Rachel Smallman
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 193472 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Rachel Smallman |
| NOMBRES | Rachel |
| APELLIDO | Smallman |
| FIRMA | SMALLMAN R |
| AFILIACIONES | Texas A&M University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5914-7822 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 17 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 17 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2009 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
E-Cigarette Use, Dependence, and The Use of Protective Behavioral Strategies
Background: E-cigarettes have become a popular form of nicotine use. The use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has been associated with less use of alcohol and fewer alcohol-related consequences. However, the relationship between PBS and e-cigarette-related outcomes have been understudied. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, we examined the associations between the use of PBS for vaping (PBSV), perceived behavioral control over usin…
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Counterfactual and Personalized Normative Feedback Interventions to Increase Safe Drinking Strategies
Objective: A variety of interventions have been developed to target problematic college student drinking, with minimal long-term effects. Several interventions incorporate alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS); however, these remain underdeveloped and underused. Counterfactuals (thoughts about what might have been) can strengthen causal links between behavior and outcome. Recent research has demonstrated counterfactual’s effectiveness to…
Understanding the effects of counterfactual thinking with protective behavioral strategies on healthy eating using the COM-B framework
The Spontaneous Counterfactual Inference Task
Counterfactuals, thoughts about “what might have been,” play an important role in causal judgment, emotion, and motivation, and spontaneously arise during daily life. However, current methods to measure spontaneous counterfactual thinking are cumbersome and subjective. The current research adapts a paradigm from the Spontaneous Trait Inference literature to develop the Spontaneous Counterfactual Inference measure (SCFI), which uses false recognit…
Self-control signals and affords power
Whom do we perceive as more powerful and prefer to give power to: Those who have self-control or those who lack it? Past theory and research provide divergent predictions. Low self-control can be seen as a form of disinhibition, and disinhibition has been associated with greater power. However, high self-control can be seen as a form of agency, which is associated with greater power. Across seven studies, we found that individuals who exhibited h…
Using a counterfactual-based intervention to change eating intentions
A mixed-method analysis of counterfactual thinking, negative event themes, and the transtheoretical model in a community sample of smokers
The transtheoretical model has been used as a model of behavior change for tobacco users. However, it does not account for perceptions of past behavior that may provide additional guidance toward smoking cessation. No studies have examined associations between the transtheoretical model, content themes of smoking experiences, and counterfactual thoughts (i.e. "If only. . .then. . ."). Mturk participants ( N = 178; 47.8% female) completed measures…
Perceptions of Emotional Functionality
Emotions are linked to wide sets of action tendencies, and it can be difficult to predict which specific action tendency will be motivated or indulged in response to individual experiences of emotion. Building on a functional perspective of emotion, we investigate whether anger and shame connect to different behavioral intentions in dignity, face, and honor cultures. Using simple animations that showed perpetrators taking resources from victims, …
Grandiose narcissism shapes counterfactual thinking (and regret)
Little is known about how individuals high in grandiose narcissism think about what could have been. Across four studies (three online surveys and one online experiment; N = 801), we addressed this gap by examining the relationship between grandiose narcissism, its admiration and rivalry dimensions, and counterfactual thinking and regret. Unlike anticipated, high rivalry was associated with more rather than fewer upward counterfactuals in Study 1…
Do episodic counterfactual thoughts focus on controllable action
Power and Categorization
Across three experiments, participants formed a larger number of categories when in a state of high, compared to low, psychological power. Moreover, in contrast to prior categorization research, which suggests forming more categories is tantamount to reduced breadth of categorization, high-power participants also formed a larger number of superordinate (i.e., more abstract) categories than low-power participants. The present findings enhance the …
Free Will, Counterfactual Reflection, and the Meaningfulness of Life Events
Research has found that counterfactual reflection, the act of mentally undoing past events, imbues major life experiences with meaning. The current studies examined whether individual differences in free will beliefs moderate this relationship. Participants described a significant event in their lives, were randomly assigned to counterfactual or factual reflection about the event, and completed measures of meaning and free will. Two studies found…
Beliefs in moral luck
Belief in moral luck is represented in judgements that offenders should be held accountable for intent to cause harm as well as whether or not harm occurred. Scores on a measure of moral luck beliefs predicted judgements of offenders who varied in intent and the outcomes of their actions, although judgements overall were not consistent with abstract beliefs in moral luck. Prompting participants to consider alternative outcomes, particularly worse…
It's what's inside that counts
Preferences for expressing preferences
Learning from yesterday's mistakes to fix tomorrow's problems
Functional counterfactual thinking involves a unique set of circumstances where one can both reflect on past events and imagine future possibilities. A key aspect of a counterfactual's functionality is that insight about past mistakes is converted into plans for future action, thereby improving self‐regulatory success. If counterfactual thinking is a self‐regulatory tool, then it should be similarly impacted by psychological mechanisms that influ…
Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions
Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions
It's what's inside that counts
Beliefs in moral luck
Belief in moral luck is represented in judgements that offenders should be held accountable for intent to cause harm as well as whether or not harm occurred. Scores on a measure of moral luck beliefs predicted judgements of offenders who varied in intent and the outcomes of their actions, although judgements overall were not consistent with abstract beliefs in moral luck. Prompting participants to consider alternative outcomes, particularly worse…
Do episodic counterfactual thoughts focus on controllable action
Learning from yesterday's mistakes to fix tomorrow's problems
Functional counterfactual thinking involves a unique set of circumstances where one can both reflect on past events and imagine future possibilities. A key aspect of a counterfactual's functionality is that insight about past mistakes is converted into plans for future action, thereby improving self‐regulatory success. If counterfactual thinking is a self‐regulatory tool, then it should be similarly impacted by psychological mechanisms that influ…
Preferences for expressing preferences
Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions
Learning from yesterday's mistakes to fix tomorrow's problems
Functional counterfactual thinking involves a unique set of circumstances where one can both reflect on past events and imagine future possibilities. A key aspect of a counterfactual's functionality is that insight about past mistakes is converted into plans for future action, thereby improving self‐regulatory success. If counterfactual thinking is a self‐regulatory tool, then it should be similarly impacted by psychological mechanisms that influ…
It's what's inside that counts
Preferences for expressing preferences
Free Will, Counterfactual Reflection, and the Meaningfulness of Life Events
Research has found that counterfactual reflection, the act of mentally undoing past events, imbues major life experiences with meaning. The current studies examined whether individual differences in free will beliefs moderate this relationship. Participants described a significant event in their lives, were randomly assigned to counterfactual or factual reflection about the event, and completed measures of meaning and free will. Two studies found…
Beliefs in moral luck
Belief in moral luck is represented in judgements that offenders should be held accountable for intent to cause harm as well as whether or not harm occurred. Scores on a measure of moral luck beliefs predicted judgements of offenders who varied in intent and the outcomes of their actions, although judgements overall were not consistent with abstract beliefs in moral luck. Prompting participants to consider alternative outcomes, particularly worse…
Power and Categorization
Across three experiments, participants formed a larger number of categories when in a state of high, compared to low, psychological power. Moreover, in contrast to prior categorization research, which suggests forming more categories is tantamount to reduced breadth of categorization, high-power participants also formed a larger number of superordinate (i.e., more abstract) categories than low-power participants. The present findings enhance the …
Do episodic counterfactual thoughts focus on controllable action
Perceptions of Emotional Functionality
Emotions are linked to wide sets of action tendencies, and it can be difficult to predict which specific action tendency will be motivated or indulged in response to individual experiences of emotion. Building on a functional perspective of emotion, we investigate whether anger and shame connect to different behavioral intentions in dignity, face, and honor cultures. Using simple animations that showed perpetrators taking resources from victims, …
Grandiose narcissism shapes counterfactual thinking (and regret)
Little is known about how individuals high in grandiose narcissism think about what could have been. Across four studies (three online surveys and one online experiment; N = 801), we addressed this gap by examining the relationship between grandiose narcissism, its admiration and rivalry dimensions, and counterfactual thinking and regret. Unlike anticipated, high rivalry was associated with more rather than fewer upward counterfactuals in Study 1…
Using a counterfactual-based intervention to change eating intentions
A mixed-method analysis of counterfactual thinking, negative event themes, and the transtheoretical model in a community sample of smokers
The transtheoretical model has been used as a model of behavior change for tobacco users. However, it does not account for perceptions of past behavior that may provide additional guidance toward smoking cessation. No studies have examined associations between the transtheoretical model, content themes of smoking experiences, and counterfactual thoughts (i.e. "If only. . .then. . ."). Mturk participants ( N = 178; 47.8% female) completed measures…
The Spontaneous Counterfactual Inference Task
Counterfactuals, thoughts about “what might have been,” play an important role in causal judgment, emotion, and motivation, and spontaneously arise during daily life. However, current methods to measure spontaneous counterfactual thinking are cumbersome and subjective. The current research adapts a paradigm from the Spontaneous Trait Inference literature to develop the Spontaneous Counterfactual Inference measure (SCFI), which uses false recognit…
Self-control signals and affords power
Whom do we perceive as more powerful and prefer to give power to: Those who have self-control or those who lack it? Past theory and research provide divergent predictions. Low self-control can be seen as a form of disinhibition, and disinhibition has been associated with greater power. However, high self-control can be seen as a form of agency, which is associated with greater power. Across seven studies, we found that individuals who exhibited h…
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Counterfactual and Personalized Normative Feedback Interventions to Increase Safe Drinking Strategies
Objective: A variety of interventions have been developed to target problematic college student drinking, with minimal long-term effects. Several interventions incorporate alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS); however, these remain underdeveloped and underused. Counterfactuals (thoughts about what might have been) can strengthen causal links between behavior and outcome. Recent research has demonstrated counterfactual’s effectiveness to…
Understanding the effects of counterfactual thinking with protective behavioral strategies on healthy eating using the COM-B framework
E-Cigarette Use, Dependence, and The Use of Protective Behavioral Strategies
Background: E-cigarettes have become a popular form of nicotine use. The use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has been associated with less use of alcohol and fewer alcohol-related consequences. However, the relationship between PBS and e-cigarette-related outcomes have been understudied. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, we examined the associations between the use of PBS for vaping (PBSV), perceived behavioral control over usin…
Psychology (17 obras) · Social Psychology (16 obras) · Counterfactual thinking (12 obras) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (10 obras) · Cognitive psychology (8 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Counterfactual conditional (6 obras) · Social Psychology (6 obras) · Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (5 obras) · Medicine (4 obras)