John M Darley
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 206069 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | John M Darley |
| NOMBRES | John M |
| APELLIDO | Darley |
| FIRMA | DARLEY J M |
| AFILIACIONES | Princeton University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1022 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1963 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2011 |
| ÍNDICE H | 18 |
Why are some moral beliefs perceived to be more objective than others
Patriots, politics, and the Oklahoma City bombing
Patriots, politics, and the Oklahoma City bombing, by Stuart A. Wright. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, x + 218 pp., tables, illustrations, references to 232, index to 237. US$70 (hardb
Morality in the Law
Evidence from a number of research methods converges to suggest that when a person registers a transgression against self or others, the person experiences an intuitively produced, emotionally tinged reaction of moral outrage. The reaction is driven by the just deserts–based retributive reactions of the person to the transgression rather than, for instance, considerations of the deterrent force of the punishment. In experimental games arranged so…
Rising to the threat
When the association between appearance and outcome contaminates social judgment
Group formation is an inevitable consequence of social life, and the tendency to perceive people as a collective unit persists once they have been categorized as a group. Drawing on the concept of homogeneity, the authors propose a model suggesting that groups may endure in part because people who are perceived as homogeneous attract collective treatment (e.g., monetary rewards and punishment), and such treatment further reinforces the perception…
Punishment and Beyond
We investigated the hypothesis that people's need for punishment does not preclude a desire for restorative sanctions that address the repairing of the harm to victims and communities caused by wrongdoing. Study 1 showed that although people felt it was important to punish the offender to achieve justice, they viewed additional justice goals as equally necessary. Study 2 revealed that people viewed sanctions as differentially able to fulfill vari…
The psychology of meta-ethics
Psychological Aspects of Retributive Justice
Morality Influences How People Apply the Ignorance of the Law Defense
In four empirical studies, we showed that laypeople apply the ignorance of the law defense differently depending on the perceived morality of the defendant's course of conduct at the time of the illegal act. Moral and neutral defendants who pled ignorance of the law were afforded leniency, whereas immoral defendants were sentenced as though they were not ignorant, even when defendants in all three conditions violated identical laws. These finding…
Mixed motives and racial bias
Recent high-profile court rulings addressing the influence of illegitimate information--such as race--on decision making have highlighted the difficulty of establishing whether and when discrimination has occurred. One factor complicating such efforts is that decision makers are often simultaneously influenced by racial and nonracial information. The authors examined the psychological processes underlying such mixed-motive decision making, demons…
Restoration and Retribution
Protracted Asymmetrical Conflict Erodes Standards for Avoiding Civilian Casualties
The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment
Casuistry and Social Category Bias
This research explored cases where people are drawn to make judgments between individuals based on questionable criteria, in particular those individuals' social group memberships. We suggest that individuals engage in casuistry to mask biased decision making, by recruiting more acceptable criteria to justify such decisions. We present 6 studies that demonstrate how casuistry licenses people to judge on the basis of social category information bu…
The Psychology of Compensatory and Retributive Justice
How do observers respond when the actions of one individual inflict harm on another? The primary reaction to carelessly inflicted harm is to seek restitution; the offender is judged to owe compensation to the harmed individual. The primary reaction to harm inflicted intentionally is moral outrage producing a desire for retribution; the harm-doer tust be punished. Reckless conduct, an intermediate case, provokes reactions that involve elements of …
Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment
One popular justification for punishment is the just deserts rationale: A person deserves punishment proportionate to the moral wrong committed. A competing justification is the deterrence rationale: Punishing an offender reduces the frequency and likelihood of future offenses. The authors examined the motivation underlying laypeople's use of punishment for prototypical wrongs. Study 1 (N = 336) revealed high sensitivity to factors uniquely assoc…
Crowded minds
Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build …
An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment
The long-standing rationalist tradition in moral psychology emphasizes the role of reason in moral judgment. A more recent trend places increased emphasis on emotion. Although both reason and emotion are likely to play important roles in moral judgment, relatively little is known about their neural correlates, the nature of their interaction, and the factors that modulate their respective behavioral influences in the context of moral judgment. In…
The Ex Ante Function of the Criminal Law
Criminal legal codes draw clear lines between permissible and illegal conduct, and the criminal justice system counts on people knowing these lines and governing their conduct accordingly. This is the "ex ante" function of the law; lines are drawn, and because citizens fear punishments or believe in the moral validity of the legal codes they do not cross these lines. But do people in fact know the lines that legal codes draw? The fact that severa…
Incapacitation and just deserts as motives for punishment
What motivates a person's desire to punish actors who commit intentional, counternormative harms? Two possible answers are a just deserts motive or a desire to incarcerate the actor so that he cannot be a further danger to society. Research participants in two experiments assigned punishments to actors whose offenses were varied with respect to the moral seriousness of the offense and the likelihood that the perpetrator would commit similar futur…
A “Classic” Revisited
Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance
Two experiments showed that framing an athletic task as diagnostic of negative racial stereotypes about Black or White athletes can impede their performance in sports. In Experiment 1, Black participants performed significantly worse than did control participants when performance on a golf task was framed as diagnostic of "sports intelligence. " In comparison, White participants performed worse than did control participants when the golf task was…
How Effective Are the Things People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act
Community Attitudes on the Family of Issues Surrounding the Death of Terminal Patients
In two studies, respondents made recommendations for the medical treatment of a terminally ill elderly woman. The woman was or was not experiencing intractable pain, and had requested either heroic medical efforts or euthanasia. Respondents' recommendations were influenced by both the specific wishes of the patient and the pain the person was experiencing. However, participants were not completely swayed by the patient's wishes: only about half o…
Admitting the Holocaust
Bystander intervention in emergencies
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In ge…
Why do we punish? Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment
One popular justification for punishment is the just deserts rationale: A person deserves punishment proportionate to the moral wrong committed. A competing justification is the deterrence rationale: Punishing an offender reduces the frequency and likelihood of future offenses. The authors examined the motivation underlying laypeople's use of punishment for prototypical wrongs. Study 1 (N = 336) revealed high sensitivity to factors uniquely assoc…
A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects
From Jerusalem to Jericho
The influence of several situational and personality variables on helping behavior was examined in an emergency situation suggested by the parable of the Good Samaritan. People going between two buildings encountered a shabbily dressed person slumped by the side of the road. Subjects in a hurry to reach their destination were more likely to pass by without stopping. Some subjects were going to give a short talk on the parable of the Good Samarita…
Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies
Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance
Two experiments showed that framing an athletic task as diagnostic of negative racial stereotypes about Black or White athletes can impede their performance in sports. In Experiment 1, Black participants performed significantly worse than did control participants when performance on a golf task was framed as diagnostic of "sports intelligence. " In comparison, White participants performed worse than did control participants when the golf task was…
Victim or perpetrator
How Effective Are the Things People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act
Why are some moral beliefs perceived to be more objective than others
Crowded minds
Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build …
Increased Liking as a Result of the Anticipation of Personal Contact
Restoration and Retribution
Constructing other persons
Morality in the Law
Evidence from a number of research methods converges to suggest that when a person registers a transgression against self or others, the person experiences an intuitively produced, emotionally tinged reaction of moral outrage. The reaction is driven by the just deserts–based retributive reactions of the person to the transgression rather than, for instance, considerations of the deterrent force of the punishment. In experimental games arranged so…
Casuistry and Social Category Bias
This research explored cases where people are drawn to make judgments between individuals based on questionable criteria, in particular those individuals' social group memberships. We suggest that individuals engage in casuistry to mask biased decision making, by recruiting more acceptable criteria to justify such decisions. We present 6 studies that demonstrate how casuistry licenses people to judge on the basis of social category information bu…
Self-evaluation vs. direct anxiety reduction as determinants of the fear-affiliation relationship
Rising to the threat
Punishment and Beyond
We investigated the hypothesis that people's need for punishment does not preclude a desire for restorative sanctions that address the repairing of the harm to victims and communities caused by wrongdoing. Study 1 showed that although people felt it was important to punish the offender to achieve justice, they viewed additional justice goals as equally necessary. Study 2 revealed that people viewed sanctions as differentially able to fulfill vari…
Dispelling negative expectancies
How Television News Viewers Deal with Facts that Contradict Their Beliefs
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a counterattitudinal news story on the perceived credibility of a television newscaster. In the basic 2 × 2 design, subjects, who were either pro‐student or pro‐police, viewed a newscast in which either students or police were blamed for initiating a violent confrontation. The results indicated that subjects, for whom the newscast's conclusion was counterattitudinal (as compared to those for w…
Conscience and Courage
Mixed Messages
We examined how senders communicate hidden messages to an audience while simultaneously conveying a credible but misleading message to a second audience. Senders made two sets of videotapes communicating the locations of secret meetings and expressing preferences between pairs of objects. We then showed these sets of videotapes, each consisting of a truthful, a misleading, and two hidden message communications intended for different sets of audie…
Admitting the Holocaust
Constructive and Destructive Obedience
A phenomenological analysis of the plight of the Milgram subject is conducted. It is concluded that the subject who continues to give shocks should not be seen as deciding to inflict serious harm on another, but as torn between two incompatable perspects on the meaning of continuation, one of which is enforced by the readings of the meanings of the actions of the experimenter. Next, drawing on the laws governing principal‐agent relationships, a t…
Do groups always inhibit individuals' responses to potential emergencies
Previous studies of bystander intervention in emergencies have found that an individual is more likely to intervene if he witnesses the emergency alone than as a member of a group. The present study qualifies this general finding in the framework of group communication processes. Pairs of subjects working on a task overheard a loud crash in an adjoining room. Some pairs of subjects were seated in a pattern that facilitated the visual communicatio…
The effects of expectancy on volunteering for an unpleasant experience
Self-evaluation vs. direct anxiety reduction as determinants of the fear-affiliation relationship
Fear and social comparison as determinants of conformity behavior
Increased Liking as a Result of the Anticipation of Personal Contact
Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies
Effect of forced association upon voluntary choice to associate
Bystander intervention in emergencies
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In ge…
The Unresponsive Bystander
Victim or perpetrator
Do groups always inhibit individuals' responses to potential emergencies
Previous studies of bystander intervention in emergencies have found that an individual is more likely to intervene if he witnesses the emergency alone than as a member of a group. The present study qualifies this general finding in the framework of group communication processes. Pairs of subjects working on a task overheard a loud crash in an adjoining room. Some pairs of subjects were seated in a pattern that facilitated the visual communicatio…
From Jerusalem to Jericho
The influence of several situational and personality variables on helping behavior was examined in an emergency situation suggested by the parable of the Good Samaritan. People going between two buildings encountered a shabbily dressed person slumped by the side of the road. Subjects in a hurry to reach their destination were more likely to pass by without stopping. Some subjects were going to give a short talk on the parable of the Good Samarita…
Fear-provoking recommendations, intentions to take preventive actions, and actual preventive actions
Increased conformity to a fellow deviant as a function of prior deviation
On the effectiveness of deviant- and conventional-appearing communicators
How Television News Viewers Deal with Facts that Contradict Their Beliefs
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a counterattitudinal news story on the perceived credibility of a television newscaster. In the basic 2 × 2 design, subjects, who were either pro‐student or pro‐police, viewed a newscast in which either students or police were blamed for initiating a violent confrontation. The results indicated that subjects, for whom the newscast's conclusion was counterattitudinal (as compared to those for w…
A mathematical model for social influences on perceptual judgments
Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence
Psychologists have begun to use Merton's concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy to explain a wide variety of social phenomena and problems. The present article further develops the theory behind this and related concepts. The core of our argument is that self-fulfilling prophecy effects occur when any one of many possible forces distort the processes occurring in normal social interactions. To elucidate this argument, we describe a model of simp…
Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence
Diffusion of Energy‐Conserving Innovations
We suggest that people's decisions to adopt energy‐conserving processes and products is a specific instance of the decision to adopt an innovation. Drawing on previous research, we postulate a set of eight dimensions by means of which energy‐conserving innovations are evaluated. We further argue that people's perceptions of an innovation's characteristics, on these dimensions, determine their decisions to adopt that innovation. Again in keeping w…
A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects
Constructing other persons
Dispelling negative expectancies
Perceiving choice and constraint
We examined how features of the situation and the target's behavior in the attitude-attribution paradigm may lead observers to infer that the behavior was performed purposefully and how these perceptions may contribute to correspondence bias. Experiment 1 demonstrated that cues suggesting that essay assignment resulted from the target's purposeful action lead to correspondent inferences. When these cues were absent, observers' inferences were not…
Multiple audience problem
The Effects of Interaction Goals on Person Perception
Psychology (55 obras) · Social Psychology (47 obras) · Social Psychology (22 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (20 obras) · Political science (18 obras) · Law (17 obras) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (15 obras) · Law (12 obras) · Cognitive psychology (11 obras) · Criminology (11 obras)