Pamela M Ling
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 244772 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Pamela M Ling |
| NOMBRES | Pamela M |
| APELLIDO | Ling |
| FIRMA | LING P M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of California, San Francisco |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6166-9347 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 102 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 134 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 102 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2002 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Building an analytical framework for tobacco-related information on social media
This study offers a comprehensive framework for analyzing tobacco-related information on social media, emphasizing key issues in policy debates and the presence of conspiracy narratives. This framework can inform the design of interventions for less informed populations and enhance data annotation for machine learning tasks
Utilisation of waterpipe tobacco imagery in cigarette advertising
ATC and RJR used cultural imagery related to waterpipe tobacco and hookah to promote cigarettes. Understanding these methods can help address contemporary tobacco product advertising practices using cultural artefacts
Tobacco industry influence on breast cancer research, policy and public opinion
The CTR and TI Records are a rich source of documents related to tobacco industry efforts to influence breast cancer research, policy and public opinion away from any aetiologic relationship between tobacco use and breast cancer
Taat hemp cigarettes’ unsubstantiated cessation and harm reduction claims
TAAT's website contains hundreds of unsubstantiated harm reduction and therapeutic claims. While TAAT hemp cigarettes have evaded FDA regulations that apply to tobacco and drug products, the FDA can enforce laws prohibiting TAAT from making unauthorised therapeutic claims for unapproved products and the Federal Trade Commission can take action for deceptive health claims. States and localities can also prohibit TAAT from marketing cigarettes with…
Tobacco industry efforts to harness the voice and influence of community organisations
The Tobacco Institute used tactics identified in previous research on third-party industry allies to build a partnership with LULAC. Tobacco companies use similar practices in the 21st century. Our findings suggest a need for transparency regarding industry funding of community organisations given its potential to influence them in ways that promote health harms
Advertising the leading US nicotine pouch brand
After PMI acquired Swedish Match, ZYN ads used 'tobacco-free' claims less frequently. The most advertised marketing claims remained unchanged but were made more frequently in post-acquisition ads. Such claims, together with the promotion of reward programmes and links to websites for easy purchase, may attract young people or those who do not use tobacco to ZYN, indicating a need for increased monitoring and potential restrictions
Barriers and facilitators to nicotine and cannabis vaping cessation among young adults
BACKGROUND: Despite young adults' growing use of nicotine and cannabis vaporized products (vaping), little is known about factors influencing vaping cessation. PURPOSE: Identify barriers and facilitators to nicotine and/or cannabis vaping cessation among young adults (18-29 years old). METHODS: We conducted a thematic analysis of interviews with 20 California young adults (mean age = 22.8, racially and ethnically diverse) who vaped nicotine and/o…
Pharmaceuticalisation as the tobacco industry’s endgame
CONTEXT: Declining smoking prevalence and denormalisation of tobacco in developed countries reduced transnational tobacco company (TTC) profit during 1990s and 2000s. As these companies faced increasingly restrictive policies and lawsuits, they planned to shift their business to socially acceptable reduced-harm products. We describe the internal motivations and strategies to achieve this goal. METHODS: We analysed previously secret tobacco indust…
Marketing strategies in business-to-business advertisements for oral nicotine products
This analysis provides insight into tobacco companies' strategies for increasing ONP endorsement among retailers. Strategies include appealing to profitability, emphasising convenience of product use and primarily promoting non-tobacco flavours. These findings highlight new trends in ONP products and marketing tactics and identify important areas to monitor to inform tobacco marketing regulations
Affiliate marketing for nicotine products
Industry watchThis is particularly relevant for youth who may be attracted to Juice Head's appealing flavours and branding. 16Surveillance is needed to monitor tobacco brand affiliate programmes like Juice Head's, including on social media where sponsored pro-tobacco marketing from registered influencers is prevalent and may promote youth use, despite being prohibited by platforms like Instagram and TikTok. 23 24Comprehensive surveillance efforts…
Oral nicotine product marketing expenditures in the USA from 2016 to 2023
Following FDA's regulatory authority over non-tobacco nicotine products, ad expenditures for Velo dropped to $0. Ongoing surveillance of ONP ad trends can inform FDA marketing authorisation decisions by revealing brand-specific marketing strategies that may be targeted toward populations at increased risk of tobacco use
Cannabis legalization and changes in cannabis and tobacco/nicotine use and co-use in a national cohort of U.S. adults during 2017–2021
Cannabis legalization increases cannabis use but is not associated with changes in tobacco/nicotine use or co-use. Legalization should be coupled with public health efforts
Situations and roles of cannabis versus cigarette use
Descriptive cross-sectional survey of tobacco and cannabis restrictions on state and local film incentives in the USA
Film incentives are large financial commitments that may undermine public health since they allow depictions of tobacco and cannabis that contribute to initiation and use. Few states or localities limit film incentives related to tobacco or cannabis, and the existing restrictions are unlikely to deter depictions or product placement. Restrictions on incentives are an underused tool for deterring tobacco and cannabis depictions in film
I’m both smoking and vaping”
Young adults' experiences with using ENDS as a smoking cessation aid were highly variable. Adequate nicotine delivery and perceived safety and benefits contributed to successfully reducing or quitting cigarettes. Providing behavioural counselling and standardising ENDS products may enhance cessation for young adults
“The Perfect Formula
Introduction: Many cannabis dispensaries market and sell their products online through websites designed to attract and maintain customers; often, these websites incorporate a variety of product claims and other marketing tactics. This study evaluated website content, product pricing and discounts on dispensary websites in California and Nevada, states that legalized recreational cannabis in 2016. Methods: We content coded product availability, m…
Purposeful play
Social smoking is increasingly prevalent among young Americans and often takes place in nightlife social settings. Yet, few smoking interventions are embedded in these settings. This paper focuses on space, embodiment, and practice to explore young adults’ experiences of COMMUNE, a bar-based anti-tobacco intervention for ‘Hipster’ young adults; a group with shared aesthetics and interests, and high smoking rates. We conducted in-depth interviews …
Characterizing Participant Perceptions about Smoking-Cessation Pharmacotherapy and E-Cigarettes from Facebook Smoking-Cessation Support Groups
The prevalence of smoking among young adults aged 19-28 years old in the United States persists at rates of 14.3%. Young adults underutilize pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, and the use of e-cigarettes has increased. We analyzed comments from online smoking-cessation support groups to understand young-adult smokers' views of pharmacotherapy and e-cigarettes, to provide a more in-depth insight into the underutilization of pharmacotherapy. A …
Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions Reduce Tobacco Product Availability and Retailer Advertising
Comprehensive flavored sales restriction policies reduce flavored tobacco availability and tobacco advertising, which may help prevent youth tobacco initiation and exposure
A Mixed-Methods Study on Use of Different Tobacco Products among Younger and Older Adults with Lower and Higher Levels of Nicotine Exposure in California in 2019–2020
An increasing number of tobacco products are entering the market, offering a variety of options to attain desired nicotine intake. However, little is known about the effect of this diverse marketplace on the experiences and nicotine exposure among tobacco users. A mixed-methods study examined experiences with tobacco products among individuals with relatively lower or higher levels of biomarkers of nicotine exposure. Semi-structured interviews we…
Delivering vaping cessation interventions to adolescents and young adults on Instagram
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04707911, registered on January 13, 2021
Self-reported Changes in Cannabis Use Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic among US Adults
Cannabis use may confer high COVID-19 risk. This study examined self-reported changes in cannabis use that US adults attributed to the pandemic and factors associated with any changes. We conducted a national, cross-sectional survey among US adults in August 2020. The analytic sample included 957 past-year cannabis users (M age = 43 years old; 51% male). Weighted multinomial regression examined associations between forms and reasons of cannabis u…
The Opioid Industry Documents Archive
Balancing Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes in the Real World
No-Barriers’ tobacco product? Selling smokeless tobacco to women, people of colour and the LGBTQ+ community in the USA
These failed campaigns suggest novel products such as nicotine pouch products may provide a 'clean slate' to similarly target women and other low-ST-using groups. Based on this history, the risk of new tobacco and nicotine products to increase health disparities should be closely monitored
Why and How the Tobacco Industry Sells Cigarettes to Young Adults
Objectives. To improve tobacco control campaigns, we analyzed tobacco industry strategies that encourage young adults (aged 18 to 24) to smoke. Methods. Initial searches of tobacco industry documents with keywords (e.g., “young adult”) were extended by using names, locations, and dates. Results. Approximately 200 relevant documents were found. Transitions from experimentation to addiction, with adult levels of cigarette consumption, may take year…
Tobacco Industry Youth Smoking Prevention Programs
Objectives. This report describes the history, true goals, and effects of tobacco industry–sponsored youth smoking prevention programs. Methods. We analyzed previously-secret tobacco industry documents. Results. The industry started these programs in the 1980s to forestall legislation that would restrict industry activities. Industry programs portray smoking as an adult choice and fail to discuss how tobacco advertising promotes smoking or the he…
Smooth Moves
Objectives. This article describes the tobacco industry's use of bars and nightclubs to encourage smoking among young adults. Methods. Previously secret tobacco industry marketing documents were analyzed. Results. Tobacco industry bar and nightclub promotions in the 1980s and 1990s included aggressive advertising, tobacco brand–sponsored activities, and distribution of samples. Financial incentives for club owners and staff were used to encourage…
Enticing the New Lad
We demonstrate how an industry promoted and defined masculinity as a product of consumption. We analyze previously-secret tobacco industry documents and the content of two tobacco industry-produced magazines, Unlimited (from Philip Morris, makers of Marlboro) and Real Edge (from Brown & Williamson, makers of Lucky Strike), which were distributed to millions of young adult men from the late 1990s and early 2000s to promote their tobacco brands. We…
Alternative Tobacco Product Use and Smoking Cessation
Objectives. We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions. Methods. A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations betw…
A geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (Gema) mixed method for understanding substance use
Tobacco use is increasingly concentrated within marginalized groups, including LGBTQ+ young adults. Developing tailored interventions to reduce tobacco-related health disparities requires understanding the mechanisms linking individual and contextual factors associated with tobacco use to behavior. This paper presents an in-depth exploration of three cases from a novel mixed method study designed to identify the situational factors and place-base…
Social Smoking Among Young Adults
Objectives. We compared the association between 3 different definitions of social smoking—a common pattern of smoking among young adults—and cessation indicators. Methods. We used a Web-enabled, cross-sectional national survey of 1528 young adults (aged 18–25 years) from a panel (recruited by random-digit dialing) maintained by the research group Knowledge Networks. Results. Among 455 smokers, 62% self-identified or behaved as social smokers. Com…
Tobacco Industry Consumer Research on Smokeless Tobacco Users and Product Development
Since 2006, RJ Reynolds (RJR) and Philip Morris have both introduced new smokeless “snus” tobacco products. We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents describing the history of RJR and Philip Morris's consumer research, smokeless product development, and marketing strategies. We found that RJR had invested in smokeless research, development, and marketing since 1968. RJR first targeted low-income males through sampling and sponsorsh…
Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Bar and Nightclub Patrons
Objectives. We compared exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and attitudes toward smoke-free bar and nightclub policies among patrons of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) and non-LGBT bars and nightclubs. Methods. We conducted randomized time–location sampling surveys of young adults (aged 21–30 years) in 7 LGBT (n = 1113 patrons) and 12 non-LGBT (n = 1068 patrons) venues in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 2011, as part of a cross-sectional stud…
Reinforcement of Smoking and Drinking
Objectives. We investigated tobacco companies’ knowledge about concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol, their marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol, and the benefits tobacco companies sought from these marketing activities. Methods. We performed systematic searches on previously secret tobacco industry documents, and we summarized the themes and contexts of relevant search results. Results. Tobacco company research confirmed the asso…
Loose Cigarette Purchasing and Nondaily Smoking Among Young Adult Bar Patrons in New York City
Objectives. We examined loose cigarette (loosie) purchasing behavior among young adult (aged 18–26 years) smokers at bars in New York City and factors associated with purchase and use. Methods. Between June and December 2013, we conducted cross-sectional surveys (n = 1916) in randomly selected bars and nightclubs. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we examined associations of loose cigarette purchasing and use with smoking frequency,…
Social Branding to Decrease Smoking Among Young Adults in Bars
Objectives. We evaluated a Social Branding antitobacco intervention for “hipster” young adults that was implemented between 2008 and 2011 in San Diego, California. Methods. We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of random samples of young adults going to bars at baseline and over a 3-year follow-up. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate changes in daily smoking, nondaily smoking, and binge drinking, controlling for demographi…
Impact of Alcohol Use and Bar Attendance on Smoking and Quit Attempts Among Young Adult Bar Patrons
Objectives. We examined cigarette smoking and quit attempts in the context of alcohol use and bar attendance among young adult bar patrons with different smoking patterns. Methods. We used randomized time location sampling to collect data among adult bar patrons aged 21 to 26 years in San Diego, California (n = 1235; response rate = 73%). We used multinomial and multivariate logistic regression models to analyze the association between smoking an…
The Effect of Support for Action Against the Tobacco Industry on Smoking Among Young Adults
Objectives. We investigated associations between tobacco industry denormalization attitudes and the smoking behavior of young adults (aged 18 to 29 years). Methods. We analyzed data from 9455 young adults in the 2002 California Tobacco Survey. Results. The data showed that 27.4% of young adults were “ever smokers” (smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime), of whom 66.9% were current smokers (18.3% of young adults). Denormalization attitudes for…
Situations and roles of cannabis versus cigarette use
Piloting a spatial mixed method for understanding neighborhood tobacco use disparities
Tobacco use in the sexual borderlands
New Product Marketing Blurs the Line Between Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Smokeless Tobacco Products
Tobacco companies have begun to acquire pharmaceutical subsidiaries and recently started to market nicotine replacement therapies, such as Zonnic nicotine gum, in convenience stores. Conversely, tobacco companies are producing tobacco products such as tobacco chewing gum and lozenges that resemble pharmaceutical nicotine replacement products, including a nicotine pouch product that resembles snus pouches. This convergence of nicotine and tobacco …
Perceptions of Relative Risk of Snus and Cigarettes Among US Smokers
In a survey of 1836 adult US smokers, when using a direct comparison measure, 22.1% reported snus was less harmful than were cigarettes. When asked indirectly (estimating the health risk of snus and cigarettes in 2 separate questions and comparing the answers to each other), 51.6% rated snus as less risky. The Food and Drug Administration should consider both direct and indirect measures when perceived risk data are presented as evidence for toba…
Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Smoking Behavior Among Young Adult Bar Patrons
Objectives. We described frequency of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among young adults patronizing bars and associations between SHS exposure, attitudes, and smoking behavior. Methods. We collected cross-sectional surveys from randomized time–location samples of bar patrons aged 18 to 26 years in San Diego, California, and Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 2010 to 2011. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated associations between SHS exp…
MEANINGS & Motives Experts Debating Tobacco Addiction
Over the last 50 years, tobacco has been excluded from and then included in the category of addictive substances. We investigated influences on these opposing definitions and their application in expert witness testimony in litigation in the 1990s and 2000s. A scientist with ties to the tobacco industry influenced the selection of a definition of addiction that led to the classification of tobacco as a “habituation” in the 1964 Surgeon General's …
Taking ad-Vantage of lax advertising regulation in the USA and Canada
Bursting with cancer!” Vacuous marketing slogans from around the world
Smooth Moves
Objectives. This article describes the tobacco industry's use of bars and nightclubs to encourage smoking among young adults. Methods. Previously secret tobacco industry marketing documents were analyzed. Results. Tobacco industry bar and nightclub promotions in the 1980s and 1990s included aggressive advertising, tobacco brand–sponsored activities, and distribution of samples. Financial incentives for club owners and staff were used to encourage…
Tobacco Industry Youth Smoking Prevention Programs
Objectives. This report describes the history, true goals, and effects of tobacco industry–sponsored youth smoking prevention programs. Methods. We analyzed previously-secret tobacco industry documents. Results. The industry started these programs in the 1980s to forestall legislation that would restrict industry activities. Industry programs portray smoking as an adult choice and fail to discuss how tobacco advertising promotes smoking or the he…
Why and How the Tobacco Industry Sells Cigarettes to Young Adults
Objectives. To improve tobacco control campaigns, we analyzed tobacco industry strategies that encourage young adults (aged 18 to 24) to smoke. Methods. Initial searches of tobacco industry documents with keywords (e.g., “young adult”) were extended by using names, locations, and dates. Results. Approximately 200 relevant documents were found. Transitions from experimentation to addiction, with adult levels of cigarette consumption, may take year…
How Philip Morris built Marlboro into a global brand for young adults
Values and lifestyles play a central role in the global marketing of tobacco to young adults. Worldwide counter marketing initiatives, coupled with strong, coherent global marketing policies such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, are needed to break associations between young adult values and tobacco brands. As globalisation promotes the homogenisation of values and lifestyles, tobacco control messages that resonate with young adult…
Cigarette advertising in Mumbai, India
Cigarette companies have developed sophisticated campaigns targeting men, women, and children in different socioeconomic groups. Many of these strategies circumvent the Indian tobacco advertising ban. Understanding these marketing strategies is critical to minimise the exploitation of loopholes in tobacco control legislation
The Virginia Slims identity crisis
Tobacco advertisers initially created distinct female brands with aspirational images; continued appeal to young women was critical for long term growth. The need for established brands to evolve to maintain relevance to young women creates an opportunity for tobacco counter-marketing, which should undermine tobacco brand imagery and promote aspirational smoke-free lifestyle images. Young women age 18-24 are extremely valuable to the tobacco indu…
Every document and picture tells a story
In this article we present communication theory as a conceptual framework for conducting documents research on tobacco advertising strategies, and we discuss two methods for analysing advertisements: semiotics and content analysis. We provide concrete examples of how we have used tobacco industry documents archives and tobacco advertisement collections iteratively in our research to yield a synergistic analysis of these two complementary data sou…
Finding the Kool Mixx
This case study suggests Brown & Williamson used music most successfully for targeted marketing, but they failed to develop a wider audience using music because their attempts lacked consistency with the Kool brand's established identity. The 2004 "Kool Mixx" campaign both returned to Brown & Williamson's historic practice targeting young African-American males, and also exploited a musical genre with much more potential to bring Kool more univer…
Taking ad-Vantage of lax advertising regulation in the USA and Canada
The Effect of Support for Action Against the Tobacco Industry on Smoking Among Young Adults
Objectives. We investigated associations between tobacco industry denormalization attitudes and the smoking behavior of young adults (aged 18 to 29 years). Methods. We analyzed data from 9455 young adults in the 2002 California Tobacco Survey. Results. The data showed that 27.4% of young adults were “ever smokers” (smoked ≥ 100 cigarettes in their lifetime), of whom 66.9% were current smokers (18.3% of young adults). Denormalization attitudes for…
“And they told two friends…and so on”
Viral marketing techniques may be particularly useful to promote new tobacco products such as Eclipse that have limited appeal and need a highly motivated audience of early adopters and acceptors. Such techniques help evade the mass rejection that could follow mass promotion, circumvent marketing restrictions, and allow tobacco companies to benefit from health claims made by consumers. Cigarette manufacturers must be held accountable for perceive…
Tobacco industry targeting youth in Argentina
The tobacco industry used psychographic segmentation of the population and developed advertising strategies focused on youth. Tobacco control researchers and advocates must be able to address these strategies in counter-marketing interventions
How tobacco protects you against the flu
Under the heading "How tobacco protects you against the flu", the German chemical industry portrays a tobacco grower in an idyllic tobacco plantation. Despite the recent ban of transnational tobacco advertising within the European Union, using tobacco to promote another industry and potential societal health benefits might indirectly promote the social acceptability of tobacco to social leaders. The tobacco control community should thus monitor t…
MEANINGS & Motives Experts Debating Tobacco Addiction
Over the last 50 years, tobacco has been excluded from and then included in the category of addictive substances. We investigated influences on these opposing definitions and their application in expert witness testimony in litigation in the 1990s and 2000s. A scientist with ties to the tobacco industry influenced the selection of a definition of addiction that led to the classification of tobacco as a “habituation” in the 1964 Surgeon General's …
Health Effects of Light and Intermittent Smoking
Quantifying the effects of promoting smokeless tobacco as a harm reduction strategy in the USA
Promoting smokeless tobacco as a safer alternative to cigarettes is unlikely to result in substantial health benefits at a population level
Tobacco Industry Consumer Research on Smokeless Tobacco Users and Product Development
Since 2006, RJ Reynolds (RJR) and Philip Morris have both introduced new smokeless “snus” tobacco products. We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents describing the history of RJR and Philip Morris's consumer research, smokeless product development, and marketing strategies. We found that RJR had invested in smokeless research, development, and marketing since 1968. RJR first targeted low-income males through sampling and sponsorsh…
Branding the Rodeo
Rodeo is one of the few sports still sponsored by the tobacco industry, particularly the US Smokeless Tobacco Company. Rodeo is popular in rural communities, where smokeless tobacco use is more prevalent. We used previously secret tobacco industry documents to examine the history and internal motivations for tobacco company rodeo sponsorship. Rodeos allow tobacco companies to reach rural audiences and young people, enhance brand image, conduct ma…
Planting trees without leaving home
In developing countries tobacco and cigarette production involves the diversion of arable land from food to tobacco production. It also involves child labour (despite tobacco companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) campaigns against the use of child labour in tobacco growing fields), heavy pesticide use (often bought from tobacco companies on loan) and deforestation.1–7 Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company (SFNTC) is a wholly owned subsidiar…
Electronic nicotine delivery systems in the hands of Hollywood
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) (colloquially called electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes) have been advertised increasingly aggressively in the USA and other countries in the past 4–5 years.1 These cigarette-shaped battery-powered devices heat a liquid solution containing various concentrations of nicotine, creating a vapour for inhalation. In recent months, ENDS have started to appear in popular entertainment through movies, televi…
Is snus the same as dip? Smokers' perceptions of new smokeless tobacco advertising
Smokers repeated some messages featured in early snus advertising. Snus was not seen as an acceptable substitute for smoking or way to quit cigarettes. Current smoker responses to snus advertising are not consistent with harm reduction
Social and cultural influences on tobacco-related health disparities among South Asians in the USA
Many cultural factors govern tobacco use among diverse global populations. Especially for migrants with a common regional origin, the role of ethnic identity may strongly influence culturally specific tobacco patterns. Qualitative inquiry helps elucidate such culturally framed behaviour in culturally diverse populations. These cultural contexts should be integrated into research and practice. Understanding multidimensional factors influencing non…
Reinforcement of Smoking and Drinking
Objectives. We investigated tobacco companies’ knowledge about concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol, their marketing strategies linking cigarettes with alcohol, and the benefits tobacco companies sought from these marketing activities. Methods. We performed systematic searches on previously secret tobacco industry documents, and we summarized the themes and contexts of relevant search results. Results. Tobacco company research confirmed the asso…
Social Smoking Among Young Adults
Objectives. We compared the association between 3 different definitions of social smoking—a common pattern of smoking among young adults—and cessation indicators. Methods. We used a Web-enabled, cross-sectional national survey of 1528 young adults (aged 18–25 years) from a panel (recruited by random-digit dialing) maintained by the research group Knowledge Networks. Results. Among 455 smokers, 62% self-identified or behaved as social smokers. Com…
Medicine (84 obras) · Smoking Behavior and Cessation (79 obras) · Environmental health (61 obras) · Business (59 obras) · Advertising (52 obras) · Tobacco industry (45 obras) · Psychology (42 obras) · Political science (38 obras) · Public health (38 obras) · Marketing (28 obras)