Val Gillies
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 261054 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Val Gillies |
| NOMBRES | Val |
| APELLIDO | Gillies |
| FIRMA | GILLIES V |
| AFILIACIONES | London South Bank University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8125-0420 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 709 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 52 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1997 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Red flags! Parents’ perspectives on data led policy and practice in family intervention
Family services in the UK are becoming increasingly reliant on technologies which merge and analyse personal data trails to inform policy and practice. Complex AI enabled tools are now regularly used to monitor and profile households, allocate resources, risk assess and target family interventions. This paper explores the impact of this technological transformation on parents by centring their views and experiences. Drawing on a mixed methods stu…
Hidden traces
In this article we draw on our investigation of the un- and under-acknowledged contributions of major post-war sociologists' wives to the development of the discipline in the post-war period, as well as others' accounts of recovering wives of academics from obscurity. In the first part of the article we show how legitimisations of wives' invisibility are sustained through an essentially empiricist approach to evidence of their intellectual endeav…
Slivers and footnotes
Thanks For Typing
As well as discussing their recent study exploring how families with children experienced the COVID-19 pandemic which li ted the curtain on gendered dynamics underpinning everyday life, we're getting their take on what it's like to be an 'academic wife' today
Thanks For Typing
Have you
Thanks For Typing
Thanks For Typing
ThanksForTyping ... and the fieldwork
This article explores the role of social researchers’ wives in post-war British studies, in particular drawing on the diaries kept by the wives of two noted sociologists while their husbands, Peter Willmott and Dennis Marsden, were respectively undertaking studies in the working class communities of Bethnal Green and Salford. The wives – Phyllis Willmott and Pat Marsden, made contributions to the community studies in the mid 1950s/early 1960s, at…
The moral, the political and social licence in digitally‐driven family policy and intervention
The article provides a conceptually informed empirical critique of the pursuit of social licence as a warrant for data linkage and predictive analytics in the field of family policy intervention. It draws on research focusing on parental views of digitally‐driven family governance in the United Kingdom. We identify the notion of consensus that undergirds the concept of social licence that acts to obscure inequalities and silence conflict, and to …
Seen’ through Records
General Data Protection Regulations state that parents may submit a Subject Access Request (SAR) to see personal records held about them. In this article, we draw on interviews with parents who have made an SAR in order to view their children’s social care records. Their experiences reveal the significant barriers of time, energy and bureaucracy that they faced in accessing their children’s records. The parents felt that they were ‘seen’ through …
Problem-solving for problem-solving
The article draws on Bacchi’s ideas about problematisation (2020) and links to technological solutionism as governing logics of our age, to explore the double-faceted problem-solving logic operating in the UK family policy and early intervention field. Families with certain characteristics are identified as problematic, and local authorities are tasked with intervening to fix that social problem. Local authorities thus need to identify these fami…
Insights from the Historical Lived Experience of a Fragmented Economy of Welfare in Britain
We draw upon a ‘small history’ of one family to throw light on lived experience of welfare in the past, and consider how it may provide some glimpses into what Britain’s current economy of welfare trajectory could mean, where the state welfare safety net has holes and an ad hoc charitable safety net is being constructed beneath them. Using archived case notes from the Charity Organisation Society across the interwar period to the comprehensive we…
Parallels and ruptures in the neoliberal intensive parenting regime
This Open Space commentary offers a response to the special issue article by Ana Vergara del Solar, shedding light on global linkages and discontinuities in childhood and parenting in two national contexts that sit at the heart of the neoliberal project, Chile and the UK. In particular, it explores how social investment rationales have worked to instrumentalise parent–child relationships, enforcing a stifling intensification of parenting
We’ve got a file on you’
This article considers a genealogy of the governing by data of families in poverty; a case study of the codification of disadvantaged families and problematisation of their difficulties over the course of a century and a half. Influenced by Bacchi’s ‘what the problem is represented to be’ approach, we explore a genealogy of the micro acts of ruling that reveal the practice of constructing and governing of disadvantaged families. We draw on a case…
Introduction
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All the ACEs
This article will consider Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) as a chaotic concept that prioritises risk and obscures the material and social conditions of the lives of its objects. It will show how the various definitions of ACEs offer no cohesive body of definitive evidence and measurement, and lead to a great deal of over-claiming. It discusses how ACEs have found their time and place, locating a variety of social ills within the child’s hom…
Some Useful Sources
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Family Troubles' and 'Troubling Families
The twin themes of 'family troubles' and 'troubling families' are closely linked, but they are also each distinct in themselves, and nuanced in particular ways. Rooted particularly (but not solely) in our U.K.-based academic experiences, we offer an account of family studies as siloed between a binary of 'the mainstream', focused on what may be implicitly understood as 'ordinary' family lives, and 'the problematic', focused on aspects of family l…
Troubling Children's Families
This article draws on multidisciplinary perspectives to consider the need and the possibilities for inter-cultural dialogue concerning families that may be seen by some to be 'troubling'. Starting from the premise that 'troubles' are a 'normal' part of children's family lives, we consider the boundary between 'normal' troubles and troubles that are troubling (whether to family members or others). Such troubling families potentially indicate an in…
Researchers' reflections on interviewing policy makers and practitioners
Brave New Brains
This article critically explores sociological arguments for greater biosocial synthesis, centring contemporary developments in public policy to demonstrate how such a reframing of humanity tends to reinforce existing political orders and socially patterned normativities. The case for further amalgamation of the social and life sciences is examined to suggest that production of somatic markers of truth from relational encounters largely relies upo…
Early Intervention and Evidence-Based Policy and Practice
In this article, we highlight some critical matters in the way that an issue is framed as a problem in policymaking and the consequent means of taming that problem, in focussing on the use and implications of neuroscientific discourse of brain claims in early intervention policy and practice. We draw on three sets of analyses: of the contradictory set of motifs framing the state of ‘evidence’ of what works in intervention in the early years; of t…
Brain science and early years policy
Ideas that the quality of parental nurturing and attachment in the first years of a child’s life is formative, hard-wiring their brains for success or failure, are reflected in policy reports from across the political spectrum and in targeted services delivering early intervention. In this article we draw on our research into ‘Brain science and early intervention’, using reviews of key policy literature and interviews with influential advocates o…
Farewell to family? A reply
The co-editors of Open Space in this journal have invited critical engagement with our brief notes on an argument for retaining the concept of 'family', and also given us the chance to reply, for which thanks to them. We are glad of Vanessa May's, and Eleanor Wilkinson and David Bell's, responses to our piece since we sought to generate such debate. Taking each response in turn we would like to challenge some fundamental misunderstandings of our …
Farewell to family? Notes on an argument for retaining the concept
Recent conceptual and in-depth research discussions have seen a shift away from use of the term ‘family’, towards ideas focusing on personal life, intimacy and kinship. In this article we argue for retention of the concept. We consider the implications of this conceptual withdrawal in terms of family researchers’ ability to engage with how families are invoked in ever-intensifying ways in the public political, and the importance of being able to …
Raising the 'Meritocracy
Theories of 'individualization' and 'risk' have shifted attention away from the material and structural roots of inequality and sanctioned a psychologized view of class distinctions in terms of personal qualities. This article will demonstrate how the association of disadvantage with a particular form of subjectivity is operationalized and institutionalized through a contemporary focus on childrearing practices. Discourses of 'social exclusion' c…
Working class mothers and school life
This paper explores the emotional resources generated by working class mothers to support their children at school. Analysis of material from qualitative interview research with a range working class mothers will focus on specific accounts of children's school lives to reveal how situated meanings can clash with institutional expectations. By drawing on the concept of emotional capital I show how sanctioned models of parental involvement in educa…
Moral Tales of the Child and the Adult
Family lives are an area where people's moral identities are crucially at stake. Yet the significance of dependent children to the work needed to sustain morally adequate adult identities is largely overlooked. Furthermore, the particular situation of divorce or separation and repartnering where children are involved is fundamentally relevant to current sociological debates about the changing nature of marriage and family life. Notions of the pur…
Meeting parents’ needs? Discourses of ‘support’ and ‘inclusion’ in family policy
This paper will critically examine the assumptions structuring policy discourses of support and inclusion, and will link them to wider political and theoretical debates. Reflecting an increasing professionalization of childrearing practices, recent policy documents have emphasized the need for all parents to have access to support, advice and guidance. Implicit in this approach is the notion that ‘socially excluded’ parents in particular are isol…
The politics of concepts
The central concern of this paper is that there has been a move withinBritish sociology to subsume (or sometimes, even replace) the concept of 'family' within ideas about personal life, intimacy and kinship. It calls attention to what will be lost sight of by this conceptual move: an understanding of the collective whole beyond the aggregation of individuals; the creation of lacunae that will be (partially) filled by other disciplines; and engage…
Understandings and Experiences of Involved Fathering in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, current family policy seeks to prioritize fathering as a social issue. The author critically examines the assumptions and expectations that underpin this approach, comparing and contrasting it with data from qualitative interviews with fathers. It highlights the class-specific nature of fathers' everyday values and experiences, pointing to the way policy-sanctioned models of fatherhood are grounded in middle-class perspecti…
Childrearing, Class and the New Politics of Parenting
Recent years have seen Governments prioritise family as a mechanism for tackling social ills. More particularly, in the UK, bad parenting has been identified as a prominent causal factor in poverty and social disorder, with contemporary policy solutions focusing on regulating and controlling childrearing practices. Analysis of political rhetoric and policy initiatives reveals a class specific focus on disadvantaged or ‘socially excluded’ families…
From Function to Competence
This paper argues for a critical reclaiming of family and highlights the risks associated with decentring such a powerful and pervasive concept. Influential critiques of family as an organising category are considered in the context of a contemporary trend towards reorienting it within broader studies foregrounding personal and intimate realms of human connectedness. It is suggested that while concepts of personal lives and intimacy have much to …
Brain science and early years policy
Ideas that the quality of parental nurturing and attachment in the first years of a child’s life is formative, hard-wiring their brains for success or failure, are reflected in policy reports from across the political spectrum and in targeted services delivering early intervention. In this article we draw on our research into ‘Brain science and early intervention’, using reviews of key policy literature and interviews with influential advocates o…
Painting pictures of embodied experience
This paper is based upon the work of an ongoing, collective research project that is concerned with embodiment. The co-researchers have used a variety of methods, including memory work and the analysis of discourse, in order to trace the ways in which meanings are constructed and lived, with and through the body. These methods have relied solely on transcripts of text as data. Growing awareness of the limitations this imposed on the research, par…
Social and emotional pedagogies
This paper examines new structured attempts to address and manage emotions in the classroom. Critical analysis focuses on the broad emotional literacy agenda operating within schools, and more specifically the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) programme. Data are drawn on from an ethnographic study located in Behaviour Support Units in three mainstream, inner‐city comprehensives to highlight the gap between the 'rational emotionalit…
Multiple perspectives on the 'family' lives of young people
The use of interviews from related individuals has become increasingly common in social research. This is particularly apparent in the area of family sociology, which has previously been criticized for relying on research of family lives based solely on interviews with mothers. Obtaining such accounts can raise postmodern ontological and epistemological themes of multiple perspectives and multiple realities, but there has been little explicit dis…
Perspectives on Parenting Responsibility
This paper critically explores the classed assumptions underpinning contemporary family policy, situating them within the context of broader political and theoretical debates about parenting responsibility. Analysis of policy documents over the past few years suggests that the family is being prioritized as a mechanism for tackling wider social ills such as crime and poverty. Families are portrayed as the ‘building blocks for safe and sustainable…
It's a connection you can't get away from’
Using the theoretical framework of social capital, this paper explores the resources and support children and young people derive from their siblings. A prevailing representation of siblings as passive dependents competing for limited reserves of family social capital is undermined by our empirical study of being and having a brother or sister. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 44 children and young people from 16 sibling sets, we show how b…
All the ACEs
This article will consider Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) as a chaotic concept that prioritises risk and obscures the material and social conditions of the lives of its objects. It will show how the various definitions of ACEs offer no cohesive body of definitive evidence and measurement, and lead to a great deal of over-claiming. It discusses how ACEs have found their time and place, locating a variety of social ills within the child’s hom…
Farewell to family? Notes on an argument for retaining the concept
Recent conceptual and in-depth research discussions have seen a shift away from use of the term ‘family’, towards ideas focusing on personal life, intimacy and kinship. In this article we argue for retention of the concept. We consider the implications of this conceptual withdrawal in terms of family researchers’ ability to engage with how families are invoked in ever-intensifying ways in the public political, and the importance of being able to …
Support in Parenting
Recent years have seen an explicit focus on parenting as a designated area of policy intervention. Parents are posed as in need of education and advice from 'experts', under conditions of social change. This article counterposes norms concerning who parents should turn to for support that government policies aim to inculcate with those held by parents themselves, drawing on a national representative sample of parents of 8-12 year old children. It…
Early Intervention and Evidence-Based Policy and Practice
In this article, we highlight some critical matters in the way that an issue is framed as a problem in policymaking and the consequent means of taming that problem, in focussing on the use and implications of neuroscientific discourse of brain claims in early intervention policy and practice. We draw on three sets of analyses: of the contradictory set of motifs framing the state of ‘evidence’ of what works in intervention in the early years; of t…
Introduction
This special issue of articles exploring the use of creative methods with children and young people has been written amidst growing interest in the development of new and innovative methodologies f
Troubling Children's Families
This article draws on multidisciplinary perspectives to consider the need and the possibilities for inter-cultural dialogue concerning families that may be seen by some to be 'troubling'. Starting from the premise that 'troubles' are a 'normal' part of children's family lives, we consider the boundary between 'normal' troubles and troubles that are troubling (whether to family members or others). Such troubling families potentially indicate an in…
Young People and Family Life
The concepts and assumptions that underpin current academic literature on the family lives of young people are critically analysed. As most of the available research on this topic is generated from a psychological or a sociological perspective, guiding themes or discourses are identified and evaluated from within each discipline. Concepts central to psychological understandings of young people and family, such as biological determinism, 'normal d…
Brave New Brains
This article critically explores sociological arguments for greater biosocial synthesis, centring contemporary developments in public policy to demonstrate how such a reframing of humanity tends to reinforce existing political orders and socially patterned normativities. The case for further amalgamation of the social and life sciences is examined to suggest that production of somatic markers of truth from relational encounters largely relies upo…
Including’ while excluding
This article examines the workings of informal exclusion units located within British secondary schools. Although articulated in terms of inclusion and support such initiatives effectively work to remove students regarded as troublesome from mainstream classrooms. Drawing on ethnographic research in three inner-city schools we show how a therapeutic ethos governs activities within the units. A focus on developing personal skills is maintained in …
Families, Intimacy and Social Capital
Three major emphases in interpretations of the state of contemporary intimate relationships can be broadly characterised. These are (i) breakdown and demoralisation; (ii) individualisation and democratisation; and (iii) a recognition of elements of continuity, particularly around power relations. We consider these three positions, which are not necessarily mutually exclusive, relating them to key themes of identities and values, networks and trus…
Farewell to family? A reply
The co-editors of Open Space in this journal have invited critical engagement with our brief notes on an argument for retaining the concept of 'family', and also given us the chance to reply, for which thanks to them. We are glad of Vanessa May's, and Eleanor Wilkinson and David Bell's, responses to our piece since we sought to generate such debate. Taking each response in turn we would like to challenge some fundamental misunderstandings of our …
You get the nicotine and that in your blood’—constructions of addiction and control in women's accounts of cigarette smoking
In this study discourse analysis was used in order to gain a greater understanding of the multiple meanings that women smokers attach to cigarette smoking. The discursive constructions used by women to explain and justify their smoking behaviour were identified by analysing the transcripts of four semi-structured interviews. All respondents framed their accounts of cigarette smoking within a discourse of addiction, reflecting the prevalence of th…
Young People and Family Life
The concepts and assumptions that underpin current academic literature on the family lives of young people are critically analysed. As most of the available research on this topic is generated from a psychological or a sociological perspective, guiding themes or discourses are identified and evaluated from within each discipline. Concepts central to psychological understandings of young people and family, such as biological determinism, 'normal d…
Moral Tales of the Child and the Adult
Family lives are an area where people's moral identities are crucially at stake. Yet the significance of dependent children to the work needed to sustain morally adequate adult identities is largely overlooked. Furthermore, the particular situation of divorce or separation and repartnering where children are involved is fundamentally relevant to current sociological debates about the changing nature of marriage and family life. Notions of the pur…
Making Families
This book goes to the heart of academic, political and popular debates, as well as professional concerns, about the nature of contemporary family life and parenting. Families are widely discussed in western societies as breaking down or as radically changing, with step-families in particular seen as evidence of such trends. In one of the first British in-depth sociological research studies for over two decades, this book provide evidence of paren…
Families, Intimacy and Social Capital
Three major emphases in interpretations of the state of contemporary intimate relationships can be broadly characterised. These are (i) breakdown and demoralisation; (ii) individualisation and democratisation; and (iii) a recognition of elements of continuity, particularly around power relations. We consider these three positions, which are not necessarily mutually exclusive, relating them to key themes of identities and values, networks and trus…
Multiple perspectives on the 'family' lives of young people
The use of interviews from related individuals has become increasingly common in social research. This is particularly apparent in the area of family sociology, which has previously been criticized for relying on research of family lives based solely on interviews with mothers. Obtaining such accounts can raise postmodern ontological and epistemological themes of multiple perspectives and multiple realities, but there has been little explicit dis…
Parenting and social capital
This paper explores the resources and support that parents in the UK are able to access through their social networks, and analyses how these networks are organized and sustained. Concern over a perceived demise in community relations and trust have driven many recent UK family policy initiatives and have underpinned proposals to increase parenting support services. However drawing on data from the project "Resources in Parenting: Access to Capit…
Support in Parenting
Recent years have seen an explicit focus on parenting as a designated area of policy intervention. Parents are posed as in need of education and advice from 'experts', under conditions of social change. This article counterposes norms concerning who parents should turn to for support that government policies aim to inculcate with those held by parents themselves, drawing on a national representative sample of parents of 8-12 year old children. It…
Painting pictures of embodied experience
This paper is based upon the work of an ongoing, collective research project that is concerned with embodiment. The co-researchers have used a variety of methods, including memory work and the analysis of discourse, in order to trace the ways in which meanings are constructed and lived, with and through the body. These methods have relied solely on transcripts of text as data. Growing awareness of the limitations this imposed on the research, par…
Meeting parents’ needs? Discourses of ‘support’ and ‘inclusion’ in family policy
This paper will critically examine the assumptions structuring policy discourses of support and inclusion, and will link them to wider political and theoretical debates. Reflecting an increasing professionalization of childrearing practices, recent policy documents have emphasized the need for all parents to have access to support, advice and guidance. Implicit in this approach is the notion that ‘socially excluded’ parents in particular are isol…
Raising the 'Meritocracy
Theories of 'individualization' and 'risk' have shifted attention away from the material and structural roots of inequality and sanctioned a psychologized view of class distinctions in terms of personal qualities. This article will demonstrate how the association of disadvantage with a particular form of subjectivity is operationalized and institutionalized through a contemporary focus on childrearing practices. Discourses of 'social exclusion' c…
A Qualitative Analysis of Parenting and Social Capital
This paper will present an empirically based analysis of parenting in order to critically examine the work of two major social capital theorists. The work of James S. Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu is much cited, but while both focus on the links between individuals, families and wider social structures, their theories are based on very different interpretations of social capital and its implications. Drawing on qualitative data from a UK based qual…
It's a connection you can't get away from’
Using the theoretical framework of social capital, this paper explores the resources and support children and young people derive from their siblings. A prevailing representation of siblings as passive dependents competing for limited reserves of family social capital is undermined by our empirical study of being and having a brother or sister. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 44 children and young people from 16 sibling sets, we show how b…
Working class mothers and school life
This paper explores the emotional resources generated by working class mothers to support their children at school. Analysis of material from qualitative interview research with a range working class mothers will focus on specific accounts of children's school lives to reveal how situated meanings can clash with institutional expectations. By drawing on the concept of emotional capital I show how sanctioned models of parental involvement in educa…
Power, Knowledge and the Academy
This book takes a close-up and critical look at both the elusive and blatant workings and consequences of power in a range of everyday sites in universities. Chapters focus on specific locations in wh
Childrearing, Class and the New Politics of Parenting
Recent years have seen Governments prioritise family as a mechanism for tackling social ills. More particularly, in the UK, bad parenting has been identified as a prominent causal factor in poverty and social disorder, with contemporary policy solutions focusing on regulating and controlling childrearing practices. Analysis of political rhetoric and policy initiatives reveals a class specific focus on disadvantaged or ‘socially excluded’ families…
Perspectives on Parenting Responsibility
This paper critically explores the classed assumptions underpinning contemporary family policy, situating them within the context of broader political and theoretical debates about parenting responsibility. Analysis of policy documents over the past few years suggests that the family is being prioritized as a mechanism for tackling wider social ills such as crime and poverty. Families are portrayed as the ‘building blocks for safe and sustainable…
Teaching and Learning Guide for
This article accompanies the following article: Val Gillies, ‘Childrearing, Class and the New Politics of Parenting’, Sociology Compass 2/3 (2008): 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2008.00114.x Introduction Recent years have seen a cultural shift in the way childrearing is conceptualised and targeted by politicians and policy makers. The once‐accepted notion that family relationships lay outside the remit of state intervention is being increasingly challenged…
Understandings and Experiences of Involved Fathering in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, current family policy seeks to prioritize fathering as a social issue. The author critically examines the assumptions and expectations that underpin this approach, comparing and contrasting it with data from qualitative interviews with fathers. It highlights the class-specific nature of fathers' everyday values and experiences, pointing to the way policy-sanctioned models of fatherhood are grounded in middle-class perspecti…
Managing emotions in research with challenging pupils
This paper explores the challenge of matching practice with the ideals of participatory research and the reflexivity and (re)negotiation of the researcher's role. We highlight the centrality of emotions to our study, both in terms of the substantive topic and our observations and experiences as researchers. Building on this experience we argue that recognising and foregrounding the emotional dimensions of research is an essential step towards pro…
Clients or consumers, commonplace or pioneers? Navigating the contemporary class politics of family, parenting skills and education
n explicit linking of the minutiae of everyday parenting practices and the good of society as a whole has been a feature of government policy. The state has taken responsibility for instilling the right parenting skills to deal with what is said to be the societal fall-out of contemporary and family change. ‘Knowledge’ about parenting is seen as a resource that parents must access in order to fulfil their moral duty as good parents. In this polic…
Including’ while excluding
This article examines the workings of informal exclusion units located within British secondary schools. Although articulated in terms of inclusion and support such initiatives effectively work to remove students regarded as troublesome from mainstream classrooms. Drawing on ethnographic research in three inner-city schools we show how a therapeutic ethos governs activities within the units. A focus on developing personal skills is maintained in …
Social and emotional pedagogies
This paper examines new structured attempts to address and manage emotions in the classroom. Critical analysis focuses on the broad emotional literacy agenda operating within schools, and more specifically the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) programme. Data are drawn on from an ethnographic study located in Behaviour Support Units in three mainstream, inner‐city comprehensives to highlight the gap between the 'rational emotionalit…
From Function to Competence
This paper argues for a critical reclaiming of family and highlights the risks associated with decentring such a powerful and pervasive concept. Influential critiques of family as an organising category are considered in the context of a contemporary trend towards reorienting it within broader studies foregrounding personal and intimate realms of human connectedness. It is suggested that while concepts of personal lives and intimacy have much to …
Farewell to family? A reply
The co-editors of Open Space in this journal have invited critical engagement with our brief notes on an argument for retaining the concept of 'family', and also given us the chance to reply, for which thanks to them. We are glad of Vanessa May's, and Eleanor Wilkinson and David Bell's, responses to our piece since we sought to generate such debate. Taking each response in turn we would like to challenge some fundamental misunderstandings of our …
Sociology (41 obras) · Political science (33 obras) · Psychology (31 obras) · Law (24 obras) · Social Psychology (22 obras) · Gender Studies (19 obras) · Politics (17 obras) · Epistemology (16 obras) · Social Psychology (15 obras) · Law (14 obras)