Conversion and Persistence
Initial Spanish colonization of the Central Andes and efforts to transform indigenous society were highly dependent on local social and geographic conditions. In the Colca Valley of southern Peru, Franciscan friars established a series of doctrinas (settlements for the conversion and doctrinal instruction of the indigenous population) at former Inka imperial outposts during the mid-1540s. The inhabitants of one of thesedoctrinas-the site today kn…
A GIS of affordances
Pathways through the Archaeology of Neighborhoods
For such a ubiquitous urban form, neighborhoods have been subject of relatively sparse systematic archaeological scrutiny or theorization. This collection starts with first principles about social vectors of cooperation, and how neighborhoods emerge not only as durable manifestations of cooperation, but as human-nonhuman assemblages for the production and dissolution of cooperation and community. Much as in the case of "community", neighborhoods …
Interregional Archaeology in the Age of Big Data
Archaeologists study many phenomena that scale beyond even our most geographically expansive field methodologies. The promise of collecting archaeologically relevant data beyond the scale of regional surveys is among the most exciting prospects of the “data revolution.” Yet previous efforts have either struggled to generate high-quality data within expansive regions or to use well-edited interregional datasets to address novel research questions.…
Lithic landscape models and hydraulic imaginaries in the Colca Valley, Peru
Dating to the pre-Hispanic era, carved stone sculptures of terraced landforms -maquetas -found in the south-central Andes evoke topographic models. The purpose of thesemaquetashas eluded archaeologists as the lithic landscapes do not correspond precisely to the terrain and could not have served as maps. By centring irrigation as a fundamental concern among communities of the semi-arid western cordillera of the south-central Andes, we draw from sc…
Thinking through the tool
Thanks to currently available very high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models via photogrammetric techniques as a primary method of archaeological documentation, constructing immersive, high-fidelity simulacra is imminently possible. This paper considers how the scale at which the human body interacts with immersive digital models is especially important for understanding the affordances and ergonomics of past things and places. The implicatio…
Counter-Mapping Maroon Cartographies
Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare in the colonial-era Caribbean have tended to mine historical cartographic sources instrumentally to analyze the distributions and simulate processes driving marronage in St. Croix (Dunnavant 2021b; Ejstrud 2008; Norton and Espenshade, 2007). Through close-in analysis, we compare two Danish maps of St. Croix produced in 1750 and 1799 in relation to mode…
A new view of hillforts in the Andes
In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly to the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), pukaras are important to archaeological characterisations of a political landscape shaped by conflict but the distribution of these key sites is not well understood. Here, the authors employ systematic satellite imagery survey to provide a contiguous picture of pukara distribution on an inter-regional s…
Modeling Marronage
On the Caribbean island of St. Croix, archival documents reference settlements of runaway enslaved Africans in the mountainous range known as Maroon Ridge. These settlements provide an important record of Afro-Atlantic resistance to enslavement. However, as both intentionally secluded and ephemeral places of refuge, these maroon settlements are difficult to locate in the archaeological record. Geospatial modeling provides one avenue for understan…
Managing pastoral landscapes
Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation. However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes. In this article, the authors utilise large-scale, systematic imagery survey to examine the distribution and enviro…
Late pre-Hispanic fog oasis settlements and long-term human occupation on the Peruvian central coast from satellite imagery
Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean South America and archaeological excavation within some of the oases has revealed a long history of human exploitation of these landscapes. Yet lomas settlements are under-represented in archaeological datasets due to their tendency to be located in remote inter-valley areas. Here, the authors employ satellite imagery survey to map the locations of an…
Eyes of the machine
Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery promise to transform how archaeologists conduct large-scale regional and supra-regional research. However, conducting manual surveys of satellite imagery is labour- and time-intensive, and low target prevalence substantially increases the likelihood of miss-errors (false negatives). In this article, the authors compare the results of an imagery survey con…
Large-scale, collaborative imagery survey in archaeology
Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collected through field-based survey methods, widening the scope of analysis beyond regions. The Geospatial Platform for Andean Culture, History and Archaeology (GeoPACHA) enables systematic registry of imagery survey data through a 'federated' approach. Using GeoPACHA, teams pursue problem-specific research questions through a common data schema and interf…
Augmenting field data with archaeological imagery survey
The north coast of Peru is among the most extensively surveyed regions in the world, yet variation in research questions, sampling strategies and chronological and geospatial controls among survey projects makes comparison of disparate datasets difficult. To contextualise these issues, the authors present a systematic survey of satellite imagery focusing on hilltop fortifications in the Jequetepeque and Santa Valleys. This digital recontextualisa…
Imágenes Aéreas Sistemáticas Y Documentación Del Sitio Arqueológico De Huari
El sitio de Huari, centro una vasta formacin poltica expansionista, se cuenta entre las ciudades ms grandes de Sudamrica precolombina.La ciudad existi durante aproximadamente cuatrocientos aos durante el Horizonte Medio (600-1000 EC)
Archaeology (23 obras) · Geography (23 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (13 obras) · Cartography (13 obras) · Colonialism (10 obras) · History (9 obras) · Human settlement (9 obras) · Archaeological Research and Protection (8 obras) · Art (8 obras) · Computer Science (8 obras)