Jack W Brehm
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 242385 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Jack W Brehm |
| NOMBRES | Jack W |
| APELLIDO | Brehm |
| FIRMA | BREHM J W |
| AFILIACIONES | Duke University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 45 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 535 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 45 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1954 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2008 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
The Difficulty of Making Reparations Affects the Intensity of Collective Guilt
We examined how the difficulty of making reparations for the harm done to another group affects the intensity of collective guilt. Men were confronted with information documenting male privilege and were told that they would have a chance to help women and reduce patriarchy by collecting signatures on a petition. We manipulated the difficulty of making reparations by asking participants to collect 5, 50, or 100 signatures. As predicted by Brehm's…
Reactance Theory - 40 Years Later
In this paper we review the basic assumptions formulated by Jack Brehm in 1966 in his theory of psychological reactance and we sample some interesting directions of research on reactance that have been carried out by social psychologists during the last 40 years. We conclude that although there has been impressive development in the reactance research, more exciting avenues of investigation lie ahead. Throughout the paper we outline some of these…
Internalization of Multiple Perspectives or Dissonance Reduction
In numerous research programs based on the concept of cognitive dissonance, participants play a role that is ostensibly in conflict with their pre-existing values. A strict reading of dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) leads us to suppose that these role-playing, or ‘forced compliance’, procedures generally create results that are not implied by the theory. We spell out a theoretical position that comes to terms with these effects of role-playin…
Evidence that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance
The present authors hypothesized, in contrast to I influential revision ofcognitive dissonance theory, that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance and that cognitive dissonance will occur even when aversive consequences are not produced. In Experiment l, participants drank a pleasant- or unpleasant-tasting beverage and were given high or low choice to write a sentence that said they liked the bever…
Trivialization
Trivialization as a mode of dissonance reduction and the conditions under which it is likely to occur were explored in 4 studies. Study 1 tested and supported the hypothesis that when the preexisting attitude is made salient, participants will trivialize the dissonant cognitions rather than change their attitudes. Study 2 tested and supported the hypothesis that following a counterattitudinal behavior, participants will choose the first mode of d…
The Intensity of Motivation
INTRODUCTION 109 POTENTIAL MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATIONAL ROUSAL 110 Potential Motivation 110 Motivational Arousal 111 EVIDENCE ON THE JOINT EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL MOTIVATION AND IFFICULTY 111 Effects on Cardiovascular Reactivity 111 Intended Effort 1 !
Perceived difficulty, energization, and the magnitude of goal valence
Responses to Uncontrollable Outcomes
Hostility as a function of the opportunity to counteraggress 1
Half of the subjects, college students, were insulted by the experimenter while half were not. Within each of these conditions, half of the subjects were led to believe they would have an opportunity to administer electric shock to the experimenter, while the other half were not. A measure of hostility toward the experimenter was taken before there was any actual opportunity to shock him. As predicted from reactance theory, it was found that the …
Effect of importance of freedom and attraction to group members on influence produced by group pressure
An analysis of group influence processes indicates that the functional relationship between attraction to a group and influence exerted by the group depends on the importance to the individual member of any freedom that is threatened by group pressure to conform. This proposition was tested by an experiment in which the effect of group conformity pressure on public and private opinions was measured under two levels of attraction to the group cros…
Prechoice awareness of relative deprivation as a determinant of cognitive dissonance
Attractiveness of old alternatives when a new attractive alternative is introduced
Direct and implied social restoration of freedom
Temporal changes in predecision preferences among choice alternatives
The effect on dissonance of surprise consequences
Persuasiveness of one- and two-sided communications as a function of awareness there are two sides
Regret and dissonance reduction as a function of postdecision salience of dissonant information
Effect of threats to attitudinal freedom as a function of agreement with the communicator
Attitude change as a function of felt competence and threat to attitudinal freedom
Internal states or external stimuli
Attitude Change from an Implied Threat to Attitudinal Freedom
College students were told they were to write an essay supporting 1 or the other side on each of S issues, and were led to believe they might be able to influence the decision about which side of an attiudinal issue they were to support. In all cases they were then told to support the side (either pro or con) they initially preferred, and postmeasures were then obtained before the actual writing. Those who were given the impression that their pre…
Attitudinal effects of communicator attractiveness when one chooses to listen
The attractiveness of choice alternatives when freedom to choose is eliminated by a social agent1
The attractiveness of an eliminated choice alternative
Effect of a favor which reduces freedom
The purpose was to show that when a favor reduces a person's freedom, it arouses psychological reactance, a motivational state aimed at restoration of this freedom. Ss, run individually, learned they were to make Ist-imprcssion ratings of another S (confederate) and then were given a soft drink by this S, prior to making the ratings. In a 2 X 2 design, the Ist-imprcssion ratings were given low or high importance, and I of each importance group re…
Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives
THE importance of the choice situation is reflected in the considerable amount of theory and research on conflict. Conflict theory has generally dealt, however, with the phenomena that lead up to the choice. What happens after the choice has received little attention. The present paper is concerned with some of the consequences of making a choice. Previous consideration of the consequences of choice have been limited to relatively unspecified hyp…
Explorations in cognitive dissonance.
Trivialization
Trivialization as a mode of dissonance reduction and the conditions under which it is likely to occur were explored in 4 studies. Study 1 tested and supported the hypothesis that when the preexisting attitude is made salient, participants will trivialize the dissonant cognitions rather than change their attitudes. Study 2 tested and supported the hypothesis that following a counterattitudinal behavior, participants will choose the first mode of d…
Attitude Organization and Change
Perceived difficulty, energization, and the magnitude of goal valence
Internal states or external stimuli
Attitude change as a function of felt competence and threat to attitudinal freedom
Direct and implied social restoration of freedom
Effect of threats to attitudinal freedom as a function of agreement with the communicator
The attractiveness of an eliminated choice alternative
Effect of a favor which reduces freedom
The purpose was to show that when a favor reduces a person's freedom, it arouses psychological reactance, a motivational state aimed at restoration of this freedom. Ss, run individually, learned they were to make Ist-imprcssion ratings of another S (confederate) and then were given a soft drink by this S, prior to making the ratings. In a 2 X 2 design, the Ist-imprcssion ratings were given low or high importance, and I of each importance group re…
Social influence as a function of attempted and implied usurpation of choice
Evidence that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance
The present authors hypothesized, in contrast to I influential revision ofcognitive dissonance theory, that the production of aversive consequences is not necessary to create cognitive dissonance and that cognitive dissonance will occur even when aversive consequences are not produced. In Experiment l, participants drank a pleasant- or unpleasant-tasting beverage and were given high or low choice to write a sentence that said they liked the bever…
Choice of strategy and voluntary exposure to information under public and private conditions1
The Difficulty of Making Reparations Affects the Intensity of Collective Guilt
We examined how the difficulty of making reparations for the harm done to another group affects the intensity of collective guilt. Men were confronted with information documenting male privilege and were told that they would have a chance to help women and reduce patriarchy by collecting signatures on a petition. We manipulated the difficulty of making reparations by asking participants to collect 5, 50, or 100 signatures. As predicted by Brehm's…
Effect of importance of freedom and attraction to group members on influence produced by group pressure
An analysis of group influence processes indicates that the functional relationship between attraction to a group and influence exerted by the group depends on the importance to the individual member of any freedom that is threatened by group pressure to conform. This proposition was tested by an experiment in which the effect of group conformity pressure on public and private opinions was measured under two levels of attraction to the group cros…
Regret and dissonance reduction as a function of postdecision salience of dissonant information
Re-evaluation of choice alternatives as a function of their number and qualitative similarity
The effect on dissonance of surprise consequences
Attitude Change from an Implied Threat to Attitudinal Freedom
College students were told they were to write an essay supporting 1 or the other side on each of S issues, and were led to believe they might be able to influence the decision about which side of an attiudinal issue they were to support. In all cases they were then told to support the side (either pro or con) they initially preferred, and postmeasures were then obtained before the actual writing. Those who were given the impression that their pre…
Communicator-communicatee discrepancy and perceived communicator trustworthiness1
Persuasiveness of one- and two-sided communications as a function of awareness there are two sides
Attitudinal consequences of commitment to unpleasant behavior
Choice and chance relative deprivation as determinants of cognitive dissonance
Increasing cognitive dissonance by a fait accompli
The use of tape recording to simulate a group atmosphere
Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives
THE importance of the choice situation is reflected in the considerable amount of theory and research on conflict. Conflict theory has generally dealt, however, with the phenomena that lead up to the choice. What happens after the choice has received little attention. The present paper is concerned with some of the consequences of making a choice. Previous consideration of the consequences of choice have been limited to relatively unspecified hyp…
Pressures Toward Uniformity of Performance in Groups
Public and Private Opinions
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE OPINIONS Herbert C. Kelman, Herbert C. Kelman Chairman National Institute of Mental Health Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. W. Getzels, J. W. Getzels Speaker University of Chicago, “The Method of Paired Direct and Projective Questionnaires in the Study of Public and Private Attitudes: A Report of Some Experiments.” Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Schola…
Attitude change and justification for compliance
Verbalization and reactions to cognitive dissonance1
Choice of strategy and voluntary exposure to information under public and private conditions1
Communicator-communicatee discrepancy and perceived communicator trustworthiness1
Choice and chance relative deprivation as determinants of cognitive dissonance
Re-evaluation of choice alternatives as a function of their number and qualitative similarity
Increasing cognitive dissonance by a fait accompli
Attitudinal consequences of commitment to unpleasant behavior
Attitude Organization and Change
Attitude Organization and Change. An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components
A series of studies concerned with the consequences of various kinds of changes in the internal organization of attitudes
Explorations in cognitive dissonance.
Arthur R. Cohen
Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance
Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance
Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance
The attractiveness of choice alternatives when freedom to choose is eliminated by a social agent1
The attractiveness of an eliminated choice alternative
Effect of a favor which reduces freedom
The purpose was to show that when a favor reduces a person's freedom, it arouses psychological reactance, a motivational state aimed at restoration of this freedom. Ss, run individually, learned they were to make Ist-imprcssion ratings of another S (confederate) and then were given a soft drink by this S, prior to making the ratings. In a 2 X 2 design, the Ist-imprcssion ratings were given low or high importance, and I of each importance group re…
Social influence as a function of attempted and implied usurpation of choice
Attitudinal effects of communicator attractiveness when one chooses to listen
Attitude change as a function of felt competence and threat to attitudinal freedom
Psychology (45 obras) · Social Psychology (39 obras) · Cognitive psychology (16 obras) · Cognitive dissonance (14 obras) · Social Psychology (14 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (13 obras) · Computer Science (11 obras) · Cognition (9 obras) · Attitude change (6 obras) · Attractiveness (6 obras)