Chris K Bacon
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 1603497 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Chris K Bacon |
| NOMBRES | Chris K |
| APELLIDO | Bacon |
| FIRMA | BACON C K |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Virginia |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5584-189X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 24 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 24 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2020 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
“Because Estamos Gringas”
Language ideologies and access in a multilingual tutoring program
This study explores language ideologies within a multilingual tutoring program. We analyze the perspectives of multilingual university-students (n = 49) who were trained as tutors and paired with high school-aged multilingual learners. The program was designed to reduce educational inequalities by providing students with what we describe as language access – the opportunity to learn academic content in a student’s preferred language. This access …
Spanish is Hard, But I Don’t Want to Forget It”
Navigating monolingual language ideologies
Aims: We examine how educators articulate tensions between linguistic pluralism and linguistic normativity in written Linguistic Autobiographies through their metacommentary about student language and their role as educators. We specifically focus on “Yes, BUT” objections articulated by 17 participants that frame monolingualism and adherence to idealized forms of English as necessary, despite rhetorical nods to embracing linguistic diversity. Res…
Developing Teachers’ Advocate Identities Through Exploratory Talk
In educational contexts characterized by persisting inequalities, preparing teachers to advocate for historically marginalized students is a critical element in constructing more equitable educational experiences for all students and their families. However, little is known about how teachers develop and hone their sense of advocacy. Therefore, this study documents how English as a second language (ESL) endorsement candidates (ECs; n = 60) collab…
Critical language awareness through advocacy
From frustration to fascination
Introduction to the Special Issue
Monolingual Momentum
Among inequities faced by multilingual learners, engagement in science education is one of the most persistent. Research suggests leveraging students’ full multilingual repertoires in science education can help address this gap. However, pervasive monolingual norms in schooling may impede multilingual engagement, impacting students’ multilingual identities and self-perceptions as science learners. Using observations and classroom artifacts from f…
Over-framing
Sentence frames are a frequently used form of pedagogical scaffolding in language education. Yet there is debate around whether sentence frames offer the opportunity for analysis and internalisation of authentic language use, or simply facilitate rote, ‘plug and play’ language use. This paper takes a linguistic ethnography approach informed by case study methodology to explore the use of sentence frames in a dual language bilingual education (DLB…
Advocating for and with”
Classroom as Neo‐National Microcosm
Neo‐national ideologies are often associated with despots and political extremists. Yet, we argue that neo‐nationalist discourses also manifest in everyday TESOL classroom interactions. In English‐dominant contexts, teachers send potent messages about who does or does not “belong” in classrooms, largely based on racialized notions of English proficiency. These dynamics create a classroom microcosm where students are apprenticed into linguistic no…
Biliteracy as Property
A majority of U.S. states have established a “Seal of Biliteracy” (SoBL) to recognize students’ multilingualism. Primarily under the purview of bilingual and world language education, the field of literacy research has remained largely silent on these seals. Yet, the authority these seals grant to state institutions for credentialing literacy has substantial implications for literacy research. This study analyzes 23 states that established a SoBL…
Monolingual Language Ideologies and the Massachusetts Sheltered English Immersion Endorsement Initiative
With U.S. classrooms increasingly characterized by linguistic diversity, policies mandating teacher training around English learning have proliferated. Recent federal oversight prompted Massachusetts to implement an initiative to endorse its 70,000+ teachers in Sheltered English Immersion (SEI). While policy research has productively emphasized teachers as policy interpreters within such initiatives, almost no research exists on the role teacher …
Unilateral translanguaging
This study documents the notion of unilateral translanguaging–the configuration of translanguaging spaces to disproportionately privilege a dominant language or its speakers. We analyze four teachers’ translanguaging practices in a Portuguese-English two-way immersion (TWI) program in the United States. Rather than focusing on whether and how translanguaging occurs, we highlight temporality and purpose to explore when and why participants engaged…
We Sort of Dance Around the Race Thing
The racial and linguistic diversity of U.S. classrooms has drawn attention to the intersecting dynamics of race, racism, and language learning in teacher education. While most studies in this vein focus on teachers, almost no research has focused on teacher educators themselves. Therefore, this study draws on interviews with teacher educators to document how they addressed-or more often, evaded-the topics of race and racism. Participants ( n = 33…
Monolingual Language Ideologies and the Idealized Speaker
Background/Context After decades of restrictive U.S. language policies geared toward English-only education, recent years have seen a proliferation of dual-language programs, Seal of Biliteracy awards, and bilingual education programming more broadly. The demand for such programming ostensibly suggests growing consensus around the benefits of linguistic diversity—dubbed “The New Bilingualism” by The Atlantic in 2016. However, recent research sugg…
I don’t think that’s really their wheelhouse’
Generation Interrupted
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted schooling worldwide, compelling educators, researchers, and policymakers to grapple with the implications of these interruptions. However, while the scale of these disruptions may be unprecedented, for many students, interrupted schooling is not a new phenomenon. In this article, I draw insights from the field of Students with Interrupted Formal Education (SIFE) for supporting students who experience schooling inte…
Seal of Biliteracy Graduates Get Critical
Research has suggested that U.S. K–12 dual‐language and Seal of Biliteracy programs do not benefit all students equally in their recognition of students’ multilingual competencies. The authors explored the perspectives of high school Seal of Biliteracy graduates: how they conceptualized the seal and the benefits that they had or had not derived from attaining it. Through a framework of critical biliteracies, the authors drew on interview data wit…
Who’s being ‘sheltered?’
This paper critically examines the notion of ‘sheltered’ pedagogies for English language teaching in English-dominant contexts. I specifically explore how the increasingly popular Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) model has been interpreted in certain contexts to further monolingual language ideologies. Drawing on critical and poststructural approaches to policy analysis, I ask who is being sheltered through SEI – interrogating the degree to whic…
Parent and teacher perceptions of a Brazilian Portuguese two-way immersion program
As the popularity of two-way immersion (TWI) programs increases across the U.S., recent scholarship has drawn attention to inequities in who benefits from these programs and how they are implemented. These findings have drawn the field’s attention to the instrumental part played by particular stakeholders in TWI program implementation. While this research has been partially focused in documenting the key role played by parents and teachers in TWI…
Eu sei, I know”
Recent scholarship reveals how English can be disproportionately privileged in dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programming (Cervantes‐Soon et al., 2017; Valdés, 1997). Through a program designed to serve Brazilian (im)migrant populations, this study expands the scope of DLBE research. This study took place in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, which has just emerged from a 15‐year period of English‐only legislation. It explores language st…
It's Not Really My Job
Teacher education has redoubled efforts to prepare a predominantly monolingual teaching force for linguistic diversity in U.S. schools. Some jurisdictions are requiring specific teacher preparation, such as mandated Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) endorsement in Massachusetts, the context of this study. Previous research has explored the intersections of language ideologies and practice through such coursework. However, few studies have account…
It's Not Really My Job
Teacher education has redoubled efforts to prepare a predominantly monolingual teaching force for linguistic diversity in U.S. schools. Some jurisdictions are requiring specific teacher preparation, such as mandated Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) endorsement in Massachusetts, the context of this study. Previous research has explored the intersections of language ideologies and practice through such coursework. However, few studies have account…
We Sort of Dance Around the Race Thing
The racial and linguistic diversity of U.S. classrooms has drawn attention to the intersecting dynamics of race, racism, and language learning in teacher education. While most studies in this vein focus on teachers, almost no research has focused on teacher educators themselves. Therefore, this study draws on interviews with teacher educators to document how they addressed-or more often, evaded-the topics of race and racism. Participants ( n = 33…
Eu sei, I know”
Recent scholarship reveals how English can be disproportionately privileged in dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programming (Cervantes‐Soon et al., 2017; Valdés, 1997). Through a program designed to serve Brazilian (im)migrant populations, this study expands the scope of DLBE research. This study took place in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, which has just emerged from a 15‐year period of English‐only legislation. It explores language st…
Parent and teacher perceptions of a Brazilian Portuguese two-way immersion program
As the popularity of two-way immersion (TWI) programs increases across the U.S., recent scholarship has drawn attention to inequities in who benefits from these programs and how they are implemented. These findings have drawn the field’s attention to the instrumental part played by particular stakeholders in TWI program implementation. While this research has been partially focused in documenting the key role played by parents and teachers in TWI…
Generation Interrupted
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted schooling worldwide, compelling educators, researchers, and policymakers to grapple with the implications of these interruptions. However, while the scale of these disruptions may be unprecedented, for many students, interrupted schooling is not a new phenomenon. In this article, I draw insights from the field of Students with Interrupted Formal Education (SIFE) for supporting students who experience schooling inte…
Who’s being ‘sheltered?’
This paper critically examines the notion of ‘sheltered’ pedagogies for English language teaching in English-dominant contexts. I specifically explore how the increasingly popular Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) model has been interpreted in certain contexts to further monolingual language ideologies. Drawing on critical and poststructural approaches to policy analysis, I ask who is being sheltered through SEI – interrogating the degree to whic…
Monolingual Momentum
Among inequities faced by multilingual learners, engagement in science education is one of the most persistent. Research suggests leveraging students’ full multilingual repertoires in science education can help address this gap. However, pervasive monolingual norms in schooling may impede multilingual engagement, impacting students’ multilingual identities and self-perceptions as science learners. Using observations and classroom artifacts from f…
Advocating for and with”
Classroom as Neo‐National Microcosm
Neo‐national ideologies are often associated with despots and political extremists. Yet, we argue that neo‐nationalist discourses also manifest in everyday TESOL classroom interactions. In English‐dominant contexts, teachers send potent messages about who does or does not “belong” in classrooms, largely based on racialized notions of English proficiency. These dynamics create a classroom microcosm where students are apprenticed into linguistic no…
I don’t think that’s really their wheelhouse’
Seal of Biliteracy Graduates Get Critical
Research has suggested that U.S. K–12 dual‐language and Seal of Biliteracy programs do not benefit all students equally in their recognition of students’ multilingual competencies. The authors explored the perspectives of high school Seal of Biliteracy graduates: how they conceptualized the seal and the benefits that they had or had not derived from attaining it. Through a framework of critical biliteracies, the authors drew on interview data wit…
Who’s being ‘sheltered?’
This paper critically examines the notion of ‘sheltered’ pedagogies for English language teaching in English-dominant contexts. I specifically explore how the increasingly popular Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) model has been interpreted in certain contexts to further monolingual language ideologies. Drawing on critical and poststructural approaches to policy analysis, I ask who is being sheltered through SEI – interrogating the degree to whic…
Parent and teacher perceptions of a Brazilian Portuguese two-way immersion program
As the popularity of two-way immersion (TWI) programs increases across the U.S., recent scholarship has drawn attention to inequities in who benefits from these programs and how they are implemented. These findings have drawn the field’s attention to the instrumental part played by particular stakeholders in TWI program implementation. While this research has been partially focused in documenting the key role played by parents and teachers in TWI…
Eu sei, I know”
Recent scholarship reveals how English can be disproportionately privileged in dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programming (Cervantes‐Soon et al., 2017; Valdés, 1997). Through a program designed to serve Brazilian (im)migrant populations, this study expands the scope of DLBE research. This study took place in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, which has just emerged from a 15‐year period of English‐only legislation. It explores language st…
It's Not Really My Job
Teacher education has redoubled efforts to prepare a predominantly monolingual teaching force for linguistic diversity in U.S. schools. Some jurisdictions are requiring specific teacher preparation, such as mandated Sheltered English Immersion (SEI) endorsement in Massachusetts, the context of this study. Previous research has explored the intersections of language ideologies and practice through such coursework. However, few studies have account…
Monolingual Language Ideologies and the Idealized Speaker
Background/Context After decades of restrictive U.S. language policies geared toward English-only education, recent years have seen a proliferation of dual-language programs, Seal of Biliteracy awards, and bilingual education programming more broadly. The demand for such programming ostensibly suggests growing consensus around the benefits of linguistic diversity—dubbed “The New Bilingualism” by The Atlantic in 2016. However, recent research sugg…
I don’t think that’s really their wheelhouse’
Generation Interrupted
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted schooling worldwide, compelling educators, researchers, and policymakers to grapple with the implications of these interruptions. However, while the scale of these disruptions may be unprecedented, for many students, interrupted schooling is not a new phenomenon. In this article, I draw insights from the field of Students with Interrupted Formal Education (SIFE) for supporting students who experience schooling inte…
Biliteracy as Property
A majority of U.S. states have established a “Seal of Biliteracy” (SoBL) to recognize students’ multilingualism. Primarily under the purview of bilingual and world language education, the field of literacy research has remained largely silent on these seals. Yet, the authority these seals grant to state institutions for credentialing literacy has substantial implications for literacy research. This study analyzes 23 states that established a SoBL…
Monolingual Language Ideologies and the Massachusetts Sheltered English Immersion Endorsement Initiative
With U.S. classrooms increasingly characterized by linguistic diversity, policies mandating teacher training around English learning have proliferated. Recent federal oversight prompted Massachusetts to implement an initiative to endorse its 70,000+ teachers in Sheltered English Immersion (SEI). While policy research has productively emphasized teachers as policy interpreters within such initiatives, almost no research exists on the role teacher …
Unilateral translanguaging
This study documents the notion of unilateral translanguaging–the configuration of translanguaging spaces to disproportionately privilege a dominant language or its speakers. We analyze four teachers’ translanguaging practices in a Portuguese-English two-way immersion (TWI) program in the United States. Rather than focusing on whether and how translanguaging occurs, we highlight temporality and purpose to explore when and why participants engaged…
We Sort of Dance Around the Race Thing
The racial and linguistic diversity of U.S. classrooms has drawn attention to the intersecting dynamics of race, racism, and language learning in teacher education. While most studies in this vein focus on teachers, almost no research has focused on teacher educators themselves. Therefore, this study draws on interviews with teacher educators to document how they addressed-or more often, evaded-the topics of race and racism. Participants ( n = 33…
Critical language awareness through advocacy
From frustration to fascination
Introduction to the Special Issue
Monolingual Momentum
Among inequities faced by multilingual learners, engagement in science education is one of the most persistent. Research suggests leveraging students’ full multilingual repertoires in science education can help address this gap. However, pervasive monolingual norms in schooling may impede multilingual engagement, impacting students’ multilingual identities and self-perceptions as science learners. Using observations and classroom artifacts from f…
Over-framing
Sentence frames are a frequently used form of pedagogical scaffolding in language education. Yet there is debate around whether sentence frames offer the opportunity for analysis and internalisation of authentic language use, or simply facilitate rote, ‘plug and play’ language use. This paper takes a linguistic ethnography approach informed by case study methodology to explore the use of sentence frames in a dual language bilingual education (DLB…
Advocating for and with”
Classroom as Neo‐National Microcosm
Neo‐national ideologies are often associated with despots and political extremists. Yet, we argue that neo‐nationalist discourses also manifest in everyday TESOL classroom interactions. In English‐dominant contexts, teachers send potent messages about who does or does not “belong” in classrooms, largely based on racialized notions of English proficiency. These dynamics create a classroom microcosm where students are apprenticed into linguistic no…
Navigating monolingual language ideologies
Aims: We examine how educators articulate tensions between linguistic pluralism and linguistic normativity in written Linguistic Autobiographies through their metacommentary about student language and their role as educators. We specifically focus on “Yes, BUT” objections articulated by 17 participants that frame monolingualism and adherence to idealized forms of English as necessary, despite rhetorical nods to embracing linguistic diversity. Res…
Developing Teachers’ Advocate Identities Through Exploratory Talk
In educational contexts characterized by persisting inequalities, preparing teachers to advocate for historically marginalized students is a critical element in constructing more equitable educational experiences for all students and their families. However, little is known about how teachers develop and hone their sense of advocacy. Therefore, this study documents how English as a second language (ESL) endorsement candidates (ECs; n = 60) collab…
Language ideologies and access in a multilingual tutoring program
This study explores language ideologies within a multilingual tutoring program. We analyze the perspectives of multilingual university-students (n = 49) who were trained as tutors and paired with high school-aged multilingual learners. The program was designed to reduce educational inequalities by providing students with what we describe as language access – the opportunity to learn academic content in a student’s preferred language. This access …
Spanish is Hard, But I Don’t Want to Forget It”
“Because Estamos Gringas”
Multilingual Education and Policy (21 obras) · Pedagogy (20 obras) · Sociology (20 obras) · Second Language Learning and Teaching (17 obras) · Linguistics (16 obras) · Psychology (15 obras) · Political science (13 obras) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (12 obras) · Mathematics education (9 obras) · Ideology (8 obras)