Jurian Edelenbos
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 2116922 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Jurian Edelenbos |
| NOMBRES | Jurian |
| APELLIDO | Edelenbos |
| FIRMA | EDELENBOS J |
| AFILIACIONES | Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8070-4547 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 70 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 721 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 68 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 3 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2001 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 14 |
Placemaking as affective practice
This study investigates how affect takes shape in placemaking, and which underlying drivers influence the creation or consolidation of a connective sense of place. Drawing on 30 interviews with placemakers, residents, and municipal actors in Rotterdam, Zoetermeer, and Vlaardingen, the research uses narrative walks to explore affective experiences in three urban placemaking projects. Walking interviews proved particularly effective in revealing ho…
Evaluating inclusive policy
This research critically examines how inclusive policies are evaluated and to what extent these evaluations support goals of inclusion. Using a comparative case study of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Gothenburg, the study explores evaluation practices across three dimensions of policy success: process, programmatic and political success. It compares nine inclusive city initiatives based on 22 policy documents, 9 municipal website news, 17 open-ended int…
City-to-city learning on climate change policy
Cities and their representatives around the world are sharing and seeking policy information to address climate change. This study enhances the understanding of city-to-city learning by examining how knowledge related to climate change policy is acquired and applied. While city representatives often develop new understanding about climate change policies (individual learning), they utilize this new knowledge less frequently in organizational prac…
Between branding and being
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between being an inclusive city and branding oneself as such, as more cities adopt the inclusive city concept as part of their brand identity. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds theory by introducing a typology that categorizes cities based on their level of inclusion and degree of branding, supplemented by an analysis of the branding practices and identities. Integra…
Civil servant’s responsivity to community-based initiatives—how enabling factors predominated the disabling
In today’s public service provision, the collaboration between governments and citizens through community-based initiatives (CBIs) is increasingly common. When communities increasingly initiate public matters themselves, they expect that their efforts are taken seriously, and that the government is responsive to their initiatives. While scholars as well as practitioners increasingly promote a responsive government, little is known about the actua…
Boundary-Spanning Front-Line Workers Going the Extra Mile
While government support can foster community-based initiatives’ (CBIs’) performance, it may also lead to more experienced red tape. This article goes deeper into the role of boundary-spanning front-line workers in mobilizing support and reducing red tape for CBIs. Based on survey research among CBI participants from six Western countries (N = 2331), the results indicate that boundary-spanning front-line workers facilitate CBIs by increasing gove…
Local leadership «beyond city hall»
This article looks at the public communication of mayors and their leadership styles beyond city hall. The research takes the public communication of Ahmed Aboutaleb, mayor of Rotterdam, as a qualitative case study, looking at the narratives, roles, and rhetoric over his 12 years in office. Aboutaleb’s public communication on migrant integration, radicalization, and terrorism takes a strong visionary approach that deviates from the non-political …
Balancing urban conservation and (re)development
Urban conservation and (re)development can be conflicting or balanced.Governments' dual role in conserving cultural heritage and promoting development makes balancing the urban conservation -(re)development relationship a dynamic process.After coding the policy documents issued by China's governments from 1906 to 2023 with the conceptual framework of layering, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) core policies promote the development of the p…
Spatial Planning Reform in China
Compared to many other countries, China has a very complicated spatial planning system. This is mainly reflected in the multi-horizontal and multi-vertical structure. Vertically, it comprises five administrative levels: national, provincial, prefecture, county, and township. Horizontally, it encompasses four or more distinct major plans found at each level. Administrative processes and procedures frequently cut-through horizontal and vertical bou…
Facilitators and barriers to planning integration
Integration in spatial planning remains a persistent challenge, especially amid growing environmental and societal complexities that demand coordinated solutions. While much research highlights facilitating factors for integration, less attention has been given to barriers that hinder cohesive planning, particularly within centralized governance contexts. This paper addresses this gap by investigating how Multi-Plan Integration (MPI) operates in …
Multilevel governance in times of Covid-19 pandemic. Patterns of legitimacy and governance capacity
What to do with the outputs from public participation? Conceptualising and explaining responsiveness of civil servants
Contains fulltext : 320247.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access
Collaboration in action
In this article, we investigate stakeholders’ micro-level relational dynamics and their connection to issue frame convergence in collaborative governance. We longitudinally studied the collaborative network around area regeneration in an urban area in the Netherlands. Three different relational dynamics emerged over time: an adversarial, a transactional and a care-based dynamic. A care-based dynamic fostered ’deeper level’ issue frame convergence…
Identifying modes of managing urban heritage
This article presents a systematic literature review on urban heritage. It analyses (a) how urban heritage is conceptualized and interpreted in academic research, (b) urban heritage management modes. This literature review interprets urban heritage as a resource, collective memory, and space. It categorizes urban heritage management practice into six management modes according to stakeholders' collaboration levels: community-led, expert-coordinat…
The impact of civil commitment laws for substance use disorder on opioid overdose deaths
We found higher age-adjusted OODR in states with a CC SUD law which could be due to the laws being enacted in response to the opioid crisis or physicians' opposition to or unawareness of the law's existence leading to underutilization. Recent enactment of CC SUD law(s), a lack of a central database for recording relapse rates, and disparities in opioid overdose rate reductions uncovers multiple variables potentially influencing OODR. Thus, furthe…
Boosting co-creation of Nature‐based Solutions within Living Labs
Co-creation is at the intersection of Nature-based Solutions and Living Lab concepts, which adopt collaboration and innovation amongst different stakeholders to address complex issues such as climate change. Nature-based Solutions have been increasingly recognized for their potential to address diverse societal challenges in a multifunctional, action-oriented, and contextualized manner. Living Labs have proliferated as a participatory approach fo…
How different can smart cities be? A typology of smart cities in China
China, renowned for being one of the world's largest smart city testing fields, has witnessed the emergence of numerous smart cities. Existing publications highlight the diversity in smart city development, wherein cities with different contexts and institutional factors exhibit distinct characteristics. To delve deeper into this subject, we employed a mixed methods approach to classify 49 Chinese smart cities and subsequently developed a typolog…
The politics of urban flood resilience
Policy-making bodies such as the UNISDR have frequently emphasized the role of community resilience in disaster risk management. However, this community-centered approach to enhancing a city's resilience may overlook other critical variables. Few studies have been conducted on the city's process of building urban resilience, as well as the factors that impede or accelerate the resilience process. This article aims to add to the body of literature…
Urban conservation in multi-level governance
This article explores the governance structure of cultural heritage by analyzing the interactions of government sectors at multiple levels through the lenses of governing instruments. It contributes to the discussions of urban conservation – (re)development balance in China. The main conclusions are the following: (1) resources of information and authority are the most mobilized in the deployment of instruments, and interactions among vertical an…
What is the impact of smart city development? Empirical evidence from a Smart City Impact Index
Smart cities aim to provide benefits such as economic prosperity, environmental sustainability, and high quality of life to their citizens. However, we do not have a comprehensive understanding of how and to what extent these benefits are realized. This paper aims to find empirical evidence of both positive and negative results of smart city development. Smart City Impact Index is developed with indicators in four pillars of sustainability (econo…
Will the true inclusive city rise? Mapping the strengths and weaknesses of the city ranking systems
Ranking cities is considered an effective instrument to rate and qualify the specific image of cities and encourage them to define and improve sustainable development strategies, but it has also been criticized for generating biased outcomes. Recently, the number of rankings for inclusive cities is rising, in fact along with growing investments in inclusive city projects and initiatives. The inclusive city rankings have both the strength to enhan…
Reclaiming the city from an urban vitalism perspective
This article analyses four of the most prominent city discourses and introduces the lens of urban vitalism as an overarching interdisciplinary concept of cities as places of transformation and change. We demonstrate the value of using urban vitalism as a lens to conceptualize and critically discuss different notions on smart, inclusive, resilient and sustainable just cities. Urban vitalism offers a process-based lens which enables us to understan…
The explanatory power of the landscape perspective on inter-organizational collaboration
Collaboration between organizations is generally seen as a pre-requisite for dealing with complex problems, but such efforts appear to be inherently difficult and often disappoint expectations regarding their problem-solving capacity. In this article we add to the existing literature by taking a systemic, landscape perspective on collaborative success and failure. Using a case study of urban regeneration in the Dutch Randstad conurbation, we show…
Sustainable Infrastructure
In recent years, the concept of sustainable infrastructure has become a key concern for infrastructure development. However, there has been little comprehensive research on the enabling factors for sustainable infrastructure development. To address these knowledge gaps, this research conducted a systematic literature review of the enabling factors, with a specific focus on finance and governance, to provide new insights for development practition…
Legitimate public participation
Governments seem to be trapped in a legitimacy paradox. While politicians and public managers, especially on the local level, increasingly initiate public participation to enhance the legitimacy of public decisions, the actual impact of citizens' input on political decision‐making is often low, contributing to a loss of legitimacy. To solve this paradox, this article unravels the views of local politicians in the Netherlands on the democratic leg…
The Impact of Network Management on Outcomes in Governance Networks
There is a large amount of literature and research on network management strategies. However, only a limited portion of this literature examines the relationship between network management strategies and outcomes (for an exception, see Meier and O’Toole 2001). Most of the research focuses on managerial activity or networking rather than on the question of which types of strategies matter the most for outcomes of complex processes in networks. Thi…
Managing Stakeholder Involvement in Decision Making
Initiatives to encourage and stimulate the involvement of citizens but also various societal organisations in decision-making can be seen in a wide variety of European countries. Citizens panels, citizens charters, new forms of participation and other forms are being used to increase the influence of citizens on decision making and to improve the relation between citizens and elected politicians. \nIn the Netherlands a lot of local governments ha…
Co-producing knowledge
Institutional Implications of Interactive Governance
Nowadays all kinds of processes of citizen involvement can be observed in practice. We label them as interactive governance in this article. Interactive governance brings with it new proto-institutions that can conflict with existing institutions of decision making. We analyze these institutional tensions in several Dutch local governments through comparative research. Our main conclusion is that there is a "missing institutional link" between th…
Trust in Governance Networks
Governance networks are characterized by complex interaction and decision making, and much uncertainty. Surprisingly, there is very little research on the impact of trust in achieving results in governance networks. This article asks two questions: (a) Does trust influence the outcomes of environmental projects? and (b) Does active network management improve the level of trust in networks? The study is based on a Web-based survey of respondents i…
Public Private Partnerships
The central idea of public private partnerships (PPPs) is that added value can be achieved from greater co‐operation between public and private actors. In general, the literature speaks of PPPs in which public and private actors develop a more or less sustainable co‐operation through which they realize products, services, or policies together, share risks, and develop an organizational form to arrange this. The assumption is that a higher degree …
Trust in Complex Decision-Making Networks
This article explores some theoretical notions of trust in complex interorganizational networks, especially public-private partnerships. The article begins with a theoretical exploration of the value of trust in complex interorganizational processes. Next, the role of trust in a public-private partnership “Sijtwende” is analyzed. The authors analyze the cooperation process and the organizational arrangements that have been used, as well as the ou…
The effects of boundary spanners on trust and performance of urban governance networks
The Evolution of Community Self-Organization in Interaction With Government Institutions
This article deals with the evolution of community self-organization in public administration. Within the literature of interactive governance, increasing attention is being paid to how communities take initiative in dealing with societal issues. However, we know little about the factors contributing to the durability of self-organization. We analyzed three cases of community self-organization in three different countries: the United Kingdom, the…
Boundary Spanners in Public Management and Governance
Boundary spanning behavior is important for both public, non-profit and private organizations to 'survive': to stay relevant in relation to the environment, to innovate, to improve performance and to collaborate in an effective manner, especially in multi-organizational settings. Providing an assessment of factors influencing the work and effectiveness of boundary spanners, and discussing the impact of boundary spanners on different types of outc…
Citizens in Action, What Do They Accomplish? A Systematic Literature Review of Citizen Initiatives, Their Main Characteristics, Outcomes, and Factors
There are high political and policy expectations of local and voluntary initiatives of citizens collaborating to provide public services themselves. Despite rising attention, existing research lacks systematic knowledge on the actual outcomes of citizen initiatives and on stimulating or hampering factors. Therefore, we present a systematic literature review using the PRISMA approach on citizen initiatives and related terms. The studies show citiz…
Identifying the results of smart city development
Political boundary spanning
Research finds that productive interfaces between collaborative and bureaucratic forms of governance hinges on the extent to which public managers act as competent boundary spanners who process information, accommodate communication and align and coordinate behavior, and it seems likely that politicians have an equally important role to play in aligning processes and arenas of collaborative governance with representative democracy. The empirical …
The emergence of Urban Community Resilience Initiatives During the Covid-19 Pandemic
All over the world, urban communities take initiative in order to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study conducts a literature review and an international exploratory study in order to identify pathways within which Community Resilience Initiatives (CRIs) emerge within different governance contexts. The CRIs target vulnerable communities, which are hard to reach. Our study results identify four pathways: (1) informal bottom-up community init…
Organizing interfaces between government institutions and interactive governance
Initiatives to encourage the involvement of citizens and NGOs in decision-making can be seen in a wide variety of countries. Interactive policy-making, citizen panels, citizen charters, new forms of participation and other forms are being used to increase the influence of citizens on decision-making. An important issue in scientific debate is the relationship between citizen participation and existing democratic institutions. The main question fo…
Power and Interactive Policy-Making
A number of countries use forms of interactive policy-making to increase the influence of citizens on decision making. Since there has also been an increase in citizen participation in The Netherlands over the last decade, in this paper, we provide a comparative analysis of 8 interactive projects initiated by the Dutch central government. The central aim of the paper is to understand processes of power in interactive policy-making. We do so by ra…
Evaluation in Multi-Actor Policy Processes
Two main functions of evaluation are enabling accountability and collective learning. Both of these – and their combination – run into diverse complications when applied in complex multi-actor policy processes. The article explores these complications and illustrates them with examples from the field of spatial policy. In doing so, a third function of evaluation in such contexts is identified, viz. evaluation as an instrument of co-operation. Nex…
The Institutional Embedding of Interactive Policy Making
In this article, the authors address citizen involvement at the central government level in the Netherlands. Through comparative research in which they systematically analyze eight interactive projects in three governmental departments, the authors especially pay attention to the relation between the informal character of interactive policy making and formal democratic decision-making procedures. They call this the “institutional embedding of int…
Interactive Policy Development
The question can be raised whether the principal effect of interactive policy development is to shore up a (creaking) democratic system or to destabilize its very foundations. In this article, a framework is presented for assessing the democratic credentials of interactive policy development. It is based on four views on how a democracy should work: instrumental or substantial democracy and direct or indirect democracy. Critics and advocates diff…
Facing management choices
This article looks at how managers in large infrastructure projects in The Netherlands deal with difficult choices, which are labelled dilemmas in this article, in their managerial activities. It presents the results of a survey of 32 managers in 18 complex decision-making projects in which public—private partnerships (PPPs) play an important role. The managers were presented with a number of choices and asked to rate the amount of attention they…
The Influence of Democratic Legitimacy on Outcomes in Governance Networks
Drawing on different theories of democracy, this article distinguishes three dimensions of democratic legitimacy: political accountability, voice, and due deliberation. The article operationalizes each form of democratic legitimacy and then looks at how these various forms influence the outcomes in governance networks. The authors test this with a survey conducted in the first half of 2010 among respondents in environmental projects/water managem…
What Makes Governance Networks Work? A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 14 Dutch Spatial Planning Projects
Many studies have been conducted to determine the conditions that contribute to the satisfactory outcome of decision‐making processes in governance networks. In this article, we explore how the interaction of three such conditions – network complexity, network management, and stakeholder involvement – results in stakeholder satisfaction. We use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis – a relatively new approach in public administration researc…
Towards a perspective of system synchronization in water governance
In this manuscript we conclude the special issue on Water Governance. We look back on the different contributions and discuss different interesting insights from the three contributions focusing on Wisconsin, California and Southern Ecuador. We place these insights into a new perspective on integration, i.e. system synchronization, which the authors consider to be an option for integration in complex governance systems, where nobody is in charge.…
Does Democratic Anchorage Matter
Does democracy matter? This is an intriguing question. Not only as a normative question, democracy is a value in itself that can be cherished for that reason alone but also as a question of its impact on the outcomes of governance processes. In this article, the authors look at the question of to what degree citizens and politicians are involved in governance processes around environmental projects and what the effect is of these forms of democra…
Connective capacity in water governance practices
Into the fog? Stakeholder input in participatory impact assessment
A new development in the more formal and the informal procedures for assessment and project appraisal in the West is the renewed attention paid to citizen participation. The bottleneck in many of these participatory processes is the convergence and selection of the variety of stakeholder inputs (that is, values, interests, suggestions, criteria and opinions) that often lead to results not (wholly) recognisable to participants. The production of a…
The Missing Link
This article is a comment on ‘Dialogue as a Democratizing Evaluation Method’ by Katherine Ryan and Lizanne DeStefano. Their insightful paper prompted us to reflect on several difficult issues at the core of the ‘dialogical paradigm’ of evaluation. Our reflections focus on four issues: (1) dialogue as a democratizing process, (2) representativeness and participation, (3) the missing link between variation and selection in dialogical evaluation, an…
Interactive Policy Development
The question can be raised whether the principal effect of interactive policy development is to shore up a (creaking) democratic system or to destabilize its very foundations. In this article, a framework is presented for assessing the democratic credentials of interactive policy development. It is based on four views on how a democracy should work: instrumental or substantial democracy and direct or indirect democracy. Critics and advocates diff…
Institutional Implications of Interactive Governance
Nowadays all kinds of processes of citizen involvement can be observed in practice. We label them as interactive governance in this article. Interactive governance brings with it new proto-institutions that can conflict with existing institutions of decision making. We analyze these institutional tensions in several Dutch local governments through comparative research. Our main conclusion is that there is a "missing institutional link" between th…
Evaluation in Multi-Actor Policy Processes
Two main functions of evaluation are enabling accountability and collective learning. Both of these – and their combination – run into diverse complications when applied in complex multi-actor policy processes. The article explores these complications and illustrates them with examples from the field of spatial policy. In doing so, a third function of evaluation in such contexts is identified, viz. evaluation as an instrument of co-operation. Nex…
Managing Stakeholder Involvement in Decision Making
Initiatives to encourage and stimulate the involvement of citizens but also various societal organisations in decision-making can be seen in a wide variety of European countries. Citizens panels, citizens charters, new forms of participation and other forms are being used to increase the influence of citizens on decision making and to improve the relation between citizens and elected politicians. \nIn the Netherlands a lot of local governments ha…
Trust in Complex Decision-Making Networks
This article explores some theoretical notions of trust in complex interorganizational networks, especially public-private partnerships. The article begins with a theoretical exploration of the value of trust in complex interorganizational processes. Next, the role of trust in a public-private partnership “Sijtwende” is analyzed. The authors analyze the cooperation process and the organizational arrangements that have been used, as well as the ou…
The Institutional Embedding of Interactive Policy Making
In this article, the authors address citizen involvement at the central government level in the Netherlands. Through comparative research in which they systematically analyze eight interactive projects in three governmental departments, the authors especially pay attention to the relation between the informal character of interactive policy making and formal democratic decision-making procedures. They call this the “institutional embedding of int…
Facing management choices
This article looks at how managers in large infrastructure projects in The Netherlands deal with difficult choices, which are labelled dilemmas in this article, in their managerial activities. It presents the results of a survey of 32 managers in 18 complex decision-making projects in which public—private partnerships (PPPs) play an important role. The managers were presented with a number of choices and asked to rate the amount of attention they…
Branding in urban regeneration
Branding is becoming a popular instrument in urban regeneration. This paper discusses two main applications of branding in regeneration programmes: as a marketing instrument to create positive perceptions of regenerating areas, and as a planning instrument to direct and guide urban regeneration. In the latter case, a brand functions as a compass. On the basis of an analysis of two cases, the paper argues that effective branding requires collabora…
Does Democratic Anchorage Matter
Does democracy matter? This is an intriguing question. Not only as a normative question, democracy is a value in itself that can be cherished for that reason alone but also as a question of its impact on the outcomes of governance processes. In this article, the authors look at the question of to what degree citizens and politicians are involved in governance processes around environmental projects and what the effect is of these forms of democra…
Organizing interfaces between government institutions and interactive governance
Initiatives to encourage the involvement of citizens and NGOs in decision-making can be seen in a wide variety of countries. Interactive policy-making, citizen panels, citizen charters, new forms of participation and other forms are being used to increase the influence of citizens on decision-making. An important issue in scientific debate is the relationship between citizen participation and existing democratic institutions. The main question fo…
Trust in Governance Networks
Governance networks are characterized by complex interaction and decision making, and much uncertainty. Surprisingly, there is very little research on the impact of trust in achieving results in governance networks. This article asks two questions: (a) Does trust influence the outcomes of environmental projects? and (b) Does active network management improve the level of trust in networks? The study is based on a Web-based survey of respondents i…
Power and Interactive Policy-Making
A number of countries use forms of interactive policy-making to increase the influence of citizens on decision making. Since there has also been an increase in citizen participation in The Netherlands over the last decade, in this paper, we provide a comparative analysis of 8 interactive projects initiated by the Dutch central government. The central aim of the paper is to understand processes of power in interactive policy-making. We do so by ra…
The Impact of Network Management on Outcomes in Governance Networks
There is a large amount of literature and research on network management strategies. However, only a limited portion of this literature examines the relationship between network management strategies and outcomes (for an exception, see Meier and O’Toole 2001). Most of the research focuses on managerial activity or networking rather than on the question of which types of strategies matter the most for outcomes of complex processes in networks. Thi…
Co-producing knowledge
Public Private Partnerships
The central idea of public private partnerships (PPPs) is that added value can be achieved from greater co‐operation between public and private actors. In general, the literature speaks of PPPs in which public and private actors develop a more or less sustainable co‐operation through which they realize products, services, or policies together, share risks, and develop an organizational form to arrange this. The assumption is that a higher degree …
Towards a perspective of system synchronization in water governance
In this manuscript we conclude the special issue on Water Governance. We look back on the different contributions and discuss different interesting insights from the three contributions focusing on Wisconsin, California and Southern Ecuador. We place these insights into a new perspective on integration, i.e. system synchronization, which the authors consider to be an option for integration in complex governance systems, where nobody is in charge.…
Symposium on water governance. Prologue
This special issue on water governance pays attention to the aspect of fragmentation and integration from an international point of view. We want to give insights into how different countries — the USA, South America and Europe — are dealing with fragmentation in water issues. This first contribution was partly an introduction on the theme of water governance and the fragmentation—integration public administration discussion, and partly gave case…
The Interplay Between Trust and Control in Governance Processes
In this article we study the reciprocal relationship, the coevolution, between different forms of trust and control. We conduct comparative case study of two spatial planning projects in The Netherlands. We find that trust and control are related through contingent causation, resulting in divergent paths of coevolution. Our research shows that not only - and often stated in other research - that informal control can contribute to trust, but also …
The Influence of Democratic Legitimacy on Outcomes in Governance Networks
Drawing on different theories of democracy, this article distinguishes three dimensions of democratic legitimacy: political accountability, voice, and due deliberation. The article operationalizes each form of democratic legitimacy and then looks at how these various forms influence the outcomes in governance networks. The authors test this with a survey conducted in the first half of 2010 among respondents in environmental projects/water managem…
What Makes Governance Networks Work? A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 14 Dutch Spatial Planning Projects
Many studies have been conducted to determine the conditions that contribute to the satisfactory outcome of decision‐making processes in governance networks. In this article, we explore how the interaction of three such conditions – network complexity, network management, and stakeholder involvement – results in stakeholder satisfaction. We use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis – a relatively new approach in public administration researc…
The effects of boundary spanners on trust and performance of urban governance networks
Connective capacity in water governance practices
Using knowledge in a complex decision-making process – Evidence and principles from the Danish Houting project's ecosystem-based management approach
Political science (49 obras) · Business (38 obras) · Computer Science (35 obras) · Public Policy and Administration Research (34 obras) · Sociology (32 obras) · Corporate governance (28 obras) · Public relations (26 obras) · Economics (21 obras) · Geography (21 obras) · Politics (21 obras)