C Vincent
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 20303 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | C Vincent |
| NOMBRES | C |
| APELLIDO | Vincent |
| FIRMA | VINCENT C |
| AFILIACIONES | University of London |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1284-1950 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 69 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1170 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 69 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1992 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 19 |
Cautious Capitals
Family social class background significantly influences parents' relationships with schools, yet the intersection of class with disability is often overlooked. This study draws on qualitative interviews with 17 majority middle-class parents of autistic young people attending mainstream schools in England, highlighting how social class and disability shape those relationships. Parents actively engaged in their children's education, deploying econo…
Lessons from lockdown
This paper reports on the findings of a BERA‐funded small‐scale project that explores the impacts of COVID‐19 lockdowns on the educational experiences of autistic children and young people who attend mainstream schools and their parents/carers in England. We observe that, unsurprisingly, lockdown resulted in associated stresses for families. However, our main argument is that for the participants, the pandemic has not been experienced to the same…
The illiberalism of liberalism
This paper analyses the recent protests by mainly Muslim parents against the use of LGBTQ+-friendly story books in a primary school in Birmingham, England, the associated court case, and the broader issues it highlights about the contradictory and complex relationships between liberalism, faith, and democracy. I discuss the case itself, tensions around Relationships and Sex Education, and the wider social and political context for the protest, co…
Belonging in England today
Drawing on theorized notions of belonging and understandings of citizenship which stress the everyday and affective, I consider aspects of the relationship between educational institutions and belonging through a discussion of two recent research projects. One explores the educational strategies of Black middle-class parents, and the second teachers' responses to the recent requirement that they promote government-identified national values (the …
Taking stock
As incoming Managing Editor, my first, and very pleasant task, is to thank Ivor Goodson and Stephen Ball for the execution of an idea, apparently first dreamed up in 1984 in Alabama, USA, for a jou
Cohesion, citizenship and coherence
This paper explores how teachers respond to the requirement to promote ‘fundamental British values’ (FBV) to their pupils. It offers a preliminary analysis of data drawn from interviews with teachers and (mostly lesson) observations in schools. It argue that, first, the policy cannot be understood without a consideration of the multi-layered context in which it is being enacted in schools. Second, it locates the policy to promote FBV as a liberal…
Living in the city
Much of the literature on the urban middle classes describes processes of both affiliation (often to the localities) and disaffiliation (often from some of the non-middle-class residents). In this paper, we consider this situation from a different position, drawing on research exploring whether and how children and adults living in diverse localities develop friendships with those different to themselves in terms of social class and ethnicity. Th…
Document bilingue = Bilingual Document
Le Mucem a hérité des œuvres du Musée national des arts et traditions populaires (MnATP) après sa fermeture en 2005. Ainsi Document Bilingue, nous propose une exploration de cette collection, initiée par George-Henri Rivière, en invitant des artistes à la considérer « comme une aire de jeu » (p. 26), et à porter un exercice réflexif sur les relations entre musée, collection et réserve. Le catalogue apporte un complément à cette « exposition-essai…
The children have only got one education and you have to make sure it's a good one’
This article draws on data from 20 years of qualitative projects with parents to discuss and analyse four issues. The first is the apparent responsibilities of parents to deliver both the school and home setting which will provide ‘the best’ for their children. Second, the gendering of parental responsibilities. Third, I investigate how class and ethnicity shape parents’ relationships with educational institutions. Drawing on Bourdieu’s conceptua…
Religion in the primary school
Hemming's book addresses some weighty issues -the place of religion in public life, and in particular in education, and how as a society we negotiate the increasingly multi-faith nature of our population, as well as notions of citizenship belonging and diversity.It is to Hemming's considerable credit that that book engages with these issues in a highly accessible way
Religion in the primary school
Hemming has written a very good and thought-provoking book on religion in primary schools in the north of England. His ethnography compares a community primary school (Rainbow Hill) and a Catholic
Encounters with diversity
This paper reports on a project exploring the friendships of children and adults in ‘super-diverse’ (Vertovec, 2007) localities in London, England, examining whether and how friendships are made and maintained across ethnic and social class differences. The aim is to identify what friendships reveal about the nature and extent of ethnic and social divisions in contemporary multicultural society. Drawing on interviews with children and their paren…
Children's friendships in super-diverse localities
This article explores how children make, manage, or avoid friendships in super-diverse primary school settings. We draw on interviews and pictorial data from 78 children, aged 8-9 years across three local London primary schools to identify particular friendship groupings and the extent to which they followed existing patterns of social division. Children in the study did recognise social and cultural differences, but their friendship perceptions,…
Children’s friendships in diverse primary schools
Drawing on data from a project exploring children's and adults’ friendships across social class and ethnic difference, this paper focuses on the enactment of national and institutional policy around children’s friendships as realized in three primary schools in diverse urban areas in London. Through a focus on the way in which social and emotional learning (SEL) and teachers’ understandings of children’s friendships seek to govern children’s frie…
Extended Encounters in Primary School Worlds
This paper draws on a qualitative data set from a recently completed research project that uses education as a lens through which to understand social and place relations in super-diverse and gentrifying London geographies. Focusing on the collective sharing of a social resource and the (contradictory) social and spatial dynamics of conviviality, the paper argues that adult participants found primary schools to be a source of social exchange. The…
Parenting priorities and pressures
This paper re-examines the purposes of a planned and intentional parenting style – ‘concerted cultivation’ – for different middle-class groups, highlighting that social class fraction, ethnicity, and also individual family disposition, guides understandings of the purposes of enrolling children in particular enrichment activities. We examine how parents and their children engage in extra-curricular activities for instrumental reasons with a view …
Social mix, schooling and intersectionality
This paper addresses some particular aspects of the complex intersections between race and social class. It is based upon data collected as part of a two-year Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded project exploring the 'Educational strategies of the Black Middle Classes' (BMC). ('The Educational Strategies of the Black middle classes', ESRC RES-062-23-1880). The project as a whole focuses on the educational perspectives, strategies a…
Three generations of racism
This paper draws on qualitative data exploring the experiences of first-generation middle-class Black Caribbean-heritage parents, their own parents, and their children. We focus on the different ways in which race and class intersect in shaping attitudes towards education and subsequent educational practices. We argue that the nature of racism has changed, but it still remains, mainly in more subtle, insidious forms. We conclude that race cannot …
Education and social mobility
The study of education and social mobility has been a key area of sociological research since the 1950s. The importance of this research derives from the systematic analysis of functionalist theori
Being ‘fun’ at work
This paper reports on data drawn from an Economic and Social Research Council ‐funded project investigating the experiences of UK ‐based students training on level‐2 and level‐3 childcare courses. We focus on the concept of emotional labour in relation to learning to care for and educate young children and the ways in which the students’ experiences of emotional labour and the expectations placed upon their behaviour and attitudes are shaped by c…
Middle class by profession
Drawing on data collected during a 2-year Economic and Social Research Council-funded project exploring the educational perspectives and strategies of middle-class families with a Black Caribbean heritage, this paper examines how participants, in professional or managerial occupations, position themselves in relation to the label ‘middle class’. Our analysis reveals five distinct groupings: those who are ‘comfortably middle class’, ‘middle-class …
Multiculture, middle class competencies and friendship practices in super-diverse geographies
In this paper we use a small number of in-depth interviews with parents with primary school children to examine social mixing and friendship practices in two super-diverse North London boroughs. In these complex geographical contexts, characterized by gentrification processes and old and new migrations, we suggest that primary schools are convergent places where adults and children from different backgrounds are likely to meet and interact, and t…
Raising Middle-class Black Children
The enrolment of middle-class children in extra-curricular activities is a recent trend in many affluent countries. It is part of what Annette Lareau refers to as a classed parenting style - 'concerted cultivation' which sees the child as a project with skills and talents to be fostered and developed. Controversially, Lareau argued that class, rather than race, was the most influential factor in determining this particular parenting style. In rel…
You got a pass, so what more do you want?’
The article discusses the findings of an ESRC funded project (RES-062-23-1880) which used in-depth interviews to explore the educational experiences and strategies of 62 Black Caribbean parents; the biggest qualitative study of education and the Black middle class yet conducted in the UK. The article focuses on the parents' interactions with their children's teachers and, in particular, their experience that teachers tend to have systematically l…
Towards a sociology of just practices
Making Up' the Middle-Class Child
In this article we draw on data collected from a recent qualitative project to highlight the enthusiasm of middle-class parents for enrolling their under fives in 'enrichment' activities (extra-curricular creative and sporting classes). We seek to identify the part activities play in parental strategies for class reproduction. We first consider the broader issue of children and consumption, drawing out the way in which consumption and leisure act…
I Heard It on the Grapevine’
This paper is one of a number of related pieces which address the issue of parental choice through a careful Straussian analysis of interview data. The focus here is upon the structures and processes underlying the use of grapevine’ knowledge, which parents elicit and disseminate in choosing a school. It is argued that this immediate or ‘hot’ knowledge is of particular importance to many parents and is set over and against the ‘cold’ formal knowl…
The children have only got one education and you have to make sure it's a good one’
This article draws on data from 20 years of qualitative projects with parents to discuss and analyse four issues. The first is the apparent responsibilities of parents to deliver both the school and home setting which will provide ‘the best’ for their children. Second, the gendering of parental responsibilities. Third, I investigate how class and ethnicity shape parents’ relationships with educational institutions. Drawing on Bourdieu’s conceptua…
You got a pass, so what more do you want?’
The article discusses the findings of an ESRC funded project (RES-062-23-1880) which used in-depth interviews to explore the educational experiences and strategies of 62 Black Caribbean parents; the biggest qualitative study of education and the Black middle class yet conducted in the UK. The article focuses on the parents' interactions with their children's teachers and, in particular, their experience that teachers tend to have systematically l…
Multiculture, middle class competencies and friendship practices in super-diverse geographies
In this paper we use a small number of in-depth interviews with parents with primary school children to examine social mixing and friendship practices in two super-diverse North London boroughs. In these complex geographical contexts, characterized by gentrification processes and old and new migrations, we suggest that primary schools are convergent places where adults and children from different backgrounds are likely to meet and interact, and t…
Social class and parental agency
This paper explores the relationship between social class and parental agency. It does so through an analysis of the findings of a recently completed qualitative research project exploring parental voice in relation to secondary schools. The first part of the paper presents a summary of a typology of parental interventions. This illustrates some of the differentials between parents in terms of their access to and deployment of a range of social, …
Parenting priorities and pressures
This paper re-examines the purposes of a planned and intentional parenting style – ‘concerted cultivation’ – for different middle-class groups, highlighting that social class fraction, ethnicity, and also individual family disposition, guides understandings of the purposes of enrolling children in particular enrichment activities. We examine how parents and their children engage in extra-curricular activities for instrumental reasons with a view …
Being strategic, being watchful, being determined
This paper reports on qualitative data that focus on the educational strategies of middle-class parents of Black Caribbean heritage. Drawing on Bourdieu's key concepts of habitus, capital and field, our focus is an investigation of the differences that are apparent between respondent parents in their levels of involvement with regard to schools. We conclude that, within a broadly similar paradigm of active involvement with and monitoring of schoo…
The Public Identities of the Black Middle Classes
Drawing on data from a two-year ESRC-funded project into The Educational Strategies of the Black Middle Classes, 1 this article examines how middle class blacks negotiate survival in a society marked by race and class discrimination. It considers respondents' school experiences, marked as they are by incidents of Othering and racism and explores both the processes by which they came to an awareness of their status as racially minoritized and how …
The social geography of childcare
Childcare is a condensate of disparate social forces and social processes. It is gendered and classed. It is subject to an excess of policy and political discourse. It is increasingly a focus for commercial exploitation. This is a paper reporting on work in progress in an ESRC funded research project (R000239232) on the choice and provision of pre‐school childcare by middle‐class (service class) families in two contrasting London locations. Drawi…
Raising Middle-class Black Children
The enrolment of middle-class children in extra-curricular activities is a recent trend in many affluent countries. It is part of what Annette Lareau refers to as a classed parenting style - 'concerted cultivation' which sees the child as a project with skills and talents to be fostered and developed. Controversially, Lareau argued that class, rather than race, was the most influential factor in determining this particular parenting style. In rel…
Childcare, choice and social class
This paper draws on the results of two qualitative research projects examining parental engagements with the childcare market in the UK. Both projects are located in the same two London localities. One project focuses on professional middle class parents, and the other on working class families, and we discuss the key importance of social class in shaping parents' differential engagement with the childcare market, and their understandings of the …
Middle class by profession
Drawing on data collected during a 2-year Economic and Social Research Council-funded project exploring the educational perspectives and strategies of middle-class families with a Black Caribbean heritage, this paper examines how participants, in professional or managerial occupations, position themselves in relation to the label ‘middle class’. Our analysis reveals five distinct groupings: those who are ‘comfortably middle class’, ‘middle-class …
Middle Class Fractions, Childcare and the 'Relational' and 'Normative' Aspects of Class Practices
The emphasis in class research remains on the structural aspects of class, class processes are neglected. This paper focuses upon some relational and normative aspects of class through an examination of social divisions produced and constructed within middle class families' choices of childcare. Working with data from two contrasting settings in London (Battersea and Stoke Newington) three issues are addressed in the paper; the extent to which ch…
Between the estate and the state
The paper draws on an ESRC‐funded study of 70 families in two London locations. It focuses on a set of contemporary and contradictory political discourses that work on and through the lives of working‐class mothers and thereby create tensions and impossibilities within their lives. We illustrate the ways in which these women are positioned by and within these discourses in ways that leave them vulnerable to political and media criticisms
Working-class fathers and childcare
This paper reports on a UK-based study that explored the ways in which working-class families living in the inner city negotiate and resolve childcare and domestic responsibilities between mothers and fathers and how men balance employment and family demands. Drawing on interviews with 70 families with pre-school children, including interviews with 16 men, we explore how the respondents practice fathering roles in their particular economic, socia…
Metropolitan mothers
A Market in Love? Choosing Pre‐school Childcare
The article is an initial consideration of data collected for a project exploring working parents' choices of care for their pre‐school children. First, the policy developments in this area are reviewed. However, the heart of the article is an analysis of the ways in which the sample of mainly white middle‐class mothers operates within the childcare market. The impact of class and gender upon their choices is considered, and the strategies the wo…
Children's friendships in super-diverse localities
This article explores how children make, manage, or avoid friendships in super-diverse primary school settings. We draw on interviews and pictorial data from 78 children, aged 8-9 years across three local London primary schools to identify particular friendship groupings and the extent to which they followed existing patterns of social division. Children in the study did recognise social and cultural differences, but their friendship perceptions,…
Education and social mobility
The study of education and social mobility has been a key area of sociological research since the 1950s. The importance of this research derives from the systematic analysis of functionalist theori
Home — School Relationships
This article examines a number of connecting themes concerning home‐school relations over the last 20 years. We argue that the position of parents in relation to the education system can be seen as an instructive case study for the broader trends and shifts in the relationship between citizens and public sector institutions. As such we conclude that the important developments, upon which future analysis should concentrate, are those where parents…
Cohesion, citizenship and coherence
This paper explores how teachers respond to the requirement to promote ‘fundamental British values’ (FBV) to their pupils. It offers a preliminary analysis of data drawn from interviews with teachers and (mostly lesson) observations in schools. It argue that, first, the policy cannot be understood without a consideration of the multi-layered context in which it is being enacted in schools. Second, it locates the policy to promote FBV as a liberal…
Local links, local knowledge
This article draws on data from two recently completed Economic and Social Research Council funded projects in order to examine class differences and similarities in choice of school and choice of childcare. The authors argue that there is every reason to believe that in many circumstances, within its particular mechanisms and practices, choice produces specific and pervasive forms of inequity. The processes by which working‐class parents in one …
"It's like Saying "Coloured
This paper draws on data from a qualitative project exploring the engagement of working class families in London with childcare. It is a first attempt to throw some light on our usage of the term 'working class', and consider what forms 'working class-ness' takes in relation to our respondent families. We discuss some recent sociological literature on the working class(es) in order to understand the emphasises and focuses of other research. We em…
Class, Culture and Agency
This paper explores the differential possession and deployment of social, cultural and material resources by parents, and the effect of these processes on their willingness and ability to be involved with and intervene in their children?s school life ? what we have called parental voice. The data presented here is drawn from a study of parents at two secondary schools, a sub-sample of data from a larger study involving six schools. We consider th…
Tolerating intolerance? Parental choice and race relations ‐ the Cleveland case
In 1987, Cleveland Local Education Authority (LEA) allowed a child to transfer schools to one where the vast majority of children were white. Four years later, a High Court judge ruled that the LEA was correct to do so. His judgement made it clear that the 1976 Race Relations Act did not govern the 1980 provisions for parental choice of school. This paper looks at the implications of this case. After detailing the events leading up to and includi…
Education for the community
This paper explores the apparently forgotten area of community education. It examines the dominant modes of community education practice, dubbed the status reform model, and concludes that one of the key explanations of its failure to change practice was its reluctance to tackle professional domination of existing power structures in education. The article also examines New Right definitions of appropriate parental roles, of citizenship, and of c…
Community Participation? The Establishment of ‘City's’ Parents' Centre [1]
There is a current trend in education, apparent in several Western nations, towards decentralisation and redistribution of power to parents and the wider community. Many such initiatives focus on encouraging school‐based management. This paper, however, examines an area‐based innovation: a Parents' Centre established by a local education authority (LEA) which aims to involve parents more closely in the education service. It explores the nature of…
The Market Forces? The Effect of Local Management of Schools on Special Educational Needs Provision
This paper explores the approaches taken by local education authorities (LEAs) to the funding and organisation of provision for special educational needs (SEN) under local management of schools (LMS). LMS is seen as playing a central role in the new right's attempts to introduce market ‘realities’ into public sector organisations. It is argued that a more market‐oriented discourse, with its concomitant emphasis on individualism, is taking hold in…
The Discourses of Social Justice in Education
What the existing organization of schooling presupposes...is that in consumption terms, the world consists of equally powerful individual actors. Such, of course, is not the case in a hierarchically ordered capitalist system, where labour and capital, and indeed different forms of both, have differential access to resources enabling them to consume. By largely intervening only in provisional relations, the state fails to recognize the central dyn…
Professionals Under Pressure
This paper explores the role of professionals employed in the special education section of local education authorities (LEAs). Its examination of the political, cultural and financial contexts in which decision‐making occurs is illustrated by data collected in interviews with LEA personnel in five local authorities. The first section of the paper examines the nature and effects of professional control in special education. Depoliticisation, indiv…
A ‘different kind’ of professional? Case studies of the work of parent‐centred organizations
This paper considers the positions of three professionals working with parents in what we call parent‐centred organizations. Our aim is to explore the extent of the ‘space’ they have available to them to construct their own understandings of their role, and to implement their priorities and agendas. We consider how these individual versions to professionalism articulate with the context in which these three people work, and the implications for t…
Into confusion
Additional informationNotes on contributorsHilary RadnorCarol Vincent is Research Fellow at the University of Warwick UK. Her research interests include parental involvement in education, local government and special education. Her book Parents and Teachers: Power and Participation has recently been published by Falmer Press. Hilary Radnor is a Senior Lecturer in Education Studies at the University of Exeter, UK. Her latest book Assessment and Co…
Whither democratic accountability in education? An investigation into headteachers’ perspectives on accountability in the 1990s with reference to their relationships with their LEAs and governors
Recent legislation has drastically curtailed the roles and influence of local education authorities (LEAs). Various powers and responsibilities previous held by LEAs have been dispersed to schools, central government and quangos. As a result the whole future of LEAs is now in doubt and local democratic accountability is being diminished and obscured. This paper draws on a research project funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation which explores th…
Community and Collectivism
This paper outlines the theoretical and empirical starting‐points for a research project addressing the role of parents’ organisations in the education system. It argues that a study of relationships conducted between homes, schools and parents’ groups and organisations has the potential to illuminate key concepts in education, considering as examples ‘citizenship’ and ‘community’. The paper is divided into three main sections. The first briefly …
Home — School Relationships
This article examines a number of connecting themes concerning home‐school relations over the last 20 years. We argue that the position of parents in relation to the education system can be seen as an instructive case study for the broader trends and shifts in the relationship between citizens and public sector institutions. As such we conclude that the important developments, upon which future analysis should concentrate, are those where parents…
Researching racism in education
Researching Racism in Education PAUL CONNOLLY & BARRY TROYNA (Eds), 1998 Buckingham: Open University Press 194 pp., ISBN 0 335 19662 4, paperback, £15.99
Social justice and education policy
(1998). Social justice and education policy: an introduction. Journal of Education Policy: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 463-467
I Heard It on the Grapevine’
This paper is one of a number of related pieces which address the issue of parental choice through a careful Straussian analysis of interview data. The focus here is upon the structures and processes underlying the use of grapevine’ knowledge, which parents elicit and disseminate in choosing a school. It is argued that this immediate or ‘hot’ knowledge is of particular importance to many parents and is set over and against the ‘cold’ formal knowl…
Becoming a ‘Better’ Parent? Motherhood, education and transition
The focus of this paper is a parent education group, offering parents an accredited practical skills course, which aims to familiarise them with educational activities suitable for young children. Drawing on theories from Gramsci and set within a context informed by social policy analysis, this paper examines both the content of the course and the experiences of the female students. It looks in detail at the discourse of ‘sensitive mothering’ and…
Parental voice
This article analyses data collected in the first phase of an ESRC-funded project based in the United Kingdom, and studying the formulation and expression of parental 'voice' in school. The project takes as its starting point a conceptualisation of parent-teacher relationships which posits parents as citizens relating to public sector institutions. In this article, the authors first consider some theoretical formulations of citizenship, identifyi…
School-based parents' groups - a politics of voice and representation
In this paper we consider two discussion-based parents' forums at two secondary schools. We ask whether such forums can be considered as part of the small, local associative mechanisms which theorists claim have the potential to encourage a more vibrant and interactive public conversation concerning state provided welfare services. We conclude that they cannot - at least in any simple way. However, a study of the forums does raise several interes…
This won't take long
In this paper, the focus is on one particular research project, conducted in the UK, which studied the role of parent groups and organizations in relation to the mainstream education system. The authors seek to analyze and evaluate access to the different "structures of feeling" inhabited by the various respondents involved in the project. Using the project as a lens, a critical case, the relationships between respondents and researchers are prob…
Social class and parental agency
This paper explores the relationship between social class and parental agency. It does so through an analysis of the findings of a recently completed qualitative research project exploring parental voice in relation to secondary schools. The first part of the paper presents a summary of a typology of parental interventions. This illustrates some of the differentials between parents in terms of their access to and deployment of a range of social, …
Social class and parental agency
This paper explores the relationship between social class and parental agency. It does so through an analysis of the findings of a recently completed qualitative research project exploring parental voice in relation to secondary schools. The first part of the paper presents a summary of a typology of parental interventions. This illustrates some of the differentials between parents in terms of their access to and deployment of a range of social, …
A Market in Love? Choosing Pre‐school Childcare
The article is an initial consideration of data collected for a project exploring working parents' choices of care for their pre‐school children. First, the policy developments in this area are reviewed. However, the heart of the article is an analysis of the ways in which the sample of mainly white middle‐class mothers operates within the childcare market. The impact of class and gender upon their choices is considered, and the strategies the wo…
Class, Culture and Agency
This paper explores the differential possession and deployment of social, cultural and material resources by parents, and the effect of these processes on their willingness and ability to be involved with and intervene in their children?s school life ? what we have called parental voice. The data presented here is drawn from a study of parents at two secondary schools, a sub-sample of data from a larger study involving six schools. We consider th…
“Un agréable mélange d’enfants... ”
“Un agréable mélange d’enfants... ” : Prise en charge de la petite enfance, mixité sociale et classes moyennes Cet article est fondé sur une étude des choix de prise en charge de la petite enfance par les parents de classe moyenne financée par l’Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Ces choix sont faits dans le cadre d’une stratégie gouvernementale d’extension de l’offre des modes de garde qui comprend la création d’un marché sectoriel pub…
Metropolitan mothers
Storming parents, schools and communicative inaction
While recognition of the need to involve parents in the life of the school grows in public policy, anxiety continues at the intervention of ‘the angry parent’. This paper seeks to develop understanding of this communicative action and apply it to a study of parental voice in schools that identified a number of expressions of ‘storming’. The paper argues that these occasions were reactions to events in school and the underlying ‘performative attit…
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