Jenny Blanchard
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 236932 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Jenny Blanchard |
| NOMBRES | Jenny |
| APELLIDO | Blanchard |
| FIRMA | BLANCHARD J |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Manitoba |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4701-590X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 58 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 58 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1991 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Lessons learned from redesigning public health medicines supply chain model in Uttar Pradesh, India
Uttar Pradesh (UP), the most populous state of India with 238 million people, has over 30,000 public health facilities. Ensuring the continuous availability of essential medicines across these facilities is a significant challenge. An audit conducted in 2017 indicated large gaps in the availability of essential medicines in public health facilities. This study describes the lessons from Tamil Nadu’s Medical Supplies Corporation (TNMSC) that were …
Essential newborn care practices in selected public health facilities using observation of 2603 normal deliveries in Uttar Pradesh, India
INTRODUCTION: Essential newborn care (ENBC) practices are recommended for all births to improve neonatal survival. This paper aims to understand the facility-level variations and factors associated with the essential newborn care practices by providers in higher-level public health facilities in 25 high priority districts (HPDs) of Uttar Pradesh (UP). METHODS: We used observational cross-sectional quantitative data from 48 selected public health …
The Role of Public Health Services in Reducing Maternal and Newborn Health Inequalities in Urban India
India has experienced rapid urbanisation, straining the healthcare system. The National Urban Health Mission was launched in 2013 to improve access to public healthcare, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged urban populations. This study aimed to assess whether inequalities in maternal and newborn health (MNH) service coverage and outcomes between richer and poorer groups have improved at public and private sources across urban Indi…
An analytical approach towards attaining leave no one behind using patterns and distributions of inequalities in antenatal and facility delivery coverage in Uttar Pradesh, India
The proposed health equity framework suggests that to achieve LNOB status, understanding inequality with the coverage status is important. If coverage is high and inequality persists, identify the program layer at which maximum inequality persists to identify the left behinds. Whereas, if coverage is poor, programs are required to improve coverage first. Findings also call for a systematic way of collecting and organizing granular data to underst…
Declining fertility and increasing use of traditional methods of family planning
Uttar Pradesh (UP), with more than 220 million people, is the most populous state in India. Despite a high unmet need for modern family planning methods, the state has experienced a substantial decline in fertility. India has also seen a decline during this period which can be attributed to the increased prevalence of modern methods of family planning, particularly female sterilisation, but in UP, the corresponding increase was marginal. At the s…
Assessing awareness and use of HIV self-testing kits after the introduction of a community-based HIV self-testing programme among men who have sex with men in Kenya
Men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections in Kenya, while experiencing discrimination, leading to suboptimal levels of HIV care. HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a tool to increase HIV screening and earlier diagnosis; however, questions remain regarding how best to scale-up HIVST to MSM in Kenya. The main objective of this study was to examine changes in knowledge and use of HIVST after implementation of a co…
A cross-sectional survey exploring HIV and HCV prevalence among men who purchase sex in Dnipro, Ukraine
Prevalence of HIV and HCV in this population was high. Given high rates of study enrolment and testing, efforts should be made to reach men who purchase sex with expanded STBBI programming
Remaking the Technosubject
The Kenyan government offers free HIV self-testing kits to men who have sex with men. The value of self-testing is based on the imaginary of an autonomous technosubject empowered to independently control testing services, thereby "freed," through technology, from the social conditions that might inhibit health services utilization. Following a community-centered collaborative approach, community researchers interviewed their peers who examined an…
Exploring the dynamics of workplace typologies for sex workers in Eastern Ukraine
We examine the typologies of workplaces for sex workers in Dnipro, Ukraine as part of the larger Dynamics Study, which explores the influence of conflict on sex work. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 560 women from September 2017 to October 2018. The results of our study demonstrate a diverse sex work environment with heterogeneity across workplace typologies in terms of remuneration, workload, and safety. Women working in higher presti…
Leaving no one behind? An equity analysis of the HIV care cascade among a cohort of people living with HIV in Manitoba, Canada
Inequalities exist across the cascade for different groups of Manitobans living with HIV; equiplots are an innovative method for visualizing these inequalities. Alongside future research aiming to understand why inequalities exist across the cascade in Manitoba, our equity analyses can generate hypotheses and provide evidence to inform patient-centred care plans that meet the needs of diverse client subgroups and advocate for policy changes that …
Facilities are substantially more influential than care providers in the quality of delivery care received
INTRODUCTION: Improving the quality of care during childbirth is essential for reducing neonatal and maternal mortality. One barrier to improving quality of care is understanding the appropriate level to target interventions. We examine quality of care data during labour and delivery from multiple countries to assess whether quality varies primarily from nurse to nurse within the same facility, or primarily between facilities. METHODS: To assess …
Closing the gap on institutional delivery in northern India
INTRODUCTION: Meeting ambitious global health goals with limited resources requires a precision public health (PxPH) approach. Here we describe how integrating data collection optimisation, traditional analytics and causal artificial intelligence/machine learning (ML) can be used in a use case for increasing hospital deliveries of newborns in Uttar Pradesh, India. METHODS: Using a systematic behavioural framework we designed a large-scale survey …
The contribution of district prioritization on maternal and newborn health interventions coverage in rural India
BACKGROUND: In 2001, India prioritized eight most socioeconomically disadvantaged states known as Empowered Action Group (EAG) states and in 2013, it prioritized 190 of the 718 as high priority districts (HPDs) to accelerate the decline in maternal and newborn mortality. This paper assesses whether the HPDs achieved a greater coverage of maternal and newborn health interventions than the non-HPDs and HPDs in EAG states achieved greater coverage t…
Beyond biomedical and comorbidity approaches
We explored general health and psychosocial characteristics among male sex workers and other men who have sex with men in Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 595 MSM/MSW were recruited into the study. We assessed group differences among those who self-reported HIV positive (SR-HIVP) and those who self-reported HIV negative (SR-HIVN) and by affinity group membership. Quality of life among SR-HIVP participants was significantly worse compared to SR-HIVN par…
Money boys in Chengdu, China
This qualitative study highlights the complex interplay between the social and structural conditions in Chengdu, China that shape the possibilities and vulnerabilities of money boys' sexual health. Within the context of China's liberalised market economy, we explore (1) how money boys' enter the sex trade market and navigate their sexual networks; (2) how their lives are enmeshed in fields of sexual desire, stigma and coercion; and (3) how the il…
The Samata intervention to increase secondary school completion and reduce child marriage among adolescent girls
BACKGROUND: Secondary education and delayed marriage provide long-term socio-economic and health benefits to adolescent girls. We tested whether a structural and norms-based intervention, which worked with adolescent girls, their families, communities, and secondary schools to address poverty, schooling quality and gender norms, could reduce secondary school drop-out and child marriage among scheduled-caste/scheduled-tribe (SC/ST) adolescent girl…
Assessing the influence of conflict on the dynamics of sex work and the HIV and HCV epidemics in Ukraine
BACKGROUND: Armed conflict erupted in eastern Ukraine in 2014 and still continues. This conflict has resulted in an intensification of poverty, displacement and migration, and has weakened the local health system. Ukraine has some of the highest rates of HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV) in Europe. Whether and how the current conflict, and its consequences, will lead to changes in the HIV and HCV epidemic in Ukraine is unclear. Our study aims to characte…
Evaluation of community-based HIV self-testing delivery strategies on reducing undiagnosed HIV infection, and improving linkage to prevention and treatment services, among men who have sex with men in…
This study is one of the first programme science studies in Sub-Saharan Africa exploring the effectiveness of integrating HIVST interventions within already existing HIV prevention and treatment programmes for MSM in Kenya at scale. Findings from this study will inform national best approaches to scale up HIVST among MSM in Kenya
Heterogeneity in geographical trends of HIV epidemics among key populations in Pakistan
BACKGROUND: /transgender/male sex workers (H/MSWs), in Pakistan. METHODS: The UNAIDS Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) mathematical model was used to explore geographical trends in HIV epidemics. Four rounds of mapping and surveillance data collected among key populations (KPs) across 20 cities in Pakistan between 2005-2011 was used for modeling. Empirical estimates of HIV prevalence of each KP in each city were used to fit the model to est…
Estimating early HIV risk among at risk adolescent girls and young women in Dnipro, Ukraine
By 2016, Ukraine had the second largest HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia with 280,358 people living with HIV. Interventions targeted for FSWs are a key component of HIV prevention programs as heterosexual contacts continue to gain higher epidemic significance – the proportion of the sexual way of HIV transmission has steadily increased [...]
Dutiful daughters
Decades of research have documented how sex workers worldwide, particularly female sex workers (FSWs), shoulder a disproportionate burden of the HIV epidemic. In India, although a substantial progress has been made in controlling the epidemic, its prevalence among FSWs and the Devadasis (also called traditional sex workers) in northern Karnataka is still significantly high. On the other hand, much of the HIV prevention research has focused on the…
Ecologies of security
This paper highlights important environmental dimensions of HIV vulnerability by describing how the sex trade operates in Nairobi, Kenya. Although sex workers there encounter various forms of violence and harassment, as do sex workers globally, we highlight how they do not merely fall victim to a set of environmental risks but also act upon their social environment, thereby remaking it, as they strive to protect their health and financial interes…
Effects of exposure to an intensive HIV-prevention programme on behavioural changes among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya
While Kenya has had a long-standing national HIV-prevention programme, evidence on the level of exposure to its interventions and related effects on behavioural changes among female sex workers (FSWs) is limited. Using cross-sectional behavioural data collected in 2013 from 1 357 FSWs aged 18 years and above in Nairobi, Kenya, this study explores the relationship between FSW programme exposure levels and behavioural outcomes including condom use,…
Prior history of testing for syphilis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C among a population-based cohort of HIV-positive individuals and their HIV-negative controls
Understanding patterns of serological testing for hepatitis B & C, and syphilis among HIV-positive individuals, prior to HIV diagnosis, can inform HIV diagnosis, engagement and prevention strategies. This was a population-based, retrospective analysis of prior serological testing among HIV-positive individuals in Manitoba, Canada. HIV cases were age-, sex- and region-matched to HIV-negative controls at a 1:5 ratio. Conditional logistic regression…
Enhancing the capacity and effectiveness of community health volunteers to improve maternal, newborn and child health
Geographic analysis of diabetes prevalence in an urban area
Dhandha, dharma and disease
Use of Rapid Ethnographic Methodology to Develop a Village-Level Rapid Assessment Tool Predictive of HIV Infection in Rural India
In rural India, with hundreds of thousands of villages, a priority from a programmatic perspective is to efficiently determine which villages are at highest risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. The authors first report on the use of a rapid ethnographic approach in 10 rural villages of Karnataka, India, to develop a domains and indicators framework of village-level HIV/AIDS risk and a subsequent rapid assessment tool. They then analyze the rapid ethnog…
Community Mobilization and Empowerment of Female Sex Workers in Karnataka State, South India
Objectives. We examined the impact of community mobilization (CM) on the empowerment, risk behaviors, and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infection in female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India. Methods. We conducted behavioral–biological surveys in 2008 and 2011 in 4 districts of Karnataka, India. We defined exposure to CM as low, medium (attended nongovernmental organization meeting or drop-in centre), or high (member of collectiv…
Excess Costs of Diabetes in the Aboriginal Population of Manitoba, Canada
The evolving epidemiology of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in response to control programs in Winnipeg, Canada
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the transmission dynamics of chlamydia and gonorrhea in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and to assess implications for control programs. METHODS: Chlamydia and gonorrhea surveillance case reports (1988 through 1995) and contact-tracing reports (1991 through 1995) were examined. RESULTS: High incidence rates of both chlamydia and gonorrhea clustered in geographic core areas characterize…
Remaking the Technosubject
The Kenyan government offers free HIV self-testing kits to men who have sex with men. The value of self-testing is based on the imaginary of an autonomous technosubject empowered to independently control testing services, thereby "freed," through technology, from the social conditions that might inhibit health services utilization. Following a community-centered collaborative approach, community researchers interviewed their peers who examined an…
Sex in the city
Language in the Classroom
Communication and Learning in the Classroom Community. Edited by Bikram K. Das
The evolving epidemiology of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in response to control programs in Winnipeg, Canada
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the transmission dynamics of chlamydia and gonorrhea in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and to assess implications for control programs. METHODS: Chlamydia and gonorrhea surveillance case reports (1988 through 1995) and contact-tracing reports (1991 through 1995) were examined. RESULTS: High incidence rates of both chlamydia and gonorrhea clustered in geographic core areas characterize…
Excess Costs of Diabetes in the Aboriginal Population of Manitoba, Canada
Preventable Feto-infant Mortality
Geographic analysis of diabetes prevalence in an urban area
Dhandha, dharma and disease
The role of collectives in STI and HIV/Aids prevention among female sex workers in Karnataka, India
This paper evaluates the role of female sex worker (FSW) collectives in the state of Karnataka, India, regarding their facilitating effect in increasing knowledge and promoting change towards safer sexual behaviour. In 2002 a state-wide survey of FSWs was administered to a stratified sample of 1,512 women. Following the survey, a collectivization index was developed to measure the degree of involvement of FSWs in collective-related activities. Th…
Formal and informal sector health providers in southern India
Healthcare providers (HCPs) play a central role in the provision of prevention and care services for people with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS. However, the degree of readiness for this role through appropriate training and experience is not clear. In the case of both the urban and rural areas of the state of Karnataka, India, primary and secondary healthcare is provided by practitioners who can be categorised into th…
Migration and HIV transmission in rural South India
There is a widespread assumption in Northern Karnataka, India that HIV transmission is due to the large volume of male seasonal labour out-migration. In order to examine this issue, an ethnographic study was conducted in one of the Northern Karnataka districts using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings indicate that migration does not seem to be a key factor affecting sexual behaviour among married men. Nearly 35% of ma…
Use of Rapid Ethnographic Methodology to Develop a Village-Level Rapid Assessment Tool Predictive of HIV Infection in Rural India
In rural India, with hundreds of thousands of villages, a priority from a programmatic perspective is to efficiently determine which villages are at highest risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. The authors first report on the use of a rapid ethnographic approach in 10 rural villages of Karnataka, India, to develop a domains and indicators framework of village-level HIV/AIDS risk and a subsequent rapid assessment tool. They then analyze the rapid ethnog…
Violence against female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India
This program demonstrates that a structural approach to addressing violence can be effectively delivered at scale. Addressing violence against FSWs is important for the success of HIV prevention programs, and for protecting their basic human rights
An integrated structural intervention to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India
Stigma, discrimination, violence, harassment and social equity issues are critical concerns of FSWs. This report demonstrates that it is possible to address these broader structural factors as part of large-scale HIV prevention programming. Although assessing the impact of the various components of a structural intervention on reducing HIV vulnerability is difficult, addressing the broader structural factors contributing to FSW vulnerability is c…
Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among clients of female sex workers in Karnataka, India
This study fills in important gaps in knowledge regarding clients in southern India. The strong association between HIV and HSV-2 infections highlights the complications in designing effective prevention, intervention and management programs of this well-hidden population
Heterogeneity of the HIV epidemic in the general population of Karnataka state, south India
The HIV epidemic in Karnataka shows considerable heterogeneity, and there appears to be an increasing gradient in HIV prevalence from south to north. The sex work structure in the northern districts may explain the higher prevalence of HIV in northern Karnataka. The higher prevalence of HIV and HSV-2 and lower prevalence of curable STIs in Belgaum suggests a later epidemic phase. Similarly, higher prevalence of curable STIs and lower HIV and HSV-…
Polling Booth Surveys
The Drayang Girls of Thimphu
Bhutan's sustained low HIV prevalence can be attributed to its political commitment to maintain isolation from foreign cultural influence. Recently, rising HIV prevalence has coincided with the increase in human traffic along Bhutan's borders. The majority of infections, occurring primarily through sexual contact, have appeared in the urban environments that are situated along the main transport routes. This qualitative study explored the sexual …
Sex in the city
Characterizing sexual histories of women before formal sex-work in south India from a cross-sectional survey
FSWs identify as sex-workers several years after becoming sexually active, even when the first-sex is commercial in nature. Long-term partnerships are common after a commercial first-sex, and are associated with a delay in formally entering the sex-trade. The findings call for a better understanding of HIV/STI risk before FSWs identify as sex-workers, and an adaptive programme to reach this period of vulnerability
Differences Between Seven Measures of Self-Reported Numbers of Clients of Female Sex Workers in Southern India
Biomedical and Social Dimensions of HIV Prevention
The recent article by Kippax and Stephenson argues that increasing bio medicalization distorts prevention efforts.1 All prevention requires that people change their social practices and such changes can only be effectively sustained if they are supported by broader social transformation. Developing effective HIV prevention requires that the field move beyond the distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV. Effective prevention req…
Understanding the role of peer group membership in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers in Karnataka, India
In Karnataka state, South India, we analyzed the role of membership in peer groups in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers (FSWs). Data from three surveys conducted in Karnataka, a behavioral tracking survey and two rounds of integrated biological and behavioral assessments (IBBAs), were analyzed. Using propensity score matching, we examined the impact of group membership on selected outcomes, including condom use,…
Community mobilization, empowerment and HIV prevention among female sex workers in south India
These findings support the hypothesis that community mobilization has benefits for empowering FSWs both individually and collectively. HIV prevention is strengthened by improving their ability to address different psycho-social and community-level sources of their vulnerability. Future challenges include the need to develop social, political and legal contexts that support community mobilization of FSWs, and to prospectively measure the impact of…
Programmatic and ethical challenges in the implementation of treatment-as-prevention in the context of HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa
There is limited literature on programmatic challenges in the implementation of a treatment-as-prevention (TasP) strategy among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) co-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper highlights specific programmatic challenges surrounding the implementation of this strategy among HIV and DR-TB co-infected populations in SSA. In SSA, limitations in administrative, …
Relationship between exposure to the Avahan intervention and levels of reported condom use among men who have sex with men in southern India
Direct contact with Avahan program staff is associated with increased reported condom use among men who have sex with men in Bangalore. Reported consistent condom use and condom use at last sex act are associated with contacts involving demonstrations of correct condom use, and with receiving condoms, respectively
Circumstances, experiences and processes surrounding women's entry into sex work in India
Evidence suggests that in India, the early stages of a woman's career as a sex worker may be an important period to target for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention. Before such an intervention is designed and implemented, it is necessary to first understand the life circumstances of women at the start of their sex work careers. We performed a review to bring together available literature pertaining to entry into sex work in India and…
Medicine (54 obras) · Environmental health (39 obras) · HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk (32 obras) · Demography (31 obras) · Sex work and related issues (30 obras) · Population (29 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (28 obras) · Public health (27 obras) · Sociology (24 obras) · Family medicine (23 obras)