Mikko Aaltonen
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 207638 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Mikko Aaltonen |
| NOMBRES | Mikko |
| APELLIDO | Aaltonen |
| FIRMA | AALTONEN M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Helsinki |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3686-2986 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 103 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2008 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Two of a kind? A comparative multicohort study of juvenile violence in Finland and Sweden
Youth violence has decreased in many Western countries, including Finland and Sweden, during the 2000s. A worrying deviation from this decline concerns lethal youth violence in the two countries, in particular Sweden, which has experienced a clear increase. In this study, we analyze the extent to which this divergence mirrors a concentration of violence whereby fewer and fewer young people are subject to the criminal justice system, but where tho…
Violent and sexual victimisation and incident anxiety, mood and substance use disorders in childhood and adolescence
BACKGROUND: Studies on the association between victimisation in childhood and adolescence and psychiatric disorders increasingly acknowledge that these associations might be partly confounded by unmeasured familial factors. However, previous quasi-experimental evidence is largely based on retrospective self-reported data with potential response biases and small samples. METHODS: We measured psychiatric disorders and victimisation events from rout…
Industry-specific Labour Demand, Post-prison Employment and Recidivism – Evidence from Finland
Explaining Long-Term Trajectories in Youth Delinquency
This study examines survey-based and register-based trends in youth delinquency, namely theft and assault, in Finland over the past two decades. Our survey data includes data from five measuring points between 2004 and 2020. Our register data includes all individuals born in Finland between 1986 and 2000 who were alive and who were residing in Finland at the end of 2000. Survey findings indicate that changing routine activities in the form of dec…
Digital drug trading ecologies in context
Rather than attributing differences solely to local, transnational, or design factors in isolation, we argue that darknet drug trading ecologies emerge from the intersection of platform architecture, localization (geographic scope), and language. Our findings underscore the importance of considering these factors when conducting digital ethnography in illicit economies and providing concrete entry points for tailoring harm reduction interventions…
Realistic Reintegration After Imprisonment. A Sequence Analysis of the Labour Market Paths of Recently Incarcerated Individuals
Instead of focusing on the transition to work as an indicator of social integration after imprisonment, this study approaches reintegration as a process. The labour market paths of Dutch men were mapped using the number and type of transitions, their duration and order in the first four post-prison years. To identify seven clusters with diverse labour market paths, a distinction was made between various active labour market statuses (in school, e…
Sociohistorical context and post-prison life course
Life-course criminology has recently begun to focus on sociohistorical context, with the use of multi-cohort studies. However, those studies have mostly concentrated on aggregate crime rates. Desistance research, in turn, has largely overlooked the impact of the broader sociohistorical context. Based on recent work on the effect of sociohistorical context on crime rates, we propose that context may shape desistance and social reintegration in a n…
Parental incarceration and offspring criminality
While parental incarceration (PI) is consistently associated with offspring offending, less is known about possible heterogeneity in the association. We examined associations between PI and offspring crime considering possible moderating factors related to parent's criminality and sociodemographic background. Using Finnish total population data of children born in 1987–2003 ( N = 1,017,072), we conducted Cox regression models for PI by age 18 and…
The changing socioeconomic composition of the Finnish prison population
BACKGROUNDAlthough prison inmates are known to be disadvantaged in multiple ways, we know less about changes in the socioeconomic backgrounds of prisoners over time.We examine these changes in a period characterized by a decreasing prisoner rate, the introduction of community service, and strong macroeconomic fluctuations. OBJECTIVEWe analyze changes in the socioeconomic backgrounds of individuals imprisoned between 1988-2019.We provide compariso…
Partner violence surrounding divorce
Objective: This study analyzes the victimization trajectories of partner violence against women surrounding divorce, depending on whether the couple has children together. Background: Prior studies have found that partner violence is associated with an increased risk of divorce. No study has assessed the victimization trajectories surrounding divorce for women with and without children, although women with children may remain at higher risk of vi…
Post-release outcomes of lethal and non-lethal offenders
This study examines post-release outcomes of former prisoners convicted of severe violence. We use random intercept models to compare recidivism and participation in employment or education among Finnish offenders convicted of homicide (n = 509), attempted homicide (n = 800), or aggravated assault (n = 1714). A matching algorithm is used to adjust for observed preexisting differences among the three offender groups. Within 3 years post-release, 5…
Does early drug use‐related police contact predict premature mortality and morbidity
Social correlates of specialized versus versatile offending patterns in intimate partner violence
The purpose of the current study was to examine the tendencies toward specialization and generalist offending among intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders and to assess whether some well-known correlates of criminal offending are differentially associated with various offending patterns. We use large-scale register-based data from Finland including all offenders in police-recorded cases of IPV between 2015 and 2019 (N = 19,030). Two different …
Effects of temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement
Speeding is dangerous and contributes significantly to traffic safety. Despite that, speeding is not perceived as serious crime, and has been a relatively neglected topic in criminology. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of different temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement. The analysis focuses on two major highways in Finland. Generalized additive models are us…
The effect of low childhood income on self-harm in young adulthood
Low childhood income is an established risk factor of self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood, and childhood income is additionally associated with various correlates of self-harm. How these correlates, such as psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, violent behaviour and school problems, mediate the effect of childhood income on self-harm, is less understood. The purpose of the current paper is to examine this mediation. The study is based …
Associations of neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration with criminal behavior
The association between neighborhood disadvantage and crime has been extensively studied, but most studies have relied on cross-sectional data and have been unable to separate potential effects of the neighborhood from selection effects. We examined how neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration are associated with criminal behavior while accounting for selection effects due to unobserved time-invariant characteristics of the individual…
Trauma and violent offending among adolescents
Background Earlier studies, based on data collected among juvenile court clients or prisoners, suggest that there is an association between trauma and adolescent-onset offending. However, there is a lack of large-scale data on juvenile violence and clinical mental health observations with unselected participants, and a risk-factor-oriented research combining multiple variables affecting violent behaviour. Methods We analyse the effect of trauma o…
Crime and income trajectories preceding lethal and non-lethal violence
This study analyzes the pathways leading to violent offending. We examine whether the lethality of a violent crime could be predicted based on individuals' prior history of violent crime and income, and whether the trajectories of lethal offenders are distinguishable from the pathways of non-lethal offenders. We use a sample of police-reported violent crimes committed in Finland in 2010–2011 (N = 26,303) and contrast the pathways to homicide with…
Experience of maternal and paternal adversities in childhood as determinants of self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies suggest that childhood experience of parental adversities increases the risk of subsequent offspring self-harm, but studies on distinct paternal and maternal characteristics are few and it remains unclear how these interact with childhood social position. The study aims to assess whether paternal and maternal adversities have different associations with offspring self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood. Interac…
What influences the size of child maintenance payments? A register‐based study of maintenance payments in Finland
The aim of this study was to explore how particular economic and demographic factors contribute to the level of the child maintenance payment (CMP) paid by the non‐resident parent. For this study, we used 5‐year longitudinal panel data from years 2009 to 2013 consisting of over 80,000 non‐resident parents from the Finnish Tax Administration and The Finnish Population Register Centre. Results from regression models indicate that the single biggest…
Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending
Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offend…
Substance abuse in parents and subsequent risk of offspring psychiatric morbidity in late adolescence and early adulthood
Children's educational attainment, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality
Using data from Finland, this paper contributes to a small but growing body of research regarding adult children's education, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality at ages 50+ in 1970-2007. Higher levels of children's education are associated with 30-36 per cent lower parental mortality at ages 50-75, controlling for parents' education, occupation, and income. This association is fully mediated by children's occupation and income, e…
Antidepressant use and violent crimes among young people
BACKGROUND: The use of antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), has been questioned due to poor efficacy and safety. We examined whether young violent offenders were more likely antidepressant users prior to their first violent offence than other young persons. METHODS: The study is a follow-up of children born in Finland in 1987 (n=59 120), linking national registers to each other using personal identity codes…
Debt problems and life transitions
This register-based panel study analyzed the impacts of key life events on debt problems among emerging adults using a within-individual design. In this study, 8093 Finnish young people (born 1988–1990) were monitored for 9 years (2005–2013). The data comprised information from administrative registers, including information about debt enforcement, which was used as an indicator of debt problems. Key life events included leaving home, obtaining t…
Is the Association Between Alcohol Use and Delinquency Causal or Spurious
We attempt to isolate the effects of alcohol on different types of delinquent behavior by identifying the spurious portion of the relationship. Using data on adolescents from Finland, we compare the relationship between drinking and delinquent behavior while sober to the total relationship between drinking and delinquent behavior (sober or not). For each type of offense, we find a substantial relationship between drinking and sober delinquency, w…
Examining the Generality of the Unemployment–crime Association
This article examines whether the relationship between unemployment and criminal offending depends on the type of crime analyzed. We rely on fixed‐effects regression models to assess the association between changes in unemployment status and changes in violent crime, property crime, and driving under the influence (DUI) over a 6‐year period. We also examine whether the type of unemployment benefit received moderates the link to criminal behavior.…
Social determinants of crime in a welfare state
Despite decades of research on the association between socio-economic status (SES) and crime, its strength and nature remain contested. Using a unique dataset combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of 28,485 19 to 30-year-old Finnish citizens, we examine SES differences in violent offences, property offences and driving while intoxicated. We use multiple measures of SES in order to see what it…
Children's educational attainment, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality
Using data from Finland, this paper contributes to a small but growing body of research regarding adult children's education, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality at ages 50+ in 1970-2007. Higher levels of children's education are associated with 30-36 per cent lower parental mortality at ages 50-75, controlling for parents' education, occupation, and income. This association is fully mediated by children's occupation and income, e…
Debt Problems and Crime
The few existing studies on the association between debt problems and crime have suggested that the two are correlated, but the causal nature and direction of this association has been unclear. By using longitudinal register data ( N = 20,696) from Finland on young adults’ debt default and crime, we examine the potentially reciprocal association between debt problems and crime with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal models. Debt problems and c…
The revenge motive in delinquency
Revenge is a well-recognised motive for crime and violence. In sociological research, this topic has been pursued primarily in ethnographic studies of street offenders or gang conflicts. Psychologists have studied revenge behaviour experimentally in laboratory settings and revenge ideation with community samples. Despite these contributions, we know very little about the prevalence and correlates of revenge-motivated offending in representative m…
Debt problems and life transitions
This register-based panel study analyzed the impacts of key life events on debt problems among emerging adults using a within-individual design. In this study, 8093 Finnish young people (born 1988–1990) were monitored for 9 years (2005–2013). The data comprised information from administrative registers, including information about debt enforcement, which was used as an indicator of debt problems. Key life events included leaving home, obtaining t…
Post-release Employment of Desisting Inmates
Recent research has questioned the causal effect of employment on desistance from crime. The aim of the current study was to examine the post-release employment trajectories of Finnish inmates convicted to prison in 2004–05 ( n = 1,998) who are desisting from crime, using varying criteria. While a majority of the inmates received some salary from work during the four-year follow-up, the results show that only one tenth of them were able to sustai…
Trauma and violent offending among adolescents
Background Earlier studies, based on data collected among juvenile court clients or prisoners, suggest that there is an association between trauma and adolescent-onset offending. However, there is a lack of large-scale data on juvenile violence and clinical mental health observations with unselected participants, and a risk-factor-oriented research combining multiple variables affecting violent behaviour. Methods We analyse the effect of trauma o…
Crime and income trajectories preceding lethal and non-lethal violence
This study analyzes the pathways leading to violent offending. We examine whether the lethality of a violent crime could be predicted based on individuals' prior history of violent crime and income, and whether the trajectories of lethal offenders are distinguishable from the pathways of non-lethal offenders. We use a sample of police-reported violent crimes committed in Finland in 2010–2011 (N = 26,303) and contrast the pathways to homicide with…
What influences the size of child maintenance payments? A register‐based study of maintenance payments in Finland
The aim of this study was to explore how particular economic and demographic factors contribute to the level of the child maintenance payment (CMP) paid by the non‐resident parent. For this study, we used 5‐year longitudinal panel data from years 2009 to 2013 consisting of over 80,000 non‐resident parents from the Finnish Tax Administration and The Finnish Population Register Centre. Results from regression models indicate that the single biggest…
Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending
Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offend…
Comparing Employment Trajectories before and after First Imprisonment in Four Nordic Countries
Employment plays a crucial role in the re-entry process and in reducing recidivism among offenders released from prison. But at the same time, imprisonment is generally regarded as harmful to post-release employment prospects. Little is known, however, about whether or not offenders' employment trajectories before and after imprisonment are similar across countries. As a first step towards filling this gap in research, this paper provides evidenc…
Socio-Economic Status and Criminality as Predictors of Male Violence
While low socio-economic status (SES) is generally accepted as a risk factor for violence, some have argued that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a ‘classless’ crime. We examine the effects of SES and prior criminal record on different types of police-reported violence committed in 2005–07 by Finnish men using a register-based general population sample that offers exceptionally good population coverage. While IPV against women appears somewhat …
Social correlates of specialized versus versatile offending patterns in intimate partner violence
The purpose of the current study was to examine the tendencies toward specialization and generalist offending among intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders and to assess whether some well-known correlates of criminal offending are differentially associated with various offending patterns. We use large-scale register-based data from Finland including all offenders in police-recorded cases of IPV between 2015 and 2019 (N = 19,030). Two different …
Associations of neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration with criminal behavior
The association between neighborhood disadvantage and crime has been extensively studied, but most studies have relied on cross-sectional data and have been unable to separate potential effects of the neighborhood from selection effects. We examined how neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration are associated with criminal behavior while accounting for selection effects due to unobserved time-invariant characteristics of the individual…
Antidepressant use and violent crimes among young people
BACKGROUND: The use of antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), has been questioned due to poor efficacy and safety. We examined whether young violent offenders were more likely antidepressant users prior to their first violent offence than other young persons. METHODS: The study is a follow-up of children born in Finland in 1987 (n=59 120), linking national registers to each other using personal identity codes…
Social Mobility and Crime
This research examined intergenerational educational mobility as an antecedent of criminal offending. Anomie theory and the general theory of crime assume an inverse association between intergenerational mobility and criminal behaviour. In addition, Moffitt’s taxonomic theory and general strain theory expect intergenerational continuity in low educational attainment to be especially criminogenic. We examined the hypothesized associations with tot…
Is the Association Between Alcohol Use and Delinquency Causal or Spurious
We attempt to isolate the effects of alcohol on different types of delinquent behavior by identifying the spurious portion of the relationship. Using data on adolescents from Finland, we compare the relationship between drinking and delinquent behavior while sober to the total relationship between drinking and delinquent behavior (sober or not). For each type of offense, we find a substantial relationship between drinking and sober delinquency, w…
Social determinants of crime in a welfare state
Despite decades of research on the association between socio-economic status (SES) and crime, its strength and nature remain contested. Using a unique dataset combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of 28,485 19 to 30-year-old Finnish citizens, we examine SES differences in violent offences, property offences and driving while intoxicated. We use multiple measures of SES in order to see what it…
Socio-Economic Status and Criminality as Predictors of Male Violence
While low socio-economic status (SES) is generally accepted as a risk factor for violence, some have argued that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a ‘classless’ crime. We examine the effects of SES and prior criminal record on different types of police-reported violence committed in 2005–07 by Finnish men using a register-based general population sample that offers exceptionally good population coverage. While IPV against women appears somewhat …
Examining the Generality of the Unemployment–crime Association
This article examines whether the relationship between unemployment and criminal offending depends on the type of crime analyzed. We rely on fixed‐effects regression models to assess the association between changes in unemployment status and changes in violent crime, property crime, and driving under the influence (DUI) over a 6‐year period. We also examine whether the type of unemployment benefit received moderates the link to criminal behavior.…
Social Mobility and Crime
This research examined intergenerational educational mobility as an antecedent of criminal offending. Anomie theory and the general theory of crime assume an inverse association between intergenerational mobility and criminal behaviour. In addition, Moffitt’s taxonomic theory and general strain theory expect intergenerational continuity in low educational attainment to be especially criminogenic. We examined the hypothesized associations with tot…
Debt problems and life transitions
This register-based panel study analyzed the impacts of key life events on debt problems among emerging adults using a within-individual design. In this study, 8093 Finnish young people (born 1988–1990) were monitored for 9 years (2005–2013). The data comprised information from administrative registers, including information about debt enforcement, which was used as an indicator of debt problems. Key life events included leaving home, obtaining t…
Debt Problems and Crime
The few existing studies on the association between debt problems and crime have suggested that the two are correlated, but the causal nature and direction of this association has been unclear. By using longitudinal register data ( N = 20,696) from Finland on young adults’ debt default and crime, we examine the potentially reciprocal association between debt problems and crime with both cross‐sectional and longitudinal models. Debt problems and c…
Post-release Employment of Desisting Inmates
Recent research has questioned the causal effect of employment on desistance from crime. The aim of the current study was to examine the post-release employment trajectories of Finnish inmates convicted to prison in 2004–05 ( n = 1,998) who are desisting from crime, using varying criteria. While a majority of the inmates received some salary from work during the four-year follow-up, the results show that only one tenth of them were able to sustai…
Comparing Employment Trajectories before and after First Imprisonment in Four Nordic Countries
Employment plays a crucial role in the re-entry process and in reducing recidivism among offenders released from prison. But at the same time, imprisonment is generally regarded as harmful to post-release employment prospects. Little is known, however, about whether or not offenders' employment trajectories before and after imprisonment are similar across countries. As a first step towards filling this gap in research, this paper provides evidenc…
The revenge motive in delinquency
Revenge is a well-recognised motive for crime and violence. In sociological research, this topic has been pursued primarily in ethnographic studies of street offenders or gang conflicts. Psychologists have studied revenge behaviour experimentally in laboratory settings and revenge ideation with community samples. Despite these contributions, we know very little about the prevalence and correlates of revenge-motivated offending in representative m…
Antidepressant use and violent crimes among young people
BACKGROUND: The use of antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), has been questioned due to poor efficacy and safety. We examined whether young violent offenders were more likely antidepressant users prior to their first violent offence than other young persons. METHODS: The study is a follow-up of children born in Finland in 1987 (n=59 120), linking national registers to each other using personal identity codes…
What influences the size of child maintenance payments? A register‐based study of maintenance payments in Finland
The aim of this study was to explore how particular economic and demographic factors contribute to the level of the child maintenance payment (CMP) paid by the non‐resident parent. For this study, we used 5‐year longitudinal panel data from years 2009 to 2013 consisting of over 80,000 non‐resident parents from the Finnish Tax Administration and The Finnish Population Register Centre. Results from regression models indicate that the single biggest…
Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending
Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offend…
Substance abuse in parents and subsequent risk of offspring psychiatric morbidity in late adolescence and early adulthood
Children's educational attainment, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality
Using data from Finland, this paper contributes to a small but growing body of research regarding adult children's education, occupation, and income and their parents' mortality at ages 50+ in 1970-2007. Higher levels of children's education are associated with 30-36 per cent lower parental mortality at ages 50-75, controlling for parents' education, occupation, and income. This association is fully mediated by children's occupation and income, e…
Experience of maternal and paternal adversities in childhood as determinants of self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies suggest that childhood experience of parental adversities increases the risk of subsequent offspring self-harm, but studies on distinct paternal and maternal characteristics are few and it remains unclear how these interact with childhood social position. The study aims to assess whether paternal and maternal adversities have different associations with offspring self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood. Interac…
Trauma and violent offending among adolescents
Background Earlier studies, based on data collected among juvenile court clients or prisoners, suggest that there is an association between trauma and adolescent-onset offending. However, there is a lack of large-scale data on juvenile violence and clinical mental health observations with unselected participants, and a risk-factor-oriented research combining multiple variables affecting violent behaviour. Methods We analyse the effect of trauma o…
Crime and income trajectories preceding lethal and non-lethal violence
This study analyzes the pathways leading to violent offending. We examine whether the lethality of a violent crime could be predicted based on individuals' prior history of violent crime and income, and whether the trajectories of lethal offenders are distinguishable from the pathways of non-lethal offenders. We use a sample of police-reported violent crimes committed in Finland in 2010–2011 (N = 26,303) and contrast the pathways to homicide with…
Effects of temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement
Speeding is dangerous and contributes significantly to traffic safety. Despite that, speeding is not perceived as serious crime, and has been a relatively neglected topic in criminology. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of different temporal characteristics and weather conditions on speeding sanction rates in automatic traffic enforcement. The analysis focuses on two major highways in Finland. Generalized additive models are us…
The effect of low childhood income on self-harm in young adulthood
Low childhood income is an established risk factor of self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood, and childhood income is additionally associated with various correlates of self-harm. How these correlates, such as psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, violent behaviour and school problems, mediate the effect of childhood income on self-harm, is less understood. The purpose of the current paper is to examine this mediation. The study is based …
Associations of neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration with criminal behavior
The association between neighborhood disadvantage and crime has been extensively studied, but most studies have relied on cross-sectional data and have been unable to separate potential effects of the neighborhood from selection effects. We examined how neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration are associated with criminal behavior while accounting for selection effects due to unobserved time-invariant characteristics of the individual…
Does early drug use‐related police contact predict premature mortality and morbidity
Social correlates of specialized versus versatile offending patterns in intimate partner violence
The purpose of the current study was to examine the tendencies toward specialization and generalist offending among intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders and to assess whether some well-known correlates of criminal offending are differentially associated with various offending patterns. We use large-scale register-based data from Finland including all offenders in police-recorded cases of IPV between 2015 and 2019 (N = 19,030). Two different …
Partner violence surrounding divorce
Objective: This study analyzes the victimization trajectories of partner violence against women surrounding divorce, depending on whether the couple has children together. Background: Prior studies have found that partner violence is associated with an increased risk of divorce. No study has assessed the victimization trajectories surrounding divorce for women with and without children, although women with children may remain at higher risk of vi…
Post-release outcomes of lethal and non-lethal offenders
This study examines post-release outcomes of former prisoners convicted of severe violence. We use random intercept models to compare recidivism and participation in employment or education among Finnish offenders convicted of homicide (n = 509), attempted homicide (n = 800), or aggravated assault (n = 1714). A matching algorithm is used to adjust for observed preexisting differences among the three offender groups. Within 3 years post-release, 5…
Psychology (24 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (21 obras) · Criminology (20 obras) · Demography (16 obras) · Sociology (16 obras) · Medicine (15 obras) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (14 obras) · Political science (11 obras) · Economics (10 obras) · Population (10 obras)