Klas Rönnbäck
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 211537 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Klas Rönnbäck |
| NOMBRES | Klas |
| APELLIDO | Rönnbäck |
| FIRMA | RÖNNBÄCK K |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Gothenburg |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1347-0004 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 51 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 89 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 51 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2009 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Almost perfect inequality
It has been proposed that slave societies were the most unequal societies in recorded human history. What little previous evidence there is shows an ambiguous picture, with levels of wealth inequality not necessarily higher than in non-slave societies. Our study contributes to the literature by studying wealth distribution and by estimating the first long-run wealth inequality levels for the Caribbean region, focussing upon the island of St. Croi…
Benefitting from brutality? Profits of north‐western Europe's slave trade at the eve of the industrial revolution
One of the most contentious issues in the study of the Atlantic slave trade is the profitability of the trade. In this paper, we contribute by pooling all available data on transatlantic slave ship voyage accounts into a joint dataset. This dataset includes data from a period of 100 years (1730–1830) and from five nations (Denmark, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Spain). It permits calculation of the trade's profitability (total net r…
Unsettling the Slave Master
Previous research has characterized those resisting slavery as quite atypical of the enslaved population: most of them being young, male, and engaged in particular occupations. In this article, we study transgressive behavior among an enslaved population quantitatively. We employ a unique census from the Caribbean island of St. Croix in 1846, which allows us to study not only the characteristics of those that transgressed the masters’ order in so…
Regulatory capture in the British Empire
We study the redefinition of property rights under colonial rule with a focus on state and business relations.We study the case of the British South Africa Company (BSAC) and how it was able to legitimise its claims to land and minerals in two non-settler colonies in Africa: Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland.The study shows that the BSAC was able to wield considerable influence over these political processes.The British government thereby came to f…
The failed promise of freedom-Emancipation and wealth inequality in the Caribbean
Was there any redistribution of resources in the Caribbean societies after emancipation from slavery? What were formerly enslaved persons' prospects to improve their socio-economic status like after emancipation? To shed some light on these questions, this paper provides unique empirical evidence on patterns of wealth inequality before and after emancipation for the island of St. Croix, a typical slavery-based sugar island in the Caribbean. Our f…
Free or Enslaved Labor
Slavery was a dominant institution in labor markets for thousands of years. While nowadays illegal around the world, modern slavery still exists in various forms. This paper is an attempt to understand why slavery has been such a persistent institution. The model outlined is based on the theory of reservation wages, and proposes that slavery is an institution resorted to in contexts where the reservation wages for engaging free workers are high. …
Reconstructing a slave society
In this article, we discuss the sources employed and the methodological choices that entailed assembling a novel, individual-level, large panel dataset containing an incredible wealth of data for an entire population in the Caribbean over a long time span: the DWI panel. The panel contains over 1.4 million observations spanning 154 years, well over 100 variables, and its records are linked across sources along demographic and geographic lines thr…
Elite persistence and inequality in the Danish West Indies, 1760–1914
The issue of how elites as a social group form, maintain their position, and influence the society they control is central to the debate on inequality. This paper studies one of the most extremely unequal societies ever recorded — the sugar-based economies in the West Indies — by focusing on the island of St. Croix in the Danish West Indies and examines the emergence and persistence of its economic elite. The study relies on a novel dataset that …
Revisiting the Profitability of Slavery
This article revisits the scholarly debate on the profitability of historical slavery. The article examines the case of the antebellum US South, using slave hire rates as a proxy for the net rent on investments in slavery. It employs empirical data and a more advanced methodological approach to the issue than in previous research. The results suggest that the profitability of slavery was much higher than what most previous research has shown, aro…
A colonial cash cow
Historical rates of return on investments have received increasing scholarly attention in recent years. Much literature has focused especially on colonies, where institutions have been argued to facilitate severe exploitation. In the present study, we examine the return on investments in an Asian colony, British Malaya, from 1889 to 1969 for a large sample of companies. Our results suggest that the return on investments in Malaya might have been …
Swedish East India trade in a value-added analysis, c. 1730–1800
The narrative of the Swedish East India Company (SEIC) is a well-known part of Sweden’s eighteenth century history. The company is known as a profitable venture, the only successful chartered company in Sweden, but with a limited impact upon the country’s economic development. In this paper, we employ a value-chain analysis to estimate the Swedish East India trade’s magnitude in terms of value-added. The results show that the success of the compa…
Economic inequality in Latin America and Africa, 1650 to 1950
The present article provides a comparative review of historical economic inequality in the two most unequal regions of the world, namely Latin America and Africa. This contribution examines novel studies that provide quantitative estimates of income and/or wealth inequality in the two continents in terms of sources, methods, results and interpretations, focusing on the period 1650 to 1950. The article shows that although scholars in the two regio…
From Defensive to Transformative Business Diplomacy
Chartered companies were important tools of European colonialism, but also institutions with a political agenda of their own. In this study, we focus upon one key chartered company, the British South Africa Company, in particular the ending of its charter in 1923/24, in order to study the business diplomacy strategies employed by the company. We show how the company during the period under study moved from a reactive and defensive diplomacy strat…
Cotton cultivation under colonial rule in India in the nineteenth century from a comparative perspective
India has played an important role in recent debates on the development of agriculture during colonial rule, and on the performance of US cotton plantations during the nineteenth century. The debates suffer from a lack of quantitative evidence on the productivity of Indian cotton cultivation. In this article, we examine levels of land and labour productivity in cotton cultivation in nineteenth-century India, and compare this data with correspondi…
Governance, value-added and rents in plantation slavery-based value-chains
This article studies how the governance of a colonial value-chain impacted upon the value-added created. The article focuses on the value-chain of colonial sugar produced in the slave plantation complex in the Americas. Previous research has suggested that British planters in the Caribbean were able to reap high profits because of a protected market for sugar in Britain. In this paper, it is argued that it was mainly British refiners that were ab…
Were slaves cheap laborers? A comparative study of labor costs in the antebellum U.S. South
What was the rationale of exploiting slave laborers instead of employing non-slave laborers? The question has given rise to a long-standing debate among historians. One key controversy in this debate is whether it was economically cheaper to obtain labor from slaves than from non-slaves. This article contributes with the first quantitative estimates comparing the cost of slave and non-slave labor, empirically studying the critical case of the ant…
The Economic History of Colonialism by Leigh Gardner and Tirthankar Roy
Reviewed by: The Economic History of Colonialism by Leigh Gardner and Tirthankar Roy Klas Rönnbäck The Economic History of Colonialism By Leigh Gardner and Tirthankar Roy. Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2020. The economic aspects of (European) colonialism have been under debate for a long time. In this book, economic historians Leigh Gardner and Tirthankar Roy attempt to review key literature in this field. Thematically, the book covers a num…
Land distribution and inequality in a black settler colony
Land distribution is considered to be one of the main contributors to inequality in pre-industrial societies. This article contributes to the debate on the origins of economic inequality in pre-industrial African societies by studying land inequality at a particularly early stage of African economic history. The research examines land distribution and inequality in land ownership among settlers in the Colony of Sierra Leone for three benchmark ye…
The Built Environment of the Precolonial West African Coast
This article studies the built environment along the West African coast as described in European historical sources from the fifteenth to the early nineteenth century. Many early modern European observers believed housing standards in West Africa remained poor over this long period, and attributed this to a lack of development. The evidence presented in this article suggests that most European observers missed several key functions of traditional…
The Crumble in the Jungle
In this article, we study the role that media plays during a speculative bubble on an emerging market, and in particular the London financial press’s relation to the West African mining bubble of the early twentieth century. The focus is on the leading company in this sector at the time, Ashanti Goldfields Corporation. The London financial press lacked access to independent, reliable information on the ground, so it often failed to provide reader…
The business of barter on the pre-colonial Gold Coast
Trade on the Gold Coast in the eighteenth century was dominated by non-monetized barter trade. In this paper, a large dataset of barter transactions are used to study the social embeddedness of the trade. The data shows that prestige goods such as alcohol to a disproportionate degree were exchanged for other prestige goods such as gold. Guns – but also cheaper types of textiles – were to a disproportionate degree exchanged for slaves in particula…
West Africa
Conclusions
Mortality among European settlers in pre-colonial West Africa
We have created the first longitudinal dataset following European employees of the English Royal African Company during their time in West Africa, 1683–1766. The mortality was catastrophically high with limited geographical differences. Tropical diseases and epidemics thereof, contributed to the high mortality and strong variations over time. The risk was highest for the men who had just arrived from Europe but remained high also after they had s…
The poverty of slavery – how unfree labor pollutes the economy
The poverty of slavery – how unfree labor pollutes the economy." Slavery & Abolition, 40(4), pp. 776–777
Copper sheathing and the British slave trade
British slave traders were early and rapid adopters of the new technique of sheathing ships' hulls with copper. From the 1780s this innovation increased sailing speeds of British slave ships by about a sixth, prolonged the ships' lives by at least a half, and reduced the death rates of slaves on the middle passage by about half. It was, above all, the fall in death rates, and possibly the improved condition of surviving slaves, that made the inve…
Economic inequality in Latin America and Africa, 1650 to 1950
The present article provides a comparative review of historical economic inequality in the two most unequal regions of the world, namely Latin America and Africa. This contribution examines novel studies that provide quantitative estimates of income and/or wealth inequality in the two continents in terms of sources, methods, results and interpretations, focusing on the period 1650 to 1950. The article shows that although scholars in the two regio…
From Defensive to Transformative Business Diplomacy
Chartered companies were important tools of European colonialism, but also institutions with a political agenda of their own. In this study, we focus upon one key chartered company, the British South Africa Company, in particular the ending of its charter in 1923/24, in order to study the business diplomacy strategies employed by the company. We show how the company during the period under study moved from a reactive and defensive diplomacy strat…
The Idle and the Industrious – European Ideas about the African Work Ethic in Precolonial West Africa
There is a growing interest in the historical attitudes to work globally. This paper studies the stereotype of the “lazy African” in European travel accounts from precolonial West Africa. This was one of the central aspects in the European construction of an African “other” during this period, and came to be used as a justification for much European oppression in Africa in both precolonial and colonial times. It is argued in the paper that the st…
Climate, conflicts, and variations in prices on pre‐colonial W est A frican markets for staple crops
Very little is known about the dynamics of pre‐colonial markets in A frica. This article presents a new set of data series on the pre‐colonial price of staple crops on the G old C oast. Six hypotheses for the behaviour of market prices, found in the previous literature, are tested in this article. The results show conclusively that market prices did respond to shifts in demand and supply, for example, from climate‐induced scarcity, or to external…
Enlightenment, Scientific Exploration and Abolitionism
By the late eighteenth century, leading British abolitionists credited two Swedish scholars - Anders Sparrman and Carl Bernhard Wadström - with important contributions to the breakthrough of the British abolitionist movement. After witnessing the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade during a journey to Senegal, both scholars came to be explicit critics of this trade. In this article, I argue that the two Swedes contributed to the abolitionist…
Working in the ‘White Man’s Grave’
This article examines the economic incentives for Europeans to migrate to the so-called ‘white man’s grave’ of West Africa. Ignorance and coercion have been proposed as explanations for migration to high mortality areas. We use data on the Royal African Company and their European employees on the Gold Coast during the period 1707–1740. We found that the employees received a premium above the wage they would have received in England. Economic reas…
An Early Modern Consumer Revolution in the Baltic
The European consumer revolution has gained increasing attention in recent years. This paper goes beyond the previous scholarly focus upon western Europe in general, and Britain in particular, by studying the consumer revolution in the Baltic region in general, and Denmark and Sweden in particular. Previous research has underestimated the quantities of 'new luxuries' imported into the Baltic region. Disaggregating the region, the empirical eviden…
The failed promise of freedom-Emancipation and wealth inequality in the Caribbean
Was there any redistribution of resources in the Caribbean societies after emancipation from slavery? What were formerly enslaved persons' prospects to improve their socio-economic status like after emancipation? To shed some light on these questions, this paper provides unique empirical evidence on patterns of wealth inequality before and after emancipation for the island of St. Croix, a typical slavery-based sugar island in the Caribbean. Our f…
Land distribution and inequality in a black settler colony
Land distribution is considered to be one of the main contributors to inequality in pre-industrial societies. This article contributes to the debate on the origins of economic inequality in pre-industrial African societies by studying land inequality at a particularly early stage of African economic history. The research examines land distribution and inequality in land ownership among settlers in the Colony of Sierra Leone for three benchmark ye…
On the economic importance of the slave plantation complex to the British economy during the eighteenth century
There has been a long-standing debate on the global importance of the African external slave trades. While many scholars believe these to have been detrimental to African development, they were clearly a determining factor in the development of the Americas. What role they played for the European colonial powers is, however, hotly debated. This article contributes to the debate by estimating value added in the Triangular Trade and the American pl…
Labour and Living Standards in Pre-Colonial West Africa
1. Introduction : theory and method -- 2. Previous research : the Gold Coast in African economic history -- 3. Sources and source criticism -- 4. Work ethic and the division of labour -- 5. Work and wages at the cape coast castle -- 6. Domestic markets for goods -- 7. Housing and material wealth -- 8. Living standards in a comparative perspective -- 9. Concluding discussion
The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Social Stratification on the Gold Coast
The paper is concerned with the impact of the transatlantic slave trade on African economies. It focuses upon the case of the Gold Coast, studying quantitatively the impact on the social stratification of Gold Coast societies. The paper argues that the demand for provisions from the external slave trade was too small to have any substantial direct positive linkage effects for the development of commercial agriculture in the rural part of the Gold…
Waged Slavery – Incentivizing Unfree Labour at Cape Coast Castle in the Eighteenth Century
This article studies the payment of wages to castle slaves at Cape Coast Castle (in current-day Ghana) in the eighteenth century. A quantitative estimate shows that the wages paid to these slaves were considerably higher than subsistence costs. A large sample of wage payments is also used in order to analyse statistically the existing wage differentials among the slaves. The results indicate that a complex wage structure had been developed in ord…
The Men Seldom Suffer a Woman to Sit Down
This article studies the historical development of the racist stereotype of the 'lazy African' in the early modern period, specifically looking at how Europeans explained the stereotype. Previous research has argued that the stereotype can be explained either by its function as way of justifying labour coercion such as slavery, or as a consequence of an idea of a 'tropical exuberance' in West Africa. In this article, it is argued that previous re…
The poverty of slavery – how unfree labor pollutes the economy
The poverty of slavery – how unfree labor pollutes the economy." Slavery & Abolition, 40(4), pp. 776–777
Were slaves cheap laborers? A comparative study of labor costs in the antebellum U.S. South
What was the rationale of exploiting slave laborers instead of employing non-slave laborers? The question has given rise to a long-standing debate among historians. One key controversy in this debate is whether it was economically cheaper to obtain labor from slaves than from non-slaves. This article contributes with the first quantitative estimates comparing the cost of slave and non-slave labor, empirically studying the critical case of the ant…
Scandinavia in the Atlantic World
The Scandinavian countries established overseas settlements in Africa and the Americas, starting in the 17th century. In Africa, trading stations were initially established with the consent of local rulers. The Danish trading stations on the Gold Coast developed in time into a more formal colony. In the Americas, Scandinavian settlements were of various natures, including the short-lived settlement colony of New Sweden and slavery-based plantatio…
New and old peripheries
In his seminal book The Great Divergence , Kenneth Pomeranz has argued that access to inputs from the vast acreages available in the Americas was crucial for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. But could no other regions of the world have provided the inputs in demand? Recent research claims that this could have been the case. This article takes that research one step further by studying Britain’s trade with an old and important peripheral trad…
Free or Enslaved Labor
Slavery was a dominant institution in labor markets for thousands of years. While nowadays illegal around the world, modern slavery still exists in various forms. This paper is an attempt to understand why slavery has been such a persistent institution. The model outlined is based on the theory of reservation wages, and proposes that slavery is an institution resorted to in contexts where the reservation wages for engaging free workers are high. …
Cotton cultivation under colonial rule in India in the nineteenth century from a comparative perspective
India has played an important role in recent debates on the development of agriculture during colonial rule, and on the performance of US cotton plantations during the nineteenth century. The debates suffer from a lack of quantitative evidence on the productivity of Indian cotton cultivation. In this article, we examine levels of land and labour productivity in cotton cultivation in nineteenth-century India, and compare this data with correspondi…
The Crumble in the Jungle
In this article, we study the role that media plays during a speculative bubble on an emerging market, and in particular the London financial press’s relation to the West African mining bubble of the early twentieth century. The focus is on the leading company in this sector at the time, Ashanti Goldfields Corporation. The London financial press lacked access to independent, reliable information on the ground, so it often failed to provide reader…
The business of barter on the pre-colonial Gold Coast
Trade on the Gold Coast in the eighteenth century was dominated by non-monetized barter trade. In this paper, a large dataset of barter transactions are used to study the social embeddedness of the trade. The data shows that prestige goods such as alcohol to a disproportionate degree were exchanged for other prestige goods such as gold. Guns – but also cheaper types of textiles – were to a disproportionate degree exchanged for slaves in particula…
African agricultural productivity and the transatlantic slave trade
Agriculture has played a central role in Africa's long-term economic development. Previous research has argued that the low productivity of African economies has posed significant challenges to African efforts to produce an agricultural surplus or to develop commercial agriculture. Low agricultural productivity has also served as a key explanation for the transatlantic slave trade, on the basis that it was more profitable to export humans oversea…
Transaction costs of early modern multinational enterprise
There is extensive previous research on the early modern chartered multinational corporations, their development and how they dealt with the various challenges they faced. This article attempts to contribute to this field of research by estimating quantitatively the information lag in early modern multinational enterprise, studying the case of the British Royal African Company and its successor the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa. The resu…
Who Stood to Gain from Colonialism? A Case Study of Early Modern European Colonialism in the Caribbean
Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx considered British colonies to be a net burden on British society. Ever since the issue has been a controversial one and has received a great deal of attention from scholars, not least thanks to the publication of Eric Williams's book “Capitalism and Slavery”. To a large extent the debate has been concerned with the issue of whether the profits from colonialism were large enough to have a decisive effect upon, or at …
Balancing the Baltic trade
This article attempts to look at the connection between the Atlantic and the Baltic economies during the transition from early modern to the modern era. Previous research has seriously underestimated the importance of colonial commodities traded on the Baltic during this period. Colonial commodities, particularly from the American plantation complex, became ever more important for the Western European balance of payments on the Baltic. Already by…
New and old peripheries
In his seminal book The Great Divergence , Kenneth Pomeranz has argued that access to inputs from the vast acreages available in the Americas was crucial for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. But could no other regions of the world have provided the inputs in demand? Recent research claims that this could have been the case. This article takes that research one step further by studying Britain’s trade with an old and important peripheral trad…
An Early Modern Consumer Revolution in the Baltic
The European consumer revolution has gained increasing attention in recent years. This paper goes beyond the previous scholarly focus upon western Europe in general, and Britain in particular, by studying the consumer revolution in the Baltic region in general, and Denmark and Sweden in particular. Previous research has underestimated the quantities of 'new luxuries' imported into the Baltic region. Disaggregating the region, the empirical eviden…
The Sound Toll Chamber Commodity Records
Enlightenment, Scientific Exploration and Abolitionism
By the late eighteenth century, leading British abolitionists credited two Swedish scholars - Anders Sparrman and Carl Bernhard Wadström - with important contributions to the breakthrough of the British abolitionist movement. After witnessing the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade during a journey to Senegal, both scholars came to be explicit critics of this trade. In this article, I argue that the two Swedes contributed to the abolitionist…
Sweet Business
There has been a lot of research into the economic contribution of the periphery to European economic development during the early modern era. This paper estimates quantitatively the value added in the sugar trade from the Caribbean to Britain in the 18 th century. The trade generated a value equivalent to around 1 per cent of British gross domestic product (GDP) by the early 18 th century, growing to 4 per cent of GDP a century later. The result…
The Idle and the Industrious – European Ideas about the African Work Ethic in Precolonial West Africa
There is a growing interest in the historical attitudes to work globally. This paper studies the stereotype of the “lazy African” in European travel accounts from precolonial West Africa. This was one of the central aspects in the European construction of an African “other” during this period, and came to be used as a justification for much European oppression in Africa in both precolonial and colonial times. It is argued in the paper that the st…
Climate, conflicts, and variations in prices on pre‐colonial W est A frican markets for staple crops
Very little is known about the dynamics of pre‐colonial markets in A frica. This article presents a new set of data series on the pre‐colonial price of staple crops on the G old C oast. Six hypotheses for the behaviour of market prices, found in the previous literature, are tested in this article. The results show conclusively that market prices did respond to shifts in demand and supply, for example, from climate‐induced scarcity, or to external…
The Men Seldom Suffer a Woman to Sit Down
This article studies the historical development of the racist stereotype of the 'lazy African' in the early modern period, specifically looking at how Europeans explained the stereotype. Previous research has argued that the stereotype can be explained either by its function as way of justifying labour coercion such as slavery, or as a consequence of an idea of a 'tropical exuberance' in West Africa. In this article, it is argued that previous re…
Labour and Living Standards in Pre-Colonial West Africa
1. Introduction : theory and method -- 2. Previous research : the Gold Coast in African economic history -- 3. Sources and source criticism -- 4. Work ethic and the division of labour -- 5. Work and wages at the cape coast castle -- 6. Domestic markets for goods -- 7. Housing and material wealth -- 8. Living standards in a comparative perspective -- 9. Concluding discussion
The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Social Stratification on the Gold Coast
The paper is concerned with the impact of the transatlantic slave trade on African economies. It focuses upon the case of the Gold Coast, studying quantitatively the impact on the social stratification of Gold Coast societies. The paper argues that the demand for provisions from the external slave trade was too small to have any substantial direct positive linkage effects for the development of commercial agriculture in the rural part of the Gold…
Waged Slavery – Incentivizing Unfree Labour at Cape Coast Castle in the Eighteenth Century
This article studies the payment of wages to castle slaves at Cape Coast Castle (in current-day Ghana) in the eighteenth century. A quantitative estimate shows that the wages paid to these slaves were considerably higher than subsistence costs. A large sample of wage payments is also used in order to analyse statistically the existing wage differentials among the slaves. The results indicate that a complex wage structure had been developed in ord…
Copper sheathing and the British slave trade
British slave traders were early and rapid adopters of the new technique of sheathing ships' hulls with copper. From the 1780s this innovation increased sailing speeds of British slave ships by about a sixth, prolonged the ships' lives by at least a half, and reduced the death rates of slaves on the middle passage by about half. It was, above all, the fall in death rates, and possibly the improved condition of surviving slaves, that made the inve…
Historicizing the environmental Kuznets Curve
Transaction costs of early modern multinational enterprise
There is extensive previous research on the early modern chartered multinational corporations, their development and how they dealt with the various challenges they faced. This article attempts to contribute to this field of research by estimating quantitatively the information lag in early modern multinational enterprise, studying the case of the British Royal African Company and its successor the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa. The resu…
The Sink as a Source
The paper studies the case of water pollution in Sweden, and how the city of Gothenburg had to struggle with this issue in order to secure a source of fresh water to satisfy its demand for drinking water. It is argued in the paper that the city employed a wide variety of strategies, ranging from water treatment to acquiring property rights over the watershed that provides its water. Most importantly, the city was interested in reducing the levels…
The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa
This article studies the issue of inflation in precolonial West Africa. In a recent publication, it was argued that there was substantial inflation in West Africa as early as the seventeenth century. In this article, data from the Gold Coast is reported, in order to show that the prices of slaves, used in recent previous research to analyze inflation, is a poor proxy for the prices of other traded commodities. Contrasting the case of the Gold Coa…
On the economic importance of the slave plantation complex to the British economy during the eighteenth century
There has been a long-standing debate on the global importance of the African external slave trades. While many scholars believe these to have been detrimental to African development, they were clearly a determining factor in the development of the Americas. What role they played for the European colonial powers is, however, hotly debated. This article contributes to the debate by estimating value added in the Triangular Trade and the American pl…
Scandinavia in the Atlantic World
The Scandinavian countries established overseas settlements in Africa and the Americas, starting in the 17th century. In Africa, trading stations were initially established with the consent of local rulers. The Danish trading stations on the Gold Coast developed in time into a more formal colony. In the Americas, Scandinavian settlements were of various natures, including the short-lived settlement colony of New Sweden and slavery-based plantatio…
Johan Heinsen, Mutiny in the Danish Atlantic World
West Africa
Conclusions
Historical Context
North Africa
Economics (40 obras) · Political science (31 obras) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (27 obras) · Colonialism, slavery, and trade (26 obras) · Geography (23 obras) · Archaeology (22 obras) · History (22 obras) · Law (21 obras) · Economy (20 obras) · Colonialism (18 obras)