Martin Cloonan
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 241538 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Martin Cloonan |
| NOMBRES | Martin |
| APELLIDO | Cloonan |
| FIRMA | CLOONAN M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Glasgow |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2592-0968 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 56 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 206 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 56 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1995 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
The Music City
Over the past 10 years or so, the concept of a 'Music City' has achieved considerable attention both within academic analyses and as an instrument of (local) governmental policy. However, hitherto it has attracted relatively little critical analysis of the sort which this article offers. It suggests that while the term 'Music City' has little explanatory power, it remains something worthy of academic investigation. Further, it argues that the Mus…
Songs to learn and sing
Based on over 50 years of the author watching Liverpool FC (LFC) football matches, this article examines the use of songs in and around such matches, locating it within wider debates about the use of song at football matches.The development of modern media’s relationship to football will be considered in three main areas – the importance of television in the modern age, the availability of songs on the internet and the use of the sound systems to…
Songs to learn and sing
Artikkeli tarkastelee lauluja ja laulamista jalkapallo-otteluissa ja niiden ympärillä pohjautuen kirjoittajan yli 50-vuotiseen kokemukseen Liverpool FC -jalkapallojoukkueen (LFC) otteluiden seuraajana. Ilmiö paikantuu artikkelissa osaksi laajempia keskusteluja laulun ja musiikin käytöstä jalkapallo-otteluissa.Artikkeli tarkastelee modernin median kehityksen suhdetta jalkapalloon kolmella alueella, jotka ovat television merkitys modernilla aikakau…
“I Still don’t Consider Myself a Musician Really”
Robert (Bob) Hardy is the bass player for the Scottish band Franz Ferdinand. Born in 1980, Hardy grew up in the outskirts of Bradford, Yorkshire, and moved to Glasgow in 1999 to study at its presti
Philip Tagg (22 February 1944-9 May 2024)
The King as Proletarian
What are the implications of conceiving of musicians as first and foremost being particular forms of workers? This article argues that such an approach leads to a greater understanding of musical lives and soon necessitates a consideration of the industries within which musicians seek to work. In order to justify such claims the article looks at the working life of one of the most famous popular musicians of all—Elvis Presley, someone often refer…
Musicians as Workers and the Gig Economy
Recent years have seen notions of the "gig economy" become widespread.Hitherto most analyses of this phenomenon have centered on first defining the phenomenon, then tracing its extent and effects before considering the policy implications.However, few previous accounts have concerned themselves with the origins of the word "gig," and none have focused on those workers whose lives revolve around gigs-musicians.This article seeks to address this la…
Oxford town, Oxford town
This article explores notions of scene and locality as they are played out amongst Oxford’s musicians and music industries personnel. Based on interviews carried out in 2016, it charts the tensions between local distinctiveness and universal issues, showing that even in an increasingly online world, physical location still matters
Determination of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Doxycycline against Edwardsiella ictaluri in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)
This study aimed to examine the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline (DC) in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and to calculate related pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of DC against Edwardsiella ictaluri. The minimum inhibitory concentration of DC against E. ictaluri was determined to be 500 μg/L. As the increase of oral dose from 10 to 40 mg/kg, the area under the concentration vs. time curve from 0 to 96 h (AUC0–96) values …
Music, Digitalization, and Democracy
Funding Information: This work was supported by the Society for Swedish Literature in Finland. The starting point for this special journal was the symposium “Music, Digitalisation and Democracy,” which was organized December 13-14, 2018, at Åbo Akademi University, by the research project The impact of digitalisation on minority music: Finland-Swedish music culture as case study and the Nordic branch of the International Association for the Study …
What has the BBC ever done for us
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Special Issue on Music, Digitalization, and Democracy
Special issue on music, digitalization, and democracy
Making Live Music Count
In 2017 we conducted the first-ever nationwide live music census, allowing for unprecedented levels of detailed, comparable data on the live music cultures of different localities. Live music censuses have been increasingly used in recent years (e.g. Melbourne, Edinburgh, Bristol) to illustrate the value of music to policymakers. This has coincided with challenging times for urban live music venues, particularly small venues and clubs. We present…
Going spare? Concert tickets, touting and cultural value
This article explores recent events around the secondary market for concert tickets in the UK. It first outlines the nature of the primary and secondary markets for concert tickets and then the story of attempts in the UK to regulate them over a twenty-year period, providing the political and industrial context. It moves on to examine key aspects of the political debates around tickets and the findings of enquiries into the subject – including th…
Musical Violence and Popular Music Studies
Music therapy is based on the recognition of the positive power of music in the treatment of a range of traumas, disabilities and neuro-physical disorders. It seems that music can indeed be a &s;magic&s; that sets people free. War perennially provides the most extreme manifestations of the connections between music, identity and violence, in such abundant numbers that any illustration is arbitrary. Joseph Stalin&s;s musicality illustrates the eas…
Music as Violence
This chapter shows that music is used to &s;hit&s; people and certainly to cause them pain. It also shows how music itself can become both the site and agent of violence. Moreover, music can be delivered by and within a socio-political order in a way that functions to humiliate, disturb, disorient and to torture. The chapter shows that sound is potentially an instrument of both power and violence, and that this potential has expanded dramatically…
Policy
Discussing the contemporary international soundscape and the damage it produces, Henrik Karlsson&s;s inventory ranges through noisy toys, motor cycles and air traffic. Similar reports include links between noise in offices and heart disease. In 1993 residents of Trinidad Crescent, from Poole in Dorset, petitioned their local council to stop their neighbour, Mary Carruthers, from playing Jim Reeves records at full blast for up to 18 hours a day. F…
Music and Arousal to Violence
In contrast to the usual conditions for reading a book or viewing a painting, the audience, especially in popular musics, may well be co-performers by, for example, singing or clapping along with the onstage musicians, and the musician is also normally listening to her/his own performance. As a society that prioritizes and valorizes the cognitive over the physical, people generally infer emotional state from the physical conduct it supposedly pro…
Music and Incitement to Violence
In any event, in recent decades juvenile playground song, as well as all traditional popular song forms, have been comprehensively overtaken as a vehicle for violent incitement by pop music genres in which it is constitutive rather than incidental. The foregoing cases exemplify the power and inclination of pop acts to incite violent conduct among audiences, and have brought people to the point where the potential consequences of doing so are reco…
Music Accompanying Violence
Perhaps the most basic connection is to be found in musical narratives about violent people or violent acts. Violent imagery in pop music has become so commonplace that it would be gratuitous and patronizing to begin an inventory. Associated changes ranged from the introduction of new manufacturing technologies, to the criminalization of customary rights and perquisites. Small fires lit by patrons were extinguished by officials, to the annoyance …
Pop and the Nation-State
This chapter suggests models which might be used to describe the relationship between popular music and the Nation-State. It objects to argue against the sorts of views expressed by Frith and Harley and to highlight the continually important role of the Nation-State in popular music. The chapter examines policies around broadcasting, censorship, the law and culture. The issue of censorship is clearly closely aligned to that of broadcasting and ge…
Watching them walk out taller than they walked in
This article develops recent research in to the live music industry by examining the attitudes of Sydney venues towards the industry in which they work. Based on empirical research conducted on behalf of the City of Sydney Council, the article suggests that venues primarily see themselves as sites of cultural activity, rather than sites of commercial exploitation. The tension between artistic endeavour and commercial reality is evidenced througho…
Dark Side of the Tune
Written against the academically dominant but simplistic romanticization of popular music as a positive force, this book focuses on the 'dark side' of the subject. It is an examination of the ways in which popular music has been deployed in association with violence, ranging from what appears to be an incidental relationship, to one in which music is explicitly applied as an instrument of violence.. A preliminary overview of the physiological and…
Beatlemania in America
Rethinking the music industry
This article examines a very basic question for popular music studies: what is 'the music industry?' It surveys the usage of the term in various arenas and argues that it is often used in ways which state or imply that the industry is a homogenous unit with shared objectives and interests. However, the reality is that this picture is, at best, outdated and an inaccurate portrayal of the organisational structure of the global music economy in the …
Dark Side of the Tune
Written against the academically dominant but simplistic romanticization of popular music as a positive force, this book focuses on the 'dark side' of the subject. It is an examination of the ways in which popular music has been deployed in association with violence, ranging from what appears to be an incidental relationship, to one in which music is explicitly applied as an instrument of violence.. A preliminary overview of the physiological and…
Cultural value and cultural policy
This article considers live music policy in relation to wider debates on the cultural (as opposed to instrumental) value of the arts. The findings are based on research into amateur/enthusiast, state-funded and commercial concerts across a range of genres – classical, traditional folk, jazz, singer–songwriter and indie – using the Edinburgh Queen’s Hall venue as a case study. We argue that (1) articulations of the cultural or intrinsic value of l…
Killing me softly with his song
Popular music studies generally celebrate the power of music to empower the construction of individual and social identities, a site of positive self-realisation. But such an approach risks overlooking a significant element in the musical transaction. How, for example, did the inhabitants of Jericho feel? Or President Noriega when musically besieged by US troops in Panama City? Or street kids in Wollongong, New South Wales, driven out of shopping…
Pop and the Nation-State
Recent years have seen two noticeable trends in Popular Music Studies. These have been on the one hand a series of works which have tried to document the 'local' music scene and, on the other, accounts of processes of globalisation. While not uninterested in the intermediate Nation-State level, both trends have tended to regard it as an area of increasingly less importance. To state the matter more boldly, both trends have underplayed the continu…
Rock the Vote
Rock the Vote was founded in 1996 as an attempt to exploit popular culture to boost political participation. Using pop musicians and comedians, it attempted to encourage young people to take part in politics. This article examines the formation of Rock the Vote, and explores its implications for the character of contemporary politics. It argues that Rock the Vote has to be understood not only as part of a larger shift in the nature of political c…
State of the nation
(1997). State of the nation: “Englishness,” pop, and politics in the mid‐1990s. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 47-70
Politics and Popular Music
Journal Article Politics and Popular Music: From Policing to Packaging Get access MARTIN CLOONAN, MARTIN CLOONAN Research Fellow in Politics *University of York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOHN STREET JOHN STREET Senior Lecturer in Politics †University of East AngliaNorwich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 50, Issue 2, April 1997, Pa…
The Hidden Musicians
Ruth Finnegan, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8195-6853-3, 278 pp, $27.95 (paperback) Long out of print, to the frustration of many popular music scholars, Ruth Finnega
Alco‐pop? The Use of Popular Music in Glasgow Pubs
n recent years popular music studies has witnessed a turn towards concentrating on music at a local level (Cloonan) and its use in what DeNora calls everyday life. In a separate, but overlapping, development there has been a growing interest in the night-time economy. At an academic level this has included some interest in the role popular music plays in that economy (e.g. Bennett; Bjrnberg and Stockfelt) and at the UK governmental level it has i…
Researching live music
This article offers some initial impressions of the potential policy implications of conducting research in to live music. It examines issues of regulation, the black economy and sharp business practices, and developments in concert ticketing. It argues that the live music industry offers a potentially richer field of study than that of recorded music which has hitherto tended to dominate academic enquiry
Making Live Music Count
In 2017 we conducted the first-ever nationwide live music census, allowing for unprecedented levels of detailed, comparable data on the live music cultures of different localities. Live music censuses have been increasingly used in recent years (e.g. Melbourne, Edinburgh, Bristol) to illustrate the value of music to policymakers. This has coincided with challenging times for urban live music venues, particularly small venues and clubs. We present…
Going spare? Concert tickets, touting and cultural value
This article explores recent events around the secondary market for concert tickets in the UK. It first outlines the nature of the primary and secondary markets for concert tickets and then the story of attempts in the UK to regulate them over a twenty-year period, providing the political and industrial context. It moves on to examine key aspects of the political debates around tickets and the findings of enquiries into the subject – including th…
Mix and match? Further and higher education links in post-devolution Scotland
This article examines the links between Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE) at the time when the power to determine Scottish educational policy was being devolved to the new Scottish Parliament. It examines the educational context in which elections to the new Parliament took place especially questions of access and provision. Events following the elections, where educational policy became a key issue, are then outlined. We conclude …
Musicians as Workers and the Gig Economy
Recent years have seen notions of the "gig economy" become widespread.Hitherto most analyses of this phenomenon have centered on first defining the phenomenon, then tracing its extent and effects before considering the policy implications.However, few previous accounts have concerned themselves with the origins of the word "gig," and none have focused on those workers whose lives revolve around gigs-musicians.This article seeks to address this la…
Alien invasions
This article examines the policies of the British Musicians' Union towards the employment of musicians who were not UK citizens in the period from the 1920s to the 1950s, with particular emphasis on an alleged ban on American musicians entering the country. Drawing on a number of hitherto largely ignored and/or unavailable sources, it argues that many previous accounts of these policies have simplified a more complex picture. We illustrate that c…
Having an impact? Academics, the music industries and the problem of knowledge
This article reflects upon recent interest in knowledge transfer from higher education to the creative industries, using the UK music industries as a case study. It suggests that traditional academic values of impartiality and concern with research methodology can come in to conflict with instrumentalist agendas that see research as valuable only insofar as it fits with pre‐existing worldviews and policy ends. In this setting, knowledge resistanc…
Music, Digitalization, and Democracy
Funding Information: This work was supported by the Society for Swedish Literature in Finland. The starting point for this special journal was the symposium “Music, Digitalisation and Democracy,” which was organized December 13-14, 2018, at Åbo Akademi University, by the research project The impact of digitalisation on minority music: Finland-Swedish music culture as case study and the Nordic branch of the International Association for the Study …
Negotiating needletime
This article examines an important, but hitherto largely overlooked, licensing system which operated in the UK between the late 1920s and late 1980s and limited the amount of recorded music that broadcasters could use in radio progammes. Known as ‘needletime’ the system was formalized in the 1930s when the BBC reached a collective agreement with the UK’s record companies – here acting via the copyright licensing society Phonographic Performance L…
A capital project? ‘The New Deal for Musicians’ in Scotland
This article is based on empirical research conducted in Scotland between 2000 and 2002 into the New Deal for Musicians (NDfM)—a UK government training scheme for unemployed musicians which forms part of the ‘Welfare to Work’ initiative. It argues that while the NDfM forms part of a wider lifelong agenda within current adult education policy based on developing human capital, the scheme is successful only when it manages to move beyond that narro…
Popular music and censorship in Britain
(1995). Popular music and censorship in Britain: An overview. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 75-104
I fought the law
In Britain the term 'obscenity' has enjoyed a chequered career. Obscene libel first became an offence in 1727 when an erotic book called Venus in the Cloister was found to contravene common law by tending to 'weaken the bonds of civil society, virtue and morality' (Robertson 1991, p. 180). Despite this, erotic literature remained freely available throughout the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century Britain got its first Obscene Publicatio…
Introduction
This special issue derives from the conference Policy Notes: Popular Music, Industry and the State hosted by the issue editors in Melbourne, 18–20 June 2012. The conference marked the completion of a three-year Australian Research Council project, Policy Notes: Local Popular Music in Global Creative Economies that examined popular music policy in Scotland, New Zealand and Australia. The issue offers several case studies examining how local music-…
The 'Home International' Comparisons in Vocational Qualifications
The paper provides a comparative analysis of the take-up and usage of National Vocational Qualifications within two constituent countries in the UK (Scotland and England). The methodology of the study is based upon the use of the quarterly Labour Force Survey for spring 1998 and extensive case study material. The research suggests that Scotland under-performs in the take-up of national vocational qualifications in comparison with England. However…
The use of cost-benefit analysis in funding continuing education
This article builds upon recent interest in models of funding Continuing Education (McGivney 1990, Berrell and Smith 1996, Matkin 1997). It is based on an EU-funded project which examined inter alia current funding models for Continuing Education (CE) within four European Union countries - France, Ireland, Italy and Scotland. The article firstly discusses the breadth of CE. It then investigates the existence of funding models by examining the use…
Popular music and censorship in Britain
(1995). Popular music and censorship in Britain: An overview. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 75-104
I fought the law
In Britain the term 'obscenity' has enjoyed a chequered career. Obscene libel first became an offence in 1727 when an erotic book called Venus in the Cloister was found to contravene common law by tending to 'weaken the bonds of civil society, virtue and morality' (Robertson 1991, p. 180). Despite this, erotic literature remained freely available throughout the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century Britain got its first Obscene Publicatio…
The presentations of Lord Howe of Aberavon
State of the nation
(1997). State of the nation: “Englishness,” pop, and politics in the mid‐1990s. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 47-70
Politics and Popular Music
Journal Article Politics and Popular Music: From Policing to Packaging Get access MARTIN CLOONAN, MARTIN CLOONAN Research Fellow in Politics *University of York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOHN STREET JOHN STREET Senior Lecturer in Politics †University of East AngliaNorwich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 50, Issue 2, April 1997, Pa…
Rock the Vote
Rock the Vote was founded in 1996 as an attempt to exploit popular culture to boost political participation. Using pop musicians and comedians, it attempted to encourage young people to take part in politics. This article examines the formation of Rock the Vote, and explores its implications for the character of contemporary politics. It argues that Rock the Vote has to be understood not only as part of a larger shift in the nature of political c…
Privacy and media intrusion in a democratic society
This study deals with the right to privacy as it exists within a particular democratic society. Focusing upon two reports into privacy and the press in Britain in the early 1990s (the Calcutt reports), it illustrates how the issue of privacy can give insights into the type of democracy which exists within a society. The analysis falls into five parts. These deal with the Calcutt reports; the concept of privacy; the problem of regulating the press…
The use of cost-benefit analysis in funding continuing education
This article builds upon recent interest in models of funding Continuing Education (McGivney 1990, Berrell and Smith 1996, Matkin 1997). It is based on an EU-funded project which examined inter alia current funding models for Continuing Education (CE) within four European Union countries - France, Ireland, Italy and Scotland. The article firstly discusses the breadth of CE. It then investigates the existence of funding models by examining the use…
Pop and the Nation-State
Recent years have seen two noticeable trends in Popular Music Studies. These have been on the one hand a series of works which have tried to document the 'local' music scene and, on the other, accounts of processes of globalisation. While not uninterested in the intermediate Nation-State level, both trends have tended to regard it as an area of increasingly less importance. To state the matter more boldly, both trends have underplayed the continu…
Mix and match? Further and higher education links in post-devolution Scotland
This article examines the links between Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE) at the time when the power to determine Scottish educational policy was being devolved to the new Scottish Parliament. It examines the educational context in which elections to the new Parliament took place especially questions of access and provision. Events following the elections, where educational policy became a key issue, are then outlined. We conclude …
Playing Away
In this paper we examine the agenda for change in policy towards popular music in Scotland brought about by political devolution. Popular music has been one of the most vibrant cultural forms of the past fifty years. Yet, as the evidence we present on its popular music industry makes clear, Scotland has under-performed when compared to the UK as a whole and to Ireland. In recent years, the cultural and economic importance of popular music has bec…
The 'Home International' Comparisons in Vocational Qualifications
The paper provides a comparative analysis of the take-up and usage of National Vocational Qualifications within two constituent countries in the UK (Scotland and England). The methodology of the study is based upon the use of the quarterly Labour Force Survey for spring 1998 and extensive case study material. The research suggests that Scotland under-performs in the take-up of national vocational qualifications in comparison with England. However…
Killing me softly with his song
Popular music studies generally celebrate the power of music to empower the construction of individual and social identities, a site of positive self-realisation. But such an approach risks overlooking a significant element in the musical transaction. How, for example, did the inhabitants of Jericho feel? Or President Noriega when musically besieged by US troops in Panama City? Or street kids in Wollongong, New South Wales, driven out of shopping…
A capital project? ‘The New Deal for Musicians’ in Scotland
This article is based on empirical research conducted in Scotland between 2000 and 2002 into the New Deal for Musicians (NDfM)—a UK government training scheme for unemployed musicians which forms part of the ‘Welfare to Work’ initiative. It argues that while the NDfM forms part of a wider lifelong agenda within current adult education policy based on developing human capital, the scheme is successful only when it manages to move beyond that narro…
Rethinking the music industry
This article examines a very basic question for popular music studies: what is 'the music industry?' It surveys the usage of the term in various arenas and argues that it is often used in ways which state or imply that the industry is a homogenous unit with shared objectives and interests. However, the reality is that this picture is, at best, outdated and an inaccurate portrayal of the organisational structure of the global music economy in the …
Alco‐pop? The Use of Popular Music in Glasgow Pubs
n recent years popular music studies has witnessed a turn towards concentrating on music at a local level (Cloonan) and its use in what DeNora calls everyday life. In a separate, but overlapping, development there has been a growing interest in the night-time economy. At an academic level this has included some interest in the role popular music plays in that economy (e.g. Bennett; Bjrnberg and Stockfelt) and at the UK governmental level it has i…
On music as a creative industry
Blerwytirhwng ?” The Place of Welsh Music
Sarah Hill, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7546-5898-6, 236 pp, £55 (hardback) This book is a welcome addition to the literature on those forms of popular music which can be seen as on the ma
The Hidden Musicians
Ruth Finnegan, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8195-6853-3, 278 pp, $27.95 (paperback) Long out of print, to the frustration of many popular music scholars, Ruth Finnega
Having an impact? Academics, the music industries and the problem of knowledge
This article reflects upon recent interest in knowledge transfer from higher education to the creative industries, using the UK music industries as a case study. It suggests that traditional academic values of impartiality and concern with research methodology can come in to conflict with instrumentalist agendas that see research as valuable only insofar as it fits with pre‐existing worldviews and policy ends. In this setting, knowledge resistanc…
Researching live music
This article offers some initial impressions of the potential policy implications of conducting research in to live music. It examines issues of regulation, the black economy and sharp business practices, and developments in concert ticketing. It argues that the live music industry offers a potentially richer field of study than that of recorded music which has hitherto tended to dominate academic enquiry
Selling the experience
Based on a series of interviews conducted between 2008 and 2011 with UK-based concert promoters, this article seeks to examine the world-views of a group of individuals whose activities are currently economically dominant within the broader music industries but have hitherto largely escaped academic attention. Drawing on Marx's contention that in any historical epoch the ruling class dominates the world of ideas, as well as the economic sphere, i…
Introduction
This special issue derives from the conference Policy Notes: Popular Music, Industry and the State hosted by the issue editors in Melbourne, 18–20 June 2012. The conference marked the completion of a three-year Australian Research Council project, Policy Notes: Local Popular Music in Global Creative Economies that examined popular music policy in Scotland, New Zealand and Australia. The issue offers several case studies examining how local music-…
Steering a review
This article both reports and reflects upon the author’s experience as part of the Steering Group on a project which attempted to map the main issues facing the music industries in Scotland. Through analysis of both the research and my role within it, the article seeks to address bigger questions about the role of academics in shaping music policy and suggests that the case study raises questions which resonate far beyond Scotland’s borders
Alien invasions
This article examines the policies of the British Musicians' Union towards the employment of musicians who were not UK citizens in the period from the 1920s to the 1950s, with particular emphasis on an alleged ban on American musicians entering the country. Drawing on a number of hitherto largely ignored and/or unavailable sources, it argues that many previous accounts of these policies have simplified a more complex picture. We illustrate that c…
Sociology (40 obras) · Music History and Culture (36 obras) · Political science (35 obras) · Art (31 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Cultural Industries and Urban Development (21 obras) · Law (21 obras) · Visual arts (20 obras) · History (19 obras) · Media studies (16 obras)